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The ordinary world that Odysseus is from is"the peaked sea-mark of Ithaca" (Homer line 21). His family in Ithaca consists of his wife, Penelope, and his son, Telemachus.

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Call the Adventure/ Refusing the Call: Trojan War/ Not Wanting To Go To War

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Call the Adventure/ Refusing the Call: Trojan War/ Not Wanting To Go To War

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Odysseus' call to adventure was the   Trojan War. He refused the call by not wanting to go and participate. Athena convinced him to go and join the war, and "he plundered the stronghold on the proud height of Troy" (Homer lines 4-5).  Odysseus upheld the Greek value of honor by accepting his call and going to Troy.

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Odysseus' main mentor is Athena. Athena helps Odysseus from the beginning of the story all the way until she "commands that peace prevail between Odysseus and the relatives of the slain suitors" (Homer 616).

Another mentor of Odysseus is Circe. Circe helps Odysseus by informing "him that in order to reach home he must journey to the land of the dead... and consult the blind prophet Tiresias" (Homer 576). Circe also gives Odysseus advice about how to resist the Sirens.

Tiresias is Odysseus' last mentor. Tiresias tells Odysseus his destiny and informs him that he will eventually return home alone. While talking to Odysseus, Tiresias also says men will be "eating your livestock as they court your lady" (Homer lines 648-49).

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Crossing the Threshold: Traveling to Hades

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Crossing the Threshold: Traveling to Hades

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Odysseus crossed the threshold by listening to the goddess Circe's advice and traveling to Hades, the "new world." Circe told Odysseus that he needed to "consult the blind prophet Tiresias" (Homer 576). While in Hades, the Greek value of death is violated when Odysseus and his men left "Elpenor... dead in Circe's hall, untouched, unmourned" (Homer 578-81).

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Odysseus' first test is when him and his men have to battle the Cicones. During this episode Zeus cursed them with bad weather, "so doom appeared" for them (Homer line 55). Many people died during this battle, and the Greek value of death was upheld when the men "raised a cry, three times, for each poor ghost unfleshed by the Cicones on the field" (Homer lines 68-69).

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Odysseus' second test is when his men and him are tempted to eat the  Lotus. If the men eat the Lotus, they will forget that they want to go home. At the beginning of the episode, Zeus, again, troubles the sailors with bad weather. Zeus created "in the north a storm against the ships" (Homer lines 70-71). This storm caused the men to be "worn out and sick at heart" (Homer line 78).

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Odysseus' third test is when his men and him get trapped by the cyclops Polyphemus. In this episode, Athena helps Odysseus by having Polyphemus bring in all of the sheep. Even though the cyclops typically leaves some of the sheep outside, "by some sheepherding whim... none were left outside" (Homes lines 287-88). The men brought gifts to Polyphemus in an attempt at hospitality, but Polyphemus was not hospitable in return.The cyclops traps them in the cave with "a slab of solid rock" (Homes line 184).

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Odysseus' fourth test was when he encountered the god of the winds, Aeolus, on Aeolia. Aeolus tries to help them by giving them a gift "containing all the winds except for the favorable west wind" (Homer 576). Odysseus' men end up failing the test because they open the bag, releasing all the winds, before they return to Ithaca.

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Odysseus' fifth test was his encounter with the Laestrygonians. The men landed in the land of the Laestrygonians after they disobeyed Aeolus' instructions. Aeolus was no longer willing to help them and he "cast them out" (Homer 576).The Laestrygonians were "a race of cannibals," and they were not welcoming or hospitable to the travelers (Homer 576). The Greek value of hospitality was not upheld because the "creatures destroyed all of the Odysseus' ships" except for the one that he was on (Homer 576).

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Odysseus' sixth test was when he arrived at Aeaea, the island where the goddess Circe lived. Circe then turned "half of the men into swine" and held Odysseus captive (Homer 576).  Before Odysseus and the men leave the island, Circe gives them some advice for their travels. Hermes also acts as a messenger in this episode.

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Odysseus' seventh test is sailing past the sirens. Circe helped the men with the Sirens by telling Odysseus that he "alone should listen to their song" (Homer line 694). Helios also helped in this episode by melting the beeswax in the men's' ears, so they did not hear the Sirens' songs. The men end up passing this test by tying Odysseus up and allowing him to be the only one that listens to the Sirens songs.

