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Works Cited

History.com Editors. "Rwandan Genocide." History.com, 30 Sept.
2019, www.history.com/topics/africa/rwandan-genocide. Accessed
8 May 2020.

"Rwanda genocide: 100 days of slaughter." BBC, 4 Apr. 2019,
www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-26875506. Accessed 8 May 2020.

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Rwanda's Holding Signs Giving Thanks to France 

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Rwanda's Holding Signs Giving Thanks to France 

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McGreal, Chris. "Rwanda genocide 20 years on: 'We live with those who killed our families. We
are told they're sorry, but are they?.'" The Guardian, 12 May 2013,
www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/12/rwanda-genocide-20-years-on.

Rakita, Sara. "Lasting Wounds: Consequences of Genocide and War for Rwanda's Children."
Human Rights Wtach, 3 Apr. 2003, www.hrw.org/report/2003/04/03/lasting-
wounds/consequences-genocide-and-war-rwandas-children.

Reid, Kathryn. "1994 Rwandan genocide, aftermath: Facts, FAQs, and how to help." World
Vision, 1 Apr. 2019, www.worldvision.org/refugees-news-stories/1994-rwandan-genocide-
facts. Accessed 1 Apr. 2019.

Roland Hodler, The Economic Effects of Genocide: Evidence from Rwanda, Journal of African
Economies, Volume 28, Issue 1, January 2019, Pages 1–17,

"Rwanda genocide of 1994." Britannica Academic, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 Mar. 2011.
academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/article/Rwanda-genocide-of-1994/488664. Accessed 8       May. 2020.

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10. Was there justice after the genocide? - Kevin

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10. Was there justice after the genocide? - Kevin

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In 1994, World Vision International, a humanitarian aid organization began working in Rwanda (Reid). Rwanda is still requesting extradition treaties to try to arrest the remaining genocide perpetrators who have been charged to finally bring them justice (Roland Hodler). On April 24, 1988, 22 public executions were carried out in Rwanda (Rwanda genocide of 1994). In March 2004, 30,000 accused prisoners from the Rwandan genocide were forgiven for their actions after they confessed and asked for forgiveness (Rwanda genocide of 1994). Also in February 2007, 8,000 sick and elderly prisoners accused of their war crimes were freed (Rwanda genocide of 1994). After the genocide, many prisoners that were released live side by side with survivors of the catastrophe (Rwanda genocide of 1994). One survivor of the Rwandan Genocide, Madalena Mukariemeria, says, “Today we are being asked to live with the people who killed our families. We are told they are sorry, they won't do it again. Some people believe that. I am not one of them" (McGreal). She is explaining how even though the two groups now live amongst one another, that the Tutsis still fear for their safety (McGreal). The Rwandan government also established more courts in open grass called Gacaca courts (Rwanda genocide of 1994). The government used these makeshift courts in order to bring to trial 115,000 genocide cases, to hopefully bring justice (Rwanda genocide of 1994). The Gacaca courts had held 1.5 million cases by 2010 (Rwanda genocide of 1994). The Rwandan government also developed plans to change the flag and national anthem that were associated with Hutu nationalism (Rwanda genocide of 1994). Rwanda wanted to create a new constitution in order to prevent further religious conflicts (Rwanda genocide of 1994). Rwanda’s economy recovered slowly, and in 2007 they joined the East Africa Community, a regional trading and development bloc (Rwanda genocide of 1994). All in all, Rwanda and other countries around the world are working hard to arrest all the remaining perpetrators of the genocide to successfully sustain justice in the country.

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9. What were the results of the genocide? Short and Long Term effects (include statistics) - Kevin 

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9. What were the results of the genocide? Short and Long Term effects (include statistics) - Kevin 

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The Rwanda genocide that occurred in 1994 was one of the most intense political events since World War II (Roland Hodler). In 1994, the Rwanda gross domestic product (GDP) decreased by 58% (Roland Hodler). The industry and service sectors were more severely impacted than agriculture (Roland Hodler). Agriculture also had a much quicker recovery than the industry and service sectors (Roland Hodler). Many survivors of the genocide were physically and psychologically damaged permanently (Reid). Many children and adults were raped, slaughtered, and tortured  (Rakita). Many children were also faced with difficult options to either commit murder or be killed (Rakita). Countless homes, villages, and communities were destroyed during the disaster (Reid). 75,000 of the survivors were children left with one or no parents (Reid). Two million Rwandans fled the country and went to refugee camps in other countries, and an epidemic spread throughout the camps killing thousands (Roland Hodler). One factor of the First Congo War in 1996 was the refugee presence in Zaire (Roland Hodler). Ultimately, many citizens of Rwanda were affected and many are still recovering.

