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-When you are testing the flammability of an object, take a swab of the liquid on  wooden stick and then run it through the flame of the Bunsen burner on repeat until you get the end result of a positive or negative reaction to the flame.

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An example of a test that can test solubility is the sugar test. When placing sugar in a liquid it should either dissolve or remain in the test tube. If it dissolves the liquid is soluble, if not it is insoluble.

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The concentration is calculated in terms of the mass of the solute per 100ml of solvent(g/100ml). The basic math process for solving for concentration is to set up two equal proportions and cross multiply.

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In my own words I would describe sludge as, an in depth experiment to discover new things and properties about certain objects and substances.

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We will be dissolving plastics,liquids and metals.

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We will be dissolving plastics,liquids and metals.

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We will be using different experiments such as boiling point,melting point,density,solubility,fractional distillation etc to find more properties of sludge.

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We will be using different experiments such as boiling point,melting point,density,solubility,fractional distillation etc to find more properties of sludge.

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https://flipgrid.com/s/02047034a9da

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When the graph has a sudden pause and stays the same in temperature you have found the boiling point. This platue must stay for a few readings in order for it to be accurate.

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An increasing line= increasing variable
A decreasing line= decreasing variable

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Measure the empty GC first, then add the liquid, then subtract for the mass of the liquid

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When trying to figure out if a substance is soluble we perform tests, such as putting the substance in a test tube of alcohol or water. If the substance dissolves it is soluble, if it does not it is insoluble.

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Fractional Distillation is the process of separating two or more soluble liquids by heating and changing the liquid with the lower BP to a gas which is called vaporization. The gas then travels to the other test tube which is cooled and changes the gas back to a liquid which is called condensation. We heat and repeat this process and collect the second liquid at its highest BP.

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Liquids separate when heating because the have different BP. The condensing tube collects nothing during the beginning until the mixture reaches the BP. We switch the condensing tube after the platue ends. This will separate the pure from the trash

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We know to make the first switch when the thermometer begins to rise . We continue collecting fraction 2 in the condensing tube untill the graph reaches the second plateau . We know we reached the plateau becasue the thermometer is staying at a constant temp. After several f the same temp readings we switch the condensing tube. Now collecting fraction #3 it will be pure. It is the liquid with the highest boiling point.

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-There are no liquids with boiling points over 105 oC. Do not allow the thermometer to go higher.
-Successful if there is
a strong or weak odor not in between.
-The liquid is clear.
-Do not forget boiling chips
--Get at least 6 plateau numbers
-Take temperature readings every minute. Indicate on your data sheet the time when you switched test tubes

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We separate substances from each other so we can test them each individually.

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the things that we are able to separate are...
-Insoluble solid from a liquid
-Soluble from a liquid
-A mixture of 2 powder solids

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We are able to separate these substances from each other by using filter paper and a funnel

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1. Insoluble solids will catch in filler paper.
2.Soluble solids will go through filter paper.
3.Salt and potassium Nitrate are soluble in water.
4.Moth flakes are soluble in alcohol.
5. All other solids are insoluble in water or alcohol.

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https://flipgrid.com/s/6e373ab0c7c1

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DONT FORGET!!
-Substance should not be heated over 100 degrees Celsius or the thermometer will become damaged.
- When the substance turns clear and is dissolving that is the melting point.

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-When evaporating make sure you place the lid on the evaporating dish correctly or something could be damaged.
-When done heating wear gloves and place the dish on the counter without removing the lid.

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Cross multiply

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-Boiling Point
-Odor
-Flammability
-Density
-Solubility of sugar

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How to find the volume of a liquid, you need to place the desired amount of liquid in the graduated cylinder and read the measurment at which it stands. That measurment equals the volume(ml)

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Purple=steps for experiment
Blue=formula
Green:tests
Red:videos
Yellow:reasoning/Tips

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Graduated cylinders are thin glass tubes used to measure the volumes of liquids. The process of calculating volume using a graduated cylinder is straightforward, but certain steps must be taken to ensure an accurate reading and maintain a safe working environment. Once you familiarize yourself with the procedure, you will be able to repeat the steps with confidence and quickly measure small amounts of liquids.