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Odysseus' eighth test was when he had to choose whether to sail past Scylla or Charybdis. He decided to sail past Scylla because it would sacrifice less lives. Odysseus and his men ask Zeus for help to "pull away before we founder" (Homer line 776). The Greek value of courage is violated when the men were very scared of the sea monsters. The men heard a sound and "it terrified them" (Homer line 759).

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Odysseus' ninth test was when he was forced to be lovers with the goddess-nymph, when he was "detained long by Calypso, loveliest among the goddesses" (Homer lines 29-30). Odysseus remained loyal to his wife during this long period as he claims that "in my heart I never gave consent" (Homer line 34). He was with Calypso for seven years before he was finally able to leave.

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Allies: Phaeacians, Telemachus, and Eumaeus

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Allies: Phaeacians, Telemachus, and Eumaeus

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The Phaeacians were a ally to Odysseus because they help him get back to Ithaca. Odysseus told the Phaeacians his story and they in turn had "young Phaeacian noblemen conduct him home by ship" (Homer 595).

Telemachus and Eumaeus serve similar roles as Odysseus' ally. First Telemachus helps Odysseus fight the suitors by bringing Odysseus "a shield and spear, a pair of spears,a helmet" (Homer lines 1506-07). Then Telemachus gets Eumaeus to help them in their battle. They all work together, and "aided by Athena, Odysseus, Telemachus, Eumaeus, and other faithful herdsmen kill all the suitors" (Homer 612).

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Odysseus' main enemy are the suitors. Odysseus arrive home to find "numerous suitors... seeking the hand of his wife" (Homes 595). The suitors violate the Greek value of hospitality by calling Odysseus names and even abusing him. Antonios is so inhospitable that "the stool he let fly hit the man's right shoulder" (Homer line 1228).

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Odysseus' ordeal happens during the Cattle of the Sun God. Odysseus' men upset multiple gods during this episode. When the men eat and sacrifice Helios' cows while Odysseus is asleep, it causes Helios to "burst into angry speech amid the mortals" (Homer line 907). The actions of the men also cause Zeus to get involved and "throw down one white-hot bolt, and make splinters of their ship in the winedark sea" (Homer lines 918-19). The Greek value of hospitality was violated because instead of respecting Helios' belongings, according to Helios, "they killed my peaceful kine, my joy at morning" (Homer lines 909-10).

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Odysseus' supreme ordeal is Odysseus' revenge. With the help of the goddess Athena, "Telemachus, Eumaeus, and other faithful herdsmen kill all of the suitors" (Homer 612).  Odysseus and his helpers show the Greek value of courage when they fight all the suitors with such unequal numbers.   There courage results in them being fine and the suitors were left with "many and many slain"(Homer line 1534). Another Greek value that was upheld was be fathers because Telemachus want to help his father and make him proud.

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Odysseus is aided on his journey by the Phaeacians who "conduct him home by ship" after he finishes telling them his story (Homer 595). Odysseus' journey home also involves when he reveals his true identity and stops hiding behind Athena's disguise.

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Odysseus' reward is when he "regains his family and his kingdom" (Homer 616). Athena helps Odysseus again by making sure that "peace prevails between Odysseus and the relatives of the slain suitors" (Homer 616). Lastly, the Greek value of fathers is upheld when "Odysseus is reunited with his father" (Homer 616).

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Odysseus is an epic hero because he consistently portrays the characteristics of intelligence, leadership, and bravery. Odysseus uses intelligence and cleverness when he tells Polyphemus that his name is Nohbdy. This worked because when Polyphemus tried to call for help he said, "Nohbdy, Nohbdy's tricked me, Nohbdy's ruined me" (Homer line 558). Another time Odysseus demonstrates intelligence is when he tells Polyphemus that "Poseidon Lord, who sets the earth a-tremble broke it up on the rocks" when the cyclops asks where his ship is (Homer lines 228-29). Odysseus showed leadership when he "walked up and down from bow to stern trying to put heart into them" when his men were scared of the sea monsters (Homer lines 763-64). Odysseus shows courage when he confidently convinces Telemachus that they will be fine fighting against all of the suitors. Odysseus reassures Telemachus that "Athena's arm is over us, and Zeus her father's" (Homer lines 1110-11).