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Chapter 3 talks about a period of the 19th Century in which many groups were excluded and discriminated against as they were viewed as inferior in society. These groups included immigrants, white women, African Americans, Native Americans and many others.

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On October 29th, 1840 a meeting takes place in which Catholics were seeking public funds to support their parish schools. The public school society wished for common schools but the Catholic side of the argument said this was undesirable and not even possible. This heated debate revealed a great deal of tension about public education just as it was getting started.

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In the mid 1840's mob violence began to increase for a variety of reasons throughout different cities. The increase in violence made immigrant communities feel unsafe and unwelcome, and lead immigrant families to resist sending their children to the public institutions. This lead the immigrant community to have an increased desire to create their own school systems and institutions for their children to attend safely. This event posed the important question, could children with diverse cultural and social backgrounds be accommodated to attend institutions together?

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Most immigrants on the East Coast were white and were able to join into mainstream America, however; at this point in the 19th century most immigrants on the West Coast were Hispanic, Asian or African American. These immigrants did not fair as well when it came to fitting in to mainstream America and they were placed in segregated schools with inferior academic offerings. Like other immigrants, they also faced hostility in relation to their native culture and religion. They sought after equal treatment in schools.

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During this time in American society, immigrants were crowded into cities and held very few skills with little cultural capital as well, so it was hard for them to secure a foothold to better themselves in society. Immigrants were mostly unemployed or worked as unskilled laborers. Most lived in poverty and immigrant groups competed with one another which created social tension. Children often left school to try and find some sort of work to support their families. This caused the gap between the dominant group and the prioritized groups to grow larger.

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America began to change faster than ever, as a result of industrialization, jobs became more available than ever. Immigrants were flooding into America to fill factory jobs. As a result of this, individuals began to grow apart from one another and a sense of community began to get lost as everyone became busy in the growing America.

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Between 1890 and 1920, the Progressive Era took off in America as a result of the industrial revolution. Many felt there was improvement and progress in terms of social reform, schools were especially affected by this. Education was changing as new educational ideas and practices were being implemented into schools. As society became more complex, so did the educational system.

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Education was a telling source of change during the times, as was shown in the telling of Sarah Smolinsky. She was a girl who hated the way she lived, the way she grew up, the way society treated her. In fear of being sold to become a man's wife, she left home and found a job ironing clothes where she eventually made enough money to get a place on her own. She was a bright individual who one day realized she qualified for a college scholarship. She did the unthinkable at the time, considering her status in society and being a cultural outsider, and went away to study. This showed that education was an avenue of social improvement.

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During this time of reform, progressive education changed drastically. One change looked to make educational more conforming to children's needs as well as creating more schools in local communities. The other way of changed looked more at the economy and efficiency of schools as they were more concerned with the structure and functions of schools. One side looked at changing schools inside the classroom while the other side was primarily focused on changes outside the classroom. Both sides learned to work together to create overall reform in schools.

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During this time of reform and rapid growth, the rise of modern high schools began to take place. Enrollment increased to nearly 5 million teenagers by 1930. The number of institutions was increasing drastically which gave Americans relatively easy access to higher level education, even if schools were segregated or in varying condition, students had access to further their education. This provided many new teenagers with an opportunity to grow their knowledge and skills and ultimately gave them an opportunity to grow themselves in society. The growth of secondary education helped grow the nations economy significantly. This caused education to never be looked at as unimportant again.

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At the end of World War II, the United States grew to the powerful nation it is now. As a result, equality came to the forefront as a very important social issue. Not only was making the nations schools accessible to everyone important, but fair and equal schooling was also a driving force of change in educational institutions.

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After World War II, race became an increasing issue in urban school districts. Large numbers of African Americans began to move to cities, this caused an increase in residential segregation. As a result of this, schools began to become highly segregated.

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In the 1950's and 60's, groups like the NAACP and other civil rights organizations began to fight for greater equity and equality in urban education which was plagued with segregation and large discrepancies between the dominant schools and the minoritized schools.

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In 1954, Brown v. Board of Education changed schools forever. This ruling declared segregated schools to be unconstitutional. This was a huge moment for the civil rights movement. Women's equality groups and students' rights groups too inspiration from this and pushed for further changes in schools and society. American education would never be the same.

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The post war era introduced us to a generation refereed to as baby boomers. This group grew up in a society much different than any before it. They experienced all of the changes taking place in education, society etc. and worked their way from early education to secondary education throughout this time period in chapter 5. This youth culture began to move off to college campuses. This vastly different generation of baby boomers lead to the "counter culture" or things out of the norm, that we would eventually see in the 70's and 80's.

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Things labeled in blue refer to events dealing with discrimination

Things labeled in purple deal with events that dealt with reforming education

Things labeled in green dealt with events that worked toward trying to create equal schooling for all

Things labeled in red are events that show how different groups were affected as a result of rapidly changing times in America