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7/8. Explain what ended the genocide. Did the U.N. or any other nations or groups intervene to help? (If it did not end, what is the current status?) - Sebas 

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7/8. Explain what ended the genocide. Did the U.N. or any other nations or groups intervene to help? (If it did not end, what is the current status?) - Sebas 

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The U.N. sent troops after a Security Council Vote in April 1994 (History.com Editors). However, they withdrew them and then sent troops back again in May 1994 after another vote (History.com Editors). France also intervened in June 1994 and helped save many lives, and this action caused the genocide to end (History.com Editors). France intervened after the U.S. and Belgium withdrew because soldiers were being killed; however, even though countries did intervene, it was already too late and hundreds of thousands of people were killed (Rwanda genocide: 100 days of slaughter). Many nations didn’t think much of the genocide and didn’t want to help (History.com Editors). Many countries weren’t engaged in helping to stop the genocide and allowed the genocide to happen (Rwanda genocide: 100 days of slaughter). So, if they didn't help end it, then the mass killings and genocide wouldn't have stopped (Rwanda genocide: 100 days of slaughter).

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6. Who was affected? How were the victims affected? (Statistics) - Sebas 

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6. Who was affected? How were the victims affected? (Statistics) - Sebas 

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Tutsis were the main target, but the Twa and moderate Hutus were also affected (History.com Editors). They were brutally killed and there were at least 800,000 people killed (History.com Editors).

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Child Soldiers During the Rwandan Genocide

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Child Soldiers During the Rwandan Genocide

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Brady

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Works Cited

History.com Editors. "Rwandan Genocide."  History.com, 30 Sept. 2019,
www.history.com/topics/africa/rwandan-genocide. Accessed 8 May 2020.

"Rwanda genocide: 100 days of slaughter." BBC, 4 Apr. 2019,
www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-26875506. Accessed 8 May 2020.
Stanton, Gregory H., Dr. "THE EIGHT STAGES OF GENOCIDE." Keene.edu,
www.keene.edu/academics/ah/cchgs/resources/educational-handouts/the-eight-stages of-             genocide/download/. Accessed 8 May 2020.

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4. How were the aggressors able to persecute and exterminate the other group of people? (Why were they not stopped?) - Brady 

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4. How were the aggressors able to persecute and exterminate the other group of people? (Why were they not stopped?) - Brady 

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The Hutus were able to carry out the genocide because the Tutsis were a minority and the Hutus took up 80 percent of the population (History.com Editors). This made it easy for the Hutus to take control. They also could do this because Rwanda was made into an independent country not too long before it took place (Rwanda genocide: 100 days of slaughter).

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5. How was the Genocide carried out? – Explain the Stages of the Genocide - Brady 

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5. How was the Genocide carried out? – Explain the Stages of the Genocide - Brady 

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The first stage of the genocide is the classification (Stanton). The Hutus chose a certain group to genocide; in this case, they chose the Tutsis.  The Hutus then dehumanized the Tutis (Stanton) and convinced themselves and the people that the other group is not human and deserved it. Next, the Hutus organized the next steps for the genocide (Stanton). Next, they polarized the other group with insulting propaganda (Stanton) and used other methods in order to make the Tutsis the enemy. Next, the Hutus prepared the people by separating them by ethnicity.  They separated the people into Tutsis and Hutus. The Hutus made death lists of the Tutsis and prepared to kill them (Stanton). The next stage is the extermination where the Hutus carried out the killing of the Tutsis (Stanton).