Select a cylinder that is large enough to hold the volume of liquid being measured.

Confirm that the tube is clean and dry. Unwanted particles or drops of liquid in the cylinder could throw off the measurement.

Steady the tube with one hand while pouring the liquid you are measuring into it from another container. Graduated cylinders are thin and can be tipped over easily, so take special care when working with noxious or volatile liquids.

Hold the cylinder at eye level to take a reading. Ensure that it is hanging straight down. Avoid crouching to read the cylinder while it is resting on the table; if jostled, the container could tip over and pour liquid onto your face or torso.

Take the liquid measurement at the very bottom of the dip in the surface of the liquid. This dip is called the meniscus; it forms because liquid molecules are more attracted to the glass than they are to each other.

Look at the horizontal lines on the side of the cylinder. Ascertain to which line the meniscus is closest.

Determine the increments of measurement on the tube. For example, if the area between the 40ml mark and the 50ml mark is divided into ten segments, each segment represents 1ml.

Locate the closest whole measurement below the surface of the liquid.

Count the number of segments up to the line nearest the meniscus. Calculate the volume of the liquid by adding the whole measurement to the sum of the segments.

About the Author

Kristy Barkan began her writing career in 1998 as a features reporter for the University at Buffalo's "Spectrum" newspaper. She holds a Bachelor of Arts in film and media production from the University at Buffalo, a Master of Fine Arts in visual effects from Academy of Art University and a Diploma in social media marketing from ALISON.

Photo Credits

cylinder image by Hubert from Fotolia.com

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How to Measure Liquids Using a Graduated Cylinder

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Graduated cylinders are thin glass tubes used to measure the volumes of liquids. The process of calculating volume using a graduated cylinder is straightforward, but certain steps must be taken to ensure an accurate reading and maintain a safe working environment. Once you familiarize yourself with the procedure, you ...

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-Do not forget boiling chips
-Do not use a lot of liquid or the boiling portion will take too long
-Do not let the liquid hear past 105 degrees Celsius
-Have at least 6 plateau readings

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https://flipgrid.com/s/3801bea15c5d

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-When identifying a metal there are several main components which are...
-Density
-Acid test
-Magnetic test

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-When calculating the density you must follow the previous procedures of finding the volume and mass, then dividing mass by volume.
-Next, for the acid test,drip acid on metal on a watch glass and observe if it gives off bubbles.
Then lastly, a magnetic test. Place metal on a magnet to see if there is a reaction.

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Solubility in water-Add small amount of substance to water-does it dissolve?
Solubility in alcohol-Add small amount of substance to alcohol, does it dissolve?
Micro-melting point-Place some substance in capallary tube and heat untill melted.Temperature when melting first occurs in capalary tube in a water bath. Use around 100 ml of water.
Evaporating dish melting point- If MMP is over 100 degrees celciu, put smal amount in evap-dish-does it melt,decompose,or do nothing.
Reaction with acid-Plac esmall amount of substance on watch glass, add 2 drops f acid-look for reaction Rinse and dry dish.

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Consists of the following tests..
-Solubility in water
-Solubility in alcohol
-Micro-melting point
-Evaporating dish Melting point
-Reaction with acid

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-Odor:Lends itself to purity-NOT A SPECIAL PROPERTY
-Density:Divide mass by volume
-Boiling point:Take temp readings every 30 seconds until a plateau of 6 readings the same or close to dryness
-Flammability:Dip splint in liquid and pass through the flame.
-Solubility in sugar:Add small amount of sugar-Did it dissolve?

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D=M/V
- You take the Mass of the substance/solid and divide it by the volume of the substance/solid.
-DONT FORGET UNITS(g/cm3 or g/ml)