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Nurul Shahira Binti Abdullah
D20201092314

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Chapter 6 : Properties of Propositional Logic

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Nurul Shahira Binti Abdullah
D20201092314

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Farid Aiman Bin Ismail
(D20191088804)

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Farid Aiman Bin Ismail
(D20191088804)

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Reflection Chapter 6 (Properties of Propositional Logic)

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NURUL IZZATI BINTI HUSNI (D20201092327)

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NURUL IZZATI BINTI HUSNI (D20201092327)

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NURUL IZZATI BINTI HUSNI (D20201092327)

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NUR IZZA BINTI ZAINAL BADRI SHAH
D20202096025

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NUR IZZA BINTI ZAINAL BADRI SHAH
D20202096025

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Latifah binti Mohamad Nur Azam
(D20201094662)

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MUHAMMAD HAFIZ BIN BASIRIN
D20201094848

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Latifah binti Mohamad Nur Azam
D20201094662

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Latifah binti Mohamad Nur Azam
D20201094662

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Nur Hazlinda Binti Mohd Daud
D20201092299

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Pastel Green Simple Illustrated Cute Caring For Plants Infographic

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Nur Hazlinda Binti Mohd Daud
D20201092299

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Paulus Yosep
D20201092308

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Nurul Shahira Binti Abdullah
D20201092314

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Formal Logic – Study of propositions, statements, used sentences and deductive argument

Variables – Symbol stands for an individual in a collection or set (Ex. X = Monday)

·        Use letters at end

·        Collection of objects = domain of objects

Statement – Declarative sentence having truth value

Quantifiers – Propositional (well-formed formula) (finite sequence) have rather limited expressive power (For every x, x > 0)

Type:

·        Universal Quantifier (for all / for every / for any) - Ɐ

·        Existential Quantifier (for some / there exist / there is a / for at least) - ⱻ

Predicate – portion of a statement that give information about the subject (Ex. P(x) / R(x, y)) -> predicate symbols / predicate  variables

·        Represented by letter P(x) -> used present unspecified property/predicate that x may have

·        Quantifier + predicate = complete statement

·        Collection of objects = domain of interpretation = at least one object

·        Predicate instantiated = proposition (variables = specific values)

·        Predicate logic extends more powerful than propositional logic

Unary Predicates – predicates involving properties of a single variable

Binary Predicate – (Ɐx)(ⱻy)Q(x,y) = for every x there exists a y such that Q(x,y)

Negation - Ɐx, ⱻy, P(x,y) = ⱻx, Ɐy, Px,y

Interpretation – Collection of objects = domain of interpretation (at least one object) / assignment of a property of object in domain / constant symbol in expression

·        Use logical connectives + predicates + quantifiers

·        Obey the rules of syntax to be considered a wff = (Ɐx)[P(x) -> Q(x)]

Validity – Analogous to a tautology of propositional logic = (Ɐx)P(x)  -> (ⱻx)P(x)

·        Truth predicate wff depend on interpretation

·        A valid predicate wff is instrinsically true

Truth values – True or false = depends on truth value of statement

Intrinsic truth – True for all truth values

Methodology – truth table determine tautology

Tautology -  Propositional formula that is true under any possible Boolean valuation of its propositional variables

MUHAMMAD HAFIZ BIN BASIRIN D20201094848

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Chapter 4 : Formal Logic (Quantifiers, Predicates and Validity)

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Nurul Shahira Binti Abdullah
D20201092314

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Latifah Binti Mohamad Nur Azam
(D20201094662)

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Latifah binti Mohamad Nur Azam
(D20201094662)

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Cream Pastel Cute Natural Glowing Skin Herbs Infographic

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Farid Aiman Bin Ismail
(D20191088804)

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Reflection Chapter 5 (First Order Logic)

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Noor Fatin Najwa Binti Saharudin (D20201092321)

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Farid Aiman Bin Ismail
(D20191088804)

