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IgD is co-expressed with IgM during early B cell development. It is produce in a secret amount in the blood serum. IgD signals for B cells to be activated in order for them to participate in the immune defense. It activates basophils and mast cells to induce inflammation and antimicrobial response.

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what i know about the various immunoglobins

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what i know about the various immunoglobins

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IgM, IgD, IgG, IgE and IgA (acronym: GAMED). They differ in structure of Fc Region

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IgG is the most abundant type of antibodies. It is found in all fluids and protects bacteria and viral infection through the activation of natural killer cells and phagocytes.

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C-terminus (constant region) are effector regions where a receptor macrophage or host receptor recognize and attach to it.
CH Domain 1 can bind to other proteins like enzymes.
CH Domain 2 and 3 of effector regions are where receptors can bind.
This makes the antibody have multiple functions.

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occurs when B cells develop and mature in the bone marrow to form naïve B cells

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I know that IgG is the most important antibody since is the most abundant, have high binding affinity, can be transferred through placenta from mum to child, activate complement through Classical Pathway, activate phagocytes, NK cells and act as opsonin

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Resting B cells carry IgM and IgD antibodies

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Resting B cells carry IgM and IgD antibodies

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Affinity - Strong amino acids bind to antigens

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Affinity - Strong amino acids bind to antigens

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Avidity - Multiple weaker amino acids bind to antigens.
* The individual amino acids can have good or bad affinity

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Antibodies recognize non- protein antigen based on complementary shaped and binding affinity, just like how they detect antigens

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Antibodies recognize non- protein antigen based on complementary shaped and binding affinity, just like how they detect antigens

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Blood group A have antibodies A but not antigen A to prevent macrophages form detecting and engulfing the blood cells.

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Blood group A have antibodies A but not antigen A to prevent macrophages form detecting and engulfing the blood cells.

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1. Toxin binds to cellular receptors
2. Antibody protects cell by blocking binding of toxin

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Neutralizing Antibody blocks viral entry

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Neutralizing Antibody blocks viral entry

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1. Virus binds to receptors on cell surface

2. Receptor-mediated endocytosis of virus

3. Acidifiction of endosome after endocytosis triggers fusion of virus with cell and entry of viral DNA

4. Antibody blocks binding to virus receptor and can also block fusion event

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1. Bacterium is coated with complement and IgG antibody

2. When C3b binds to CR1 and antibody binds to Fc receptor, bacteria are phagocytosed

3. Macrophage membranes fuse, creating a membrane-enclossed vesicle, the phagosome

4. Lysosomes fuse with these vesicles, delivering enzymes that degrade the bacteria

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1. Antibodies bind to several microbes

2. Microbes phagocytosed by marcophage

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1. Antibodies bind to soluble antigens

2. Microbes phagocytosed by macrophage

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1. Antibody binds antigens on the surface of target cells

2. Fc receptors on NK cells recognize bound antibody

3. Cross-linking of Fc receptors signals the NK cell to kill the target cell

4. Target cell dies by apoptosis

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J chain of IgA joins the 2 protein subunit and helps in secreting the secretory component

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IgM cannot transfer to the placenta because the receptors are different and the structure of IgM is too big (pentamer) whilst IgG is a monomer.

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Fixation is the complex forming while activation is the changing from resting to active state?

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Fixation is the complex forming while activation is the changing from resting to active state?

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promoting assembly of the terminal membrane attack complex (MAC) is the process of Fixation

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Complement fixation vs Complement activation?

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Clonal selection --> Clonal expansion --> plasma cell --> class switching

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Mature B cell comes out from the bone marrow, called naive/resting B cells which contain IgD and IgM

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Mature B cell comes out from the bone marrow, called naive/resting B cells which contain IgD and IgM

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2. Antigen comes and binds to B-cell receptor

3. IgN bind to antigen to get activated

4.  Start mitosis (cell divide)

5. Antibody diversity (Mutation and recombination) where cells are better at binding with antigen

6.Better B cells bind to antigen and continue mitosis

7. Clonal selection and expansion takes place to produce the clone with the most effective receptor to bind to the antigen.

8. Good ones becomes plasma cells after undergoing affinity maturation and class specification

9. Produce the antibodies for antigens

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Once done job then apoptosis or form memory B cells.

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First response faster then second response

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First response faster then second response

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Memory B cells have the appropriate IgG with the best affinity Fab for the antigen and can immediately attack the antigen