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- In reduced negative, we use not rather than no, before indefinite and quantifiers.
Ex: Whale is a mammal, Not a fish.
Not a single drop of blood was spilt.

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- We can use no with singular/plural nouns and gerunds to emphasize the negative. In formal situations, No can be used as a shorthand for "It's not allowed".
Ex: We have no rule.
No smoking.
- We can use no or not any with comparative adj and adv.
Ex: We should leave no later than 8:30.
We shouldn't leave any later than 8:30.

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- We use no before nouns and none instead of nouns
Ex: You have any money? - I have no money/ I have none
- We also use none of before pronouns and determiners (the, those, etc).
Ex: None of them understand it.
None of the lights is on.

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- Negative words (none, no, nobody, etc) are used alongside positive verbs to express negative meaning. They can also be used as subjects of positive verbs.
Ex: There was nothing to eat in the hotel room, so none of us has had breakfast yet
No one complained. Nobody told us

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Inversion after negative word & phrases”

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Inversion after negative word & phrases”

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- After negative advs with never/ nowhere. We put subject after an auxiliary verb
Ex: I have never heard such nonsense = Never have I hear such nonsense

- After negative phrases with “no”/ “not” in front position:

Ex: At no time were the children in danger

- Informal replies after “neither/ or/ no way”

Ex: Neither do I
No way will he agree to that.

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-Ask for confirmation or express surprise                  -Offers or suggestions    

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-Ask for confirmation or express surprise                  -Offers or suggestions    

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- Confirmation:
Ex: Isn't July 4th a big American holiday?
- Surprise:
Ex: Haven't we already paid for the tickets?
- Offers/ suggestions
Ex: Why don't you use my car?

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Put negative Advs such as "never" & emphatic "not" after S (not the aux) in negative questions

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Put negative Advs such as "never" & emphatic "not" after S (not the aux) in negative questions

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Ex:
Did he not understand what I am saying?
Have you never eaten meat?

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In negative “Wh-” questions we put the negative form after “Wh-”

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In negative “Wh-” questions we put the negative form after “Wh-”

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Ex:
Who isn’t here yet?
Why didn't you go?

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We use "no" before nouns/ negative advs (no longer or never,..) before V

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We use "no" before nouns/ negative advs (no longer or never,..) before V

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Ex
I have no money
She is no longer working here
They will never be free

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In sentences with infinitives & gerund, we put "not" before infinitives & gerund

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In sentences with infinitives & gerund, we put "not" before infinitives & gerund

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Ex:

I enjoyed not going to school for a few days
He pretended not to see us

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With Auxilary (be/ have/ modals) we form negatives with:  “not” (formal) or “n’t” (informal)

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With Auxilary (be/ have/ modals) we form negatives with:  “not” (formal) or “n’t” (informal)

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Ex:
Dogs are not allowed in the city park
He won't let you go

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- Indirect questions are used when we report what was asked. Question word order and question mark are not applied for an indirect question. We begin an indirect yes/no question with If or Whether.
Ex: Do you need anything? - I asked if she need anything.
Why did you do that? - I asked why he did that.
Is it a tortoise or a turtle? - I asked whether it is a tortoise or a turtle

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- In informal situations, yes/no questions are sometimes used without Are you? Do/Did you? and Wh-question can be reduced to the Wh-word alone.
Ex: Need some help?
Tired?
I will get it. - How?
- We also use the phrases How about? and What about? without verb before nouns and gerunds to make suggestions or to draw attention to something.
Ex: How about playing tennis?
What about cinema?
How about your homework?

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- We can use rhetorical questions to assert something, to establish a topic, or to highlight the previous question before giving an answer:
Ex: They increased the fee - Who care? Isn't it always increasing?
Do you know who P.T.Barnum is? He is the founder of Barnum & Bailey circus
Where are you going? - Where am I going? London, of course!

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- We can use statement as a yes/no question in a various ways:
+ To ask for confirmation of something
Ex: Yesterday was your birthday?
+ To repeat what was just said, or to express surprise
Ex: Mike is the CEO - He is the CEO?
- Also, we can use Wh-word in a statement to clarify or to get more information about what was just said.
Ex: I go to London - You go to where?
I dropped the vase - You did what to the vase?

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- We can put yes/no question asking what people think or say after the Wh-word inside the Wh-question. Also, we use the word order of the yes/no question, not the Wh-question

Ex: What do you think is wrong?
Where did he say we're going to?

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- We usually put adverbs after Wh-words, but some adverbs can be put before Wh-words.
Ex: How often do you play football?
Exactly when did he leave Vietnam?
- Wh-words with ever (whatever, however,...) are used to express emotions.
Ex: Whoever told you to do that?
Wherever you go?

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- When asking about the objects of prepositions, the preposition is usually put at the end of the sentence. In formal form, they can be put at the beginning.
Ex: What is she going to fix the car with? (informal)
With what is she going to fix the car? (formal)
- There are some specific forms of sentences in which the prepositions must be put at the end of the beginning.
Ex: Before when did you start smoking?
What are you doing that for?

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- Can be used before one/ones.
Ex: There're 3 cars here. Which one is mine? Which ones are not yours?
- We use which of before determiners and pronouns when asking about people and things in a limited set.
Ex: Which of these cars is not yours?
Which of the brother is an engineer?

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- Both can be used before nouns and pronouns.
Ex: What/Which sock is your favorite?
- We use What when there's an unlimited number of answers, Which is used when there's a limited number of answers.
Ex: We have a lot of books, what do you like?
We have 3 books, which do you like?

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We use a positive tag after a positive sentence which repeated what a previous speaker said, to confirm information. It is rare for a negative tag after a negative sentence.
Ex: He did that thing again, did he?
We will go to Vung Tau, will we?
He's playing the piano, is he?

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We use modals in tags after imparatives for requests or proposals
Ex: Do it for me, won't you?
Let's go, shall we?
Give me the book, could you?

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The pronoun of tag questions matches the subject of the sentence. Also, the verb of tags question matches the main verb auxiliary or be, or we use a form of do
Ex: You didn't steal the cake, did you?
The mission is to finish that building, isn't it?

Note: We use a positive tag with They after No one or Nobody

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1. Positive statement + negative tag
Ex: He is a good man, isn't he?
2. Negative statement + positive tag
Ex: She isn't a doctor, is she?

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When we use What and Who to ask questions, we usually put main the verb behind them
Ex: Who's making the noise?
What put you in this state?
Who used my computer?

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Begin with Wh-words (question words) and ask for specific information
Ex: What do you like?
How is your day?
Who is he?

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Often begin with be/do/have or a modal and are used to get yes/no answers. Can add or into the question when we offer two possible results
Ex: Do you like it?
Have you done this before?
Would you like tea or coffee?

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With other verbs, we form a question with do before the subject and the base form of the verb
Ex: Do you like cats?
How did she do it?
Does he like dogs?

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With auxiliaries like Be, Have and modals, we form a question by putting the auxiliary or modal before the subject, then comes the main verb after the subject.
Ex: Why must you go?
How was your day?
Are you going?

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Negative yes/no questions begin with negatives form of "be; do; have or modals"

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Negative yes/no questions begin with negatives form of "be; do; have or modals"

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Ex:
Aren't those books mine?
Doesn’t he speak English?
-> Answer Yes/no questions: “yes”: positive is true/ “no”: negative is true
Aren’t they French?
Yes. (they are French)/ No. (They are not French)

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With other verbs, we form negatives with “do” plus not/ n't before the base form of the V

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With other verbs, we form negatives with “do” plus not/ n't before the base form of the V

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Ex:

She doesn’t agree with you
It doesn't work.

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Are short forms of questions added after statement