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Grade 12 Biology
Mr Miranda
2022

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Makes a protein shorter because it introduces a stop codon

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Means changes in the protein sequence what leads into a different result of amino acid.

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Does not change the amino acid sequence of a protein. Because DNA redundancy (GAA and GAG both code for glutamine)

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Means changes in the "reading frame" caused by the proteins built incorrectly.

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Involves the substitution, deletion, or insertion of only one nucleotide in the gene.

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Change in the DNA sequence (in a single pair)

May be due to copying errors, chemicals, viruses, etc.

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When in meiosis, chromosomes have problems to separate, the result are too many or too few chromosomes.

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Involves two chromosomes. One segment is broken down and is reinserted into the other chromosome.

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Occurs when a section of DNA is duplicated

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A segment of the chromosome breaks off, and it splits to to the opposite direction to finally be reinserted

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Brakes in chromosome produces genetic material deleted.

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five types exist

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A change in the chromosomal structure occurs involving a lot of genes.

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- Mutations happen regularly

-Almost all mutations are neutral

-Chemicals & UV radiation cause mutations

-Many mutations are repaired by enzymes

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Some mutations may improve an organism’s survival (very rare). This happens during a species evolution and the species improves.

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Can be passed to offspring

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Can occur in gametes (eggs and sperm)

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Can be present in somatic cells (non reproductive cells)

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A random, definite change in the sequence on DNA of a cell

it affects the genotype of the organism that produce rare variations physical characteristics of it.

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aren't passed to offspring