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Congress tried to turn freedmen into small free-holding farmers, but they were not ready to manage their own farms so they became tenants. They were given a small piece of land, food, shelter, clothing and the necessary farming equipment. After harvest, the planter/landowner deducted for and then gave the tenant half of the proceeds. By 1930 there were 1,831,470 tenant farmers in the South. By 1935 nearly 50% of white farmers and 77% of black farmers country wide were landless.A sharecropper could climb to be a share tenant with enough equipment and money. Share tenants kept two-thirds or three-fourths of the crop, based on how much they could furnish. A share tenant could become a cash tenant, keeping all crop proceeds by paying a fixed rental. Some farmers lost their farms or status because of crop failures, low cotton prices, natural elements, etc. This continued until the Great Depression. They realized the system needed reform. The early New Deal's agricultural programs brought no change, when planters/landlords reduced their acreage in production by 40 or 50%, they reduced their tenants by that amount. By 1900 three-fourths of all tenant farmers in Oklahoma were white. By 1910 the number of white tenants doubled. Post civil war treaties between the U.S. government and the Five Nations required slaves to be freed and become citizens of the tribes with rights to land. Most freedmen received at least forty acres, but lost their farms to the same reasons as white farmers.

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By the 1870s, the Republican party was becoming more conservative- straying away from ideas of racial equality. Without strong advocates in Congress, the Supreme Court passed a series of decisions, known as the Slaughterhouse Cases, which significantly reduced freedoms granted in the fifteenth amendment. In 1876, Democratic President Rutherford Hayes was inaugurated. The Democrats quickly seized control of the South, and Reconstruction came to an end.

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During reconstructing many non-government organizations materialized, some for civil rights; others against them. Fighting for civil rights included a multitude of different conventions equal justice leagues, and using violence to to stop the progression of civil rights there was the KKK.

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The Reconstruction Amendments include the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments which read as follows:

The 13th Amendment, passed on Jan 31 of 1865, abolished slavery, however created a large loophole for America's prison industrial complex to capitalize on: "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction".

The 14th Amendment, passed on June 13 of 1866, granted all people born in America citizenship: "All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws".

The 15th Amendment, passed on Feb 3 of 1870, granted all American citizens the right to vote: "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude".

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A very prominate agency was the Freedman's Beuro, formed in 1865. It was established to help freedman during reconsruction in terms of social welfare. Brigadier General Rufus Saxon was appointed the head of operations. However, he would late be replaced and then his replacement would be replaced. Wages were made for men and women. Overall, the beuro was underfunded, and was unable to be utilized to it's full potential. This led to it's demise in 1870.

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After the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 outlawed slavery in Confederate states, thousands of slaves remained in Union states. This necessitated the Thirteenth amendment, fully abolishing slavery- which was passed in 1865.
Radical Republicans were still displeased with Lincoln's moderate policies and his willingness to work with Confederate traitors until his assassination a few months later.
President Andrew Johnson took office in April, 1865, just after Lincoln was assassinated. His goal was to replace the wealthy Republican leadership in Congress with southerners. He pardoned all southerners affiliated with the Confederacy (except for those who owned more than $20,000 in property). Southern states passed 'black codes', severely limiting the personal freedoms of black people living in those states, along with promoting terrorist vigilante justice in the South. Johnson's policies  of oppression successfully reestablished the South's antebellum economy. Republicans, mostly motivated by their own party's interests, called for the fourteenth amendment, which would grant Black men the right to vote, solidifying a Republican voter bloc in the South. This transformed the South from a pro-slavery Democratic stronghold to Republican-led states with Black leaders. By the end of reconstruction, the South would be back under Democratic control.

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by Sadie W, Eli F, Caiden S,Vivian H, Kylie A

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by Sadie W, Eli F, Caiden S,Vivian H, Kylie A

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"The violence in the South... was directed at white Southern Republicans. It was directed at black people. It was directed even at people who were not ostensibly political... this was a war of terror, aimed at not only the suppression of black voters and black politicos, but also at whites deemed to be 'race traitors.'" -Clarance Walker, Historian

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Reactions to reconstruction (Sadie Wallsmith)

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Reactions to reconstruction (Sadie Wallsmith)

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Reconstruction created violence. For in the years that followed the reconstructive amendments, the government overlooked one key detail: the protection of those working towards this new society.

Sporadic violence dominated most of 1865 within the south. Freedman's Bureau in Texas had a registrar of over 1000 murderers through 1865 and 1866 alone. Hate crimes were normalized to an extent that Black People could be shot for not tipping their hat at a white person, or not moving out of the way. And law enforcement allowed this to happen. That is, when they weren't participating in it.

Organized groups began forming in 1866. This included the KKK, White League, and the Knights of the White Camellia. Their goal was simple: to prevent reconstruction. To drive out the Republican Party, and to obstruct and destroy reconstruction government, along with anyone who participated in it. To accomplish this, they intimidated both Black and White people through violent hate crimes.  White people in support of these new amendments were deemed "race traitors", and subject to whatever means these organizations deemed necessary to make America great again.

This rhetoric remains prevalent to this day.

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"Education is inherently an ethical and political act."-Michael Apple

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In 1865, schools opened for freed people. There had been a high demand for eduaction for all people, so when the schools finally opened, they quickly became overcrowded. The result of early eduaction were more literate black people, who then had the opportunity to open more schools. This allowed more and more people to be educated. Another supporter of education was the Freedmen's Bureau. They assisted in aid programs, renting buildings for classrooms and even offered military protection. People of all ages wanted to be educated, so parents and their children would sometimes attend classes together. In 1870, public education began with segregated schools, where more funds would go to white schools.
Three colleges for freedmen had been built, Atlanta University, Clark College, and Morehouse College. By the time reconstruction had ended, universal schooling had begun and education was on its way to becoming a gaurentee.

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Robert Elliot - South Carolina Attorney General

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Following the civil war the right to vote and run for office was given to former slaves, leading to sudden influx of black politicians who pushed for civil rights. During this time several black senators and members of the house where elected, serving mostly southern states. This was not however well received, and the KKK killed at least 35 black officials. Even following reconstructing there was still activism taking place, even as civil rights where being stripped away. These activists helped the fight for rights continue into the twentieth century.

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In your Table group, first create own Padlet, add your names. Your task is to create a web of what reconstruction meant.  Different Categories should include positive as well as negative aspects
1.) Reconstruction Amendments
2.) Gov.t Agencies/Department involved, as well as their goals
3.) Non-Government Organizations their goals
4.) Politics
5.) Education
6.) Work Labor Contacts
7.) Reaction to Reconstruction
8.) Conclusion of Reconstruction