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e.g. pancreatic amylase digests starch into maltose 

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e.g. pancreatic amylase digests starch into maltose 

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Pancreatic lipase digests emulsified fats into fatty acids and glycerol

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Epithelium is only one-cell thick.

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1. Stores bile temporarily
- Bile emulsifies fat into minute fat globules, which increases surface area to volume ratio for faster digestion by lipases.
2. Releases bile into the duodenum via the bile duct.

- Greenish yellow bag attached to the liver.

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Bears numerous villi. The epithelium of the villi, in turn has numerous microvilli

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Bears numerous villi. The epithelium of the villi, in turn has numerous microvilli

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Provides a larger surface area to volume ratio for absorption(simple sugars, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol) in the small intestine . ( Xander group )² ₂ ² ² ² ₂ ² ₂ ² ² ²

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Adaptation/Feature: Small intestine is long and coiled.
Function/Purpose: Provides sufficient time for digestion and absorption of food substances like glucose and amino acid molecules.(Xander's gang)

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The inner surface of the small intestine is folded to increase absorption 

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The inner surface of the small intestine is folded to increase absorption 

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richly supplied with blood capillaries and lymphatic capillaries/ lacteal.
Blood capillaries absorbs glucose and amino acids while lacteal absorbs fatty acids and glycerol. The blood capillaries and lacteal carries these absorbed food substances away quickly and helps maintain conc. gradient for diffusion

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 pancreatic and intestinal lipases digests emulsified minute fat globules into fatty acids and glycerol

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 pancreatic and intestinal lipases digests emulsified minute fat globules into fatty acids and glycerol

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bile emulisifies(breakdown)large insoluble fats into minute fat globules for pancreatic and intestinal lipases to digest the emulsified minute fat globules into fatty acids and glycerol

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Sucrase digests sucrose into glucose and fructose

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Sucrase digests sucrose into glucose and fructose

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Sucrase digests sucrose into glucose and fructose

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Sucrase digests sucrose into glucose and fructose

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 The epithelial of the villus has microvilli to increase surface area to volume ratio for absorption. Villus have one-cell thick wall to reduce barrier to diffusion and allow it to proceed faster.Inside the epithelium there is many mitochondria to provide energy for active transport to happen. The villus is richly supplied with blood capillaries and lymphatic capillaries. 

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 The epithelial of the villus has microvilli to increase surface area to volume ratio for absorption. Villus have one-cell thick wall to reduce barrier to diffusion and allow it to proceed faster.Inside the epithelium there is many mitochondria to provide energy for active transport to happen. The villus is richly supplied with blood capillaries and lymphatic capillaries. 

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epithelium is only one cell thick.
This allows for faster rate of diffusion as barrier to diffusion is reduced.

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Structure: Each villi has many micro-villi projecting from the erythrocytes of its epithelium which collectively form the striated or brush border.
Function: increased surface area to volume ratio decreases the average distance travelled by nutrient molecules. So effectiveness of diffusion increases

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Lactase digests lactose into glucose and galactose

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Lactase digests lactose into glucose and galactose

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pancreatic amylase digests starch into maltose
Maltase digest maltose into glucose
lactase digests lactose to glucose and glactose
sucrase digests sucrose to glucose and fructose.
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Trypsin synthesized as inactive trypsinogen is converted by enterokinase to active form. Trypsin digests proteins into amino acids.
Erepsin hydrolyses peptones into amino acids

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have thin wall and epithelium is one cell thick so as to reduce barrier to diffusion and allow it to proceed fasteer

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1. Produces pancreatic juice which consists of pancreatic enzymes:
- pancreatic amylase digests starch into maltose
- pancreatic lipase digests emulsified minute fat globules to fatty acids and glycerol
- typsinogen is the inactive form of trypsin

2. Pancreatic juice flows into duodenum via pancreatic duct

3. Secretes hormones insulin and glucagon which controls concentration of glucose in the blood and carbohydrate metabolism

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-Villus has thin walls.
-Epithelium is one cell thick.
-Richly supported with blood capillaries and lymphatic capillaries.
-Long and coiled
-The epithelium of the villus has numerous micro-villi

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The small intestine is long and coiled. 

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The small intestine is long and coiled. 

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It is to provide sufficient time for absorption , digestion, diffusion

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enterokinase converts trypsinogen to trypsin

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enterokinase converts trypsinogen to trypsin

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Feature : Inner Walls are extensively folded.
How it help absorption : It provides a large surface area to volume ratio for faster rate of absorption.
(Xander's group)

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typsin digests proteins to polypeptides/peptones

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typsin digests proteins to polypeptides/peptones

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There is a membrane that separates the food substances from the blood capillaries.

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There is a membrane that separates the food substances from the blood capillaries.

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This is to ensure that the digested food substances take a shorter time to pass through a thin membrane than through a thick one

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it is alkaline with pH 8-9

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peptidases digests peptones/polypeptides to amino acids

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peptidases digests peptones/polypeptides to amino acids

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The inner surface of the small intestine is folded. The fold bear numerous minute finger-like projections(villi).The epithelium of the villi,in turn, has numerous microvilli. This provides a large surface area to volume ratio for absorption.

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- The villus has a thin wall and the epithelium is only one-cell thick.
-  This reduces barrier to diffusion, allowing for faster diffusion and resulting in faster absorption.
- It is richly supplied with blood capillaries  and lymphatic capillaries.
- Blood capillaries and lymphatic capillaries carries glucose & amino acids and fatty acids & glycerol respectively away quickly. These food substances are absorbed by the process of diffusion or active transport.
- The capillaries also maintains concentration gradient for diffusion.

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the surface of the

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The inner surface of the small intestine is folded to increase its surface area to volume ra

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Rich supply of blood capillaries and lacteal.

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Rich supply of blood capillaries and lacteal.

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More blood capillaries and lacteal means that it can carry absorbed food substances quickly. This also maintains concentration gradient for diffusion.

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there is a mucous coat containing glands that secrets digestive intestinal enzymes

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They have a rich blood supply to keep a concentration gradient.

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The villi and the microvilli increase intestinal absorptive surface area approximately 30-fold and 600-fold

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The lining of the walls of the small intestine contains glands which secrete digestive enzymes.

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trypsinogen secreted by the pancreas is activated by enterokinase which is secreted by the mucosa of the small intestine to become trypsin.
Trypsin digests proteins into polypeptides . Peptidases or erepsin then digests polypeptides into amino acids

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gang green gang

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1