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Works Cited

Beauchamp, Zack. "Rwanda's genocide — what happened, why it happened, and
how it still matters." Vox, 10 Apr. 2014,
www.vox.com/2014/4/10/5590646/rwandan-genocide-anniversary. Accessed 5 May
2020.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Rwanda genocide of 1994." Encyclopædia
Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 5 Aug. 2016,
www.britannica.com/event/Rwanda-genocide-of-1994. Accessed 5 May 2020.

"Rwanda: How the genocide happened." BBC, 11 may 2011,
www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13431486. Accessed 5 May 2020.

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Belgians Classifying Rwandans Based on Race- Gabe

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Belgians Classifying Rwandans Based on Race- Gabe

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Poster of People Wanted for the Rwandan Genocide- Gabe

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Poster of People Wanted for the Rwandan Genocide- Gabe

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3. Who were the perpetrators and who were the victims? - Gabe

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3. Who were the perpetrators and who were the victims? - Gabe

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The perpetrators who carried out the attacks were radical Hutus, and they killed the Tutsis and even moderate Hutus (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica). The Hutus and Tutsis are two ethnic groups in Rwanda (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica). The Hutus were the majority ethnic group and the Tutsis were the minority ethnic group (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica). The Hutus were dark-skinned and short; while, the Tutsis were lighter-skinned and taller (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica). Both of the groups spoke the same language and were very similar (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica). The Hutus targeted the Tutsis because of the long history of violence, animosity and inequality between the two groups (Rwanda: How the genocide happened). The Hutus also thought the Tutsis were the cause of all of Rwanda’s problems (Beauchamp). In addition, moderate Hutus were targeted because they opposed the genocide (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica). Anyone who opposed the genocide was killed (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica). The main and most prominent leader of the Rwandan genocide was Jean Kambanda (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica). He was the Prime Minister of Rwanda during the genocide. (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica). Jean Kambanda was charged with and pleaded guilty to 6 charges of genocide (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica).

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The Crash of the Juvenal Habyarimana’s Plane- Gabe

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The Crash of the Juvenal Habyarimana’s Plane- Gabe

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2. What were the causes of your genocide? - Gabe

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2. What were the causes of your genocide? - Gabe

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The Rwandan Genocide took place between two ethnic groups in Rwanda --the Hutus and the Tutsis (Rwanda: How the genocide happened). The immediate cause of the genocide was that the Tutsis shot down a plane carrying the president of Rwanda, Juvenal Habyarimana (Rwanda: How the genocide happened). He was a Hutu (Rwanda: How the genocide happened). There had also been a history of tension between the two groups. In 1916 when the Belgians took over Rwanda, they classified people based on their ethnic origin, and the Belgians thought the Tutsis were superior to the Hutus (Rwanda: How the genocide happened). The Belgians believed the Tutsis to be elite because they herded livestock; while, the Hutus were farmers (Beauchamp). Livestock had become more valuable than crops, which led to the Tutsis becoming the elite group in Rwanda (Beauchamp). The Tutsis had been ruling Rwanda before the Belgians took over (Beauchamp). This led to the Tutsis getting better jobs and having a better life while Rwandan was under Belgian rule. (Rwanda: How the genocide happened). The anger in the Hutu group was eventually so high that there were riots in 1959 and 20,000 Tutsi were killed. When the Belgians left Rwanda in 1962, the Hutus took over power (Rwanda: How the genocide happened). They blamed the Tutsis for all of Rwanda’s problems (Rwanda: How the genocide happened). There was also a history of violence between the two groups (Beauchamp). From 1990 to 1993, the Rwandan Hutu government was fighting Ugandan Tutsi rebels (Beauchamp). Then, in 1994, the Hutu government “decided” that all of the problems were because of the Tutsis. Finally, the Tutsis shot down the plane carrying the president of Rwanda, Juvenal Habyarimana’s, a Hutu. The president was killed in the crash and the Hutus immediately started the genocide (Rwanda: How the genocide happened).

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1. Where and When did this genocide take place?-  Gabe

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1. Where and When did this genocide take place?-  Gabe

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The Rwandan Genocide took place in Rwanda, Africa, from April 1994 - July 1994 (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica).