# data[].attributes.body
Ali, A. S., & Elozeiri, A. A. (2017). Metabolic processes during seed germination. Advances in Seed Biology, 141-166.

Bentsink, L., & Koornneef, M. (2008). Seed dormancy and germination. The Arabidopsis Book/American Society of Plant Biologists, 6.

Buijs, G. (2020). A Perspective on Secondary Seed Dormancy in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plants, 9(6), 749.

Kozlowski, T. T., & Pallardy, S. G. (1997). Growth control in woody plants. Elsevier.

Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I. M., & Murphy, A. (2015). Plant physiology and development (No. Ed. 6). Sinauer Associates Incorporated.

Tiryaki, I., & Topu, M. (2014). A novel method to overcome coat-imposed seed dormancy in Lupinus albus L. and Trifolium pratense L. Journal of Botany.

# data[].attributes.body
It is usually kept in cold conditions and at low humidity, which aid in preserving the seeds.

# data[].attributes.body
The seed banks are usually bomb-, flood,- and radiation-proof that contain boxes of seeds of different plant species from different countries around the world.

# data[].attributes.body
A seed bank is where seeds are being stored in order to preserve genetic diversity for the future.

# data[].attributes.body
Although the most important of these is nitrate, all function by down-regulating ABA signaling/synthesis and upregulating gibberellin.

# data[].attributes.body
Chemical compounds that can break seed dormancy include s respiratory inhibitors, sulfhydryl compounds, oxidants, and nitrogenous compounds.

# data[].attributes.body
The high temperatures during summer trigger after-ripening germinatonfor winter annuals in the wild.  The reverse is true for summer annuals.

# data[].attributes.body
After-ripeing is the period where seeds are kept in dry storage at room temperature. This can last for a variety of time periods (weeks to years).

# data[].attributes.body
It also has an added benefit!! The plants are able to synchronize germination and mature at the same time. This is especially useful in agriculture.

# data[].attributes.body
Stratification is another word for chilling. In this practice, the dormant seeds are overwintered in layers of soil or moist sand. In modern times, however, A refrigerator is sufficient.

# data[].attributes.body
Light exposure allows the radicle to penetrate the endosperm through weakening of the micropylar region.

# data[].attributes.body
This method is for photoblastic seeds, those that require light in order to germinate. It is dependent on phytochrome, the primary sensor for light regulated germination that senses red light.

# data[].attributes.body
Auxin is a chemical signal vital to embryogenesis. It is the only polarly transported hormone and elicits concentration-dependent responses. Auxin maintains polarity and activates a transcription factor encoded by monopteros. In monopteros, auxin triggers the targeted degradation of IAA/AUX repressor proteins. This allows ARFs to interact with target genes since ARFs must be in the presence of auxin in order to transcribe these specific genes. Moreover, the polar distribution of PIN auxin efflux proteins is established by GNOM.

# data[].attributes.body
SCR functions in the formation of cortex and endoderm layers. Mutants do not have the layers that give rise to cortex and endoderm; the layer has characteristics of both but simply cannot separate. In addition to these issues, SHR mutants also have issues in coding for the epidermis.

# data[].attributes.body
Encodes receptors for cytokinin. Thus, it establishes radial pattern elements. Mutants produce precursors for xylem but not phloem,

# data[].attributes.body
Encodes homeodomain transcription factors that promotes superficially postioned cells to become epidermal cells. Mutants display mesophyll characteristics.

# data[].attributes.body
The diagram above illustrates the radial axis patterning events in the embryogenesis of Arabidopsis thaliana. The globular embryo shows the earliest appearance of radial polarity: the outermost portion is the protoderm, which develops into the epidermis; below this is the future ground tissue, which develops into the cortex or the endodermis; and the innermost portion is the procambium, which generates vascular tissues. As the cell divides, this polarity results in a shorter apical cell that is cytoplasmically denser than the longer, vacuolated basal cell.

# data[].attributes.body
Embryos become more polarized along 2 axes: the Apical Basal axis and Radial axis

# data[].attributes.body
Embryogenesis in monocots occur similarly as that of the eudicots. Some differences observed are the embryo shape, size, division patterns, and cell numbers. However, the procedure is mostly common. Polarity of the cells is a common occurrence in the embryogenesis of monocots and eudicots.

# data[].attributes.body
The seed and embryo loses water and become metabolically inactive, inducing seed dormancy. Storage compounds are accumulated within the cells.

# data[].attributes.body
Cellular differentiation and cell elongation occurs. Also, a distinction between adaxial and abaxial tissues of the cotyledon becomes visible.

# data[].attributes.body
Cell division on each side of the future shoot apical meristem, forming 2 cotyledons and creating bilateral symmetry.

# data[].attributes.body
The apical cell divides to create a spherical 8-cell globular embryo that is radially symmetrical. Cell number increases with cell division, and a protoderm (becomes epidermis) is created.

# data[].attributes.body
The first stage of embryogenesis wherein the sperm and the haploid egg fuse to form the zygote. This cell gives rise to an elongated basal cell and apical cell.

# data[].attributes.body
Gnom encodes a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, which facilitates the directional transport of auxin via PIN auxin efflux carriers.

# data[].attributes.body
Monopteros encodes an auxin response transcription factor (ARF) and functions in the basal portion, specifically the root and the hypocotyl.

# data[].attributes.body
Fackel encodes a sterol C-14 reductase. Mutants are effected at the central portion: issues in the cotyledons, shorter hypocotyls and roots, and multiple meristems (shoot and root) are seen.

# data[].attributes.body
Gurke functions by encoding an acetyl-CoA carboxylase. This enzyme is important in the apical area, playing a role in the patterning of this portion.

# data[].attributes.body
The embryo itself will mostly develop from the apical cell (developing further through periclinal and anticlinal divisions), while the basal cell could produce the suspensor (through transverse divisions) and the hypophysis (uppermost; incorporated into the embryo)

# data[].attributes.body
The diagram above illustrates how the apical-basal axis is established and maintained from the zygote to the seedling. The zygote shows the earliest appearance of apical-basal polarity: the apical portion is cytoplasmic, while the basal portion contains a large vacuole. As the cell divides, this polarity results in a shorter apical cell that is cytoplasmically denser than the longer, vacuolated basal cell.

# data[].attributes.body
is the growth of the plant in response to touch.

# data[].attributes.body
is the growth of the plant in response to light.

# data[].attributes.body
is the growth of the plant in response to gravity.

# data[].attributes.body
When the seed is establishing itself, different factors like light and gravity influence the growth of the plant. Tropism is the response of the plant to the stimuli in the environment. This could be positive or negative.

# data[].attributes.body
During this phase, the cells of the embryo are growing in size and are metabolically active.

# data[].attributes.body
Gibberellic Acid is essential in the initiation of the synthesis for the hydrolyzing enzymes. (Ali & Elozeiri, 2017)

# data[].attributes.body
The Aleurone layer of the endosperm secretes amylase. This breaks down the stored food in the endosperm cells. The resulting amino acids and sugar products are transferred to the different parts of the plant; such as the hypocotyl, radicle, and epicotyl (Ali & Elozeiri, 2017).

# data[].attributes.body
food reserves like protein, starch, and lipid are being stored in the plant's endosperm or cotyledon.

# data[].attributes.body
ABA inhibits the cell wall from loosening, thus, also reducing the growth potential of the embryo. A decrease of ABA during this phase influences the phenomenon of germination to occur.

# data[].attributes.body
During phase III the uptake of water increases. This is caused by the expansion of the cell and the loosening of the cell walls.

# data[].attributes.body
During phase II the uptake of water reduces until the gradient of water potential is established again. This is considered as the lag phase.

# data[].attributes.body
Embryo dormancy is caused by inhibitors present in the tissue of the embryo (like ABA) or the absence of enzymes for growth in the embryo (Kozlowski & Pallardy, 1997)

# data[].attributes.body
Coat-imposed dormancy is dormancy caused by the impermeability of the hard seed coat, lacking resources or enzymes for germination (Tiryaki & Topu, 2014).

# data[].attributes.body
Secondary dormancy occurs when the seed is exposed to conditions that are unfavorable, blocking germination and inducing dormancy (Bujis, 2020).

# data[].attributes.body
Primary dormancy is the condition that is established in the seed that inhibits it from germinating during dispersal (Bujis, 2020).

# data[].attributes.body
During this phase, the different biological and physiological processes are reactivated, inducing germination of the plant. In this phase, the radicle emerges out of the seed.

# data[].attributes.body
In water imbibition, the water potential gradient powers the water uptake in the plant. The causes of these gradients differ from phase I to III. The Matric Potential generates the water potential gradient. It develops from the binding of the water onto surfaces that are solid.

# data[].attributes.headline
"Embryos become progressively more polarized throughout their development along the two axes"

# data[].attributes.subject
"Embryos become progressively more polarized throughout their development along the two axes"

# data[].attributes.body
Similar to the apical-basal axis, the radial axis features polarity within the plant. However, this axis lies perpendicular to the apical-basal axis and extends from the center outward.

# data[].attributes.body
The apical basal axis is an example of polarity in plants: the tissues and organs are arranged along the axis that extends from the shoot to the root apical meristems.