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The life cycle approach or analysis from cradle to grave, is a design tool that researches and evaluates the environmental aspects of a product or service during all stages of its existence (Design, production, commercialization, use and final disposition)

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The life cycle approach or analysis from cradle to grave, is a design tool that researches and evaluates the environmental aspects of a product or service during all stages of its existence (Design, production, commercialization, use and final disposition)

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The ACV is a technique to determine the environmental aspects and potential impacts associated with a product: compiling an inventory of the relevant inputs and outputs of the system; evaluating the potential environmental impacts associated with these inputs and outputs, and interpreting the results of the inventory and impact phases in relation to the objectives of the study (According to ISO 14040).

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NTC ISO 14040: 2007 ACV PRINCIPLESNTC ISO 14044: 2011 LIFE CYCLE REQUIREMENTSThey allow to find opportunities to improve the performance of a product or service during its life cycle.

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The development of a Life Cycle Analysis, according to the norm NTC ISO 14040: 2007, must cover the following methodological stages:

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Definition of the scope of the ACV: This stage should clearly reflect the extension of the study which implies, according to ISO 14040, the interpretation.

Requirements that inventory data must meet.

Hypothesis and limitations.

Requirements and limitations.

The scope definition should include:

The system of products / services studied.

System functions

Definition of the functional unit

System limits

Methodology for data collection

Required data characteristics

Assumptions

Limitations

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The definition of objectives should include:

Reasons to carry out the study and type of information that is expected to be obtained.

Planned application of the study and use (what will you do with the results?)

Expected target of the study (that is, if it will be an internal report, if it will be made public and to whom).

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Must be consistent with the purpose of the study.

Must be duly justified.

You must define which inputs and outputs are critical and the level of detail that is required.

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Main purpose: Provide a reference to which inputs and outputs should be normalized.
Features:

Clearly defined and measurable.

Allow to define the reference flow.

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Quantification of the inputs and outputs of the system under study. The data obtained in this phase is the starting point for the Life Cycle Impact Assessment. The stages to quantify are those that make up the Life Cycle of the product / process / service:

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This stage includes everything from the activities necessary for the acquisition of raw materials or energy to the first stage of manufacturing or material processing.

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This stage comprises the steps that take place from the introduction of the raw materials in the process until the final product is obtained.

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It includes the movement of materials or energy between the different operations at any stage of the life cycle, including the extraction of resources. The distribution includes the passage of the manufactured products from their exit from the factory to the end user.

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The limits of this stage begin with the distribution of products or materials and end when these products or materials become waste.

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Includes all the waste treatment mechanisms (study of possible management alternatives).

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The Life Cycle Impact Assessment consists of three stages:

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The Life Cycle Impact Assessment consists of three stages:

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The classification phase consists of the grouping of environmental burdens due to the consumption of resources and the generation of emissions and waste, depending on the potential environmental effects produced by each one of them.

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It is the calculation of the potential contribution of each compound detected in the inventory analysis to an environmental effect. Normalization is necessary due to the fact that the values ​​obtained during the characterization are expressed in different units. Normalization allows the results of the classification to be transferred to units that allow comparison and interpretation. After the normalization of each effect, the aggregation of the data is carried out, obtaining an environmental profile of the Life Cycle under study.

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The objective of this stage is to determine which effect causes the least impact taking into account the complete Life Cycle, for which the environmental effects are weighed against each other in order to compare the normalized profiles obtained in the previous stage.

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The interpretation may include qualitative and quantitative measures of improvements, such as changes in the product, in the process, in the design, substitution of raw materials, waste management, etc. Similarly, it can be associated with industrial pollution prevention tools, such as waste minimization or product redesign.