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Reflection Chapter 4 (Formal Logic_Quantifiers Predicates Validity)

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Farid Aiman Bin Ismail
(D20191088804)

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Reflection Chapter 3 (Introduction to the Z formal specificaton language)

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Nur Izyan Hanani Binti Mohd Zailani
D20201094967

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NurFazdlin Syakiena Binti Mohamed Adnan
D20201092354

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NurFazdlin Syakiena Binti Mohamed Adnan
D20201092354

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Chapter 3 : Introduction to the Z formal specification language

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Nurul Shahira Binti Abdullah
D20201092314

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Ainil Hawa Binti Zul Akmal | D20201092349

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AIMAN SHAFIQ BIN KAMARULZAMAN D20201092335

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Ahmad Aiman
D20201092357

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Chapter 2 : Introduction to Vienna Development Method (VDM)

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Nurul Shahira Binti Abdullah
D20201092314

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Nur Izza Binti Zainal Badri Shah
D20202096025

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Nur Izza Binti Zainal Badri Shah
D20202096025

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Nur Izza Binti Zainal Badri Shah
D20202096025

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AIMAN SHAFIQ BIN KAMARULZAMAN D20201092335

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Noor Fatin Najwa Binti Saharudin D20201092321

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Noor Fatin Najwa Binti Saharudin
D20201092321

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Nurul Nadia Norizham D20201094955

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Z NOTATIONS – formal specifications notation based set theory

Schemes – Specification building blocks (Invariants predicate = Boolean expressions)

·        Graphical presentation -> make specifications easier to understand

·        Mathematical notation -> allow completeness/consistency proof -> validate

schema includes

·        A name identifying the schema

·        A signature introducing entities and their types

·        A predicate part defining invariants over these entities

Conventions

·        Marks before a schema,

·        Delta (D) means changes

·        Xi (X) means no changes

·        Marks after a state variable,

·        ? means input

·        ! means output

·        ‘ represents the value of the variable after an operation

Problem Specification

Container = [content: N; capacity: N | content <= capacity] Ù

Indicator = [light:{off,on};reading: N; dangerLevel: N | light = on Û reading >= dangerLevel]

·        danger level -> warning light on -

StorageTank = [DContainer; DIndicator | reading=content; capacity=250000; dangerLevel = 245000] FillOK = [DStorageTank; amount?: N | contents + amount? <= capacity; content’ = content +amount?

OverFill = [XStorageTank; amount?: N; r!: seq CHAR | capacity < contents + amount?; r! =“Insufficient tank capacity – Fill cancelled”

Fill = [FillOK Ú OverFill]

Operation

·        “normal” operation = schema

·        Schema for exceptional situations

·        Specified incrementally = separate schema -> combined -> produce complete

·        Combine all schemas using disjunction (or)

-MUHAMMAD HAFIZ BIN BASIRIN (D20201094848)-

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LATIFAH BINTI MOHAMAD NUR AZAM (D20201094662)

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NURULHUDA BINTI SHARIPUDIN (D20201092325)

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Nurul Hafifi Nabilah Binti Shpinee
(D20201092351)

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MOHD SIDDIQ BIN ABDUL MASUHUL (D20201092295)

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Farid Aiman Bin Ismail
(D20191088804)

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Farid Aiman Bin Ismail
(D20191088804)

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Nurliyana Atiqah bt Badri (D20201095905)

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Nur Hazlinda Binti Mohd Daud (D20201092299)

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Nurliyana Atiqah bt Badri (D20201095905)

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Vienna Development Method (VDM) - collection techniques – modeling/specification/design -> mathematically rigorous, formal specifications

VDM Specification Language – Analysis design + identification key features (defects (early stage development))

·        Language = formal semantics + enabling proof properties model

·        Executable subset -> Analyzed (testing) + Executed (Graphical user interface)

VDM++ - Describe desired behavior system in abstract term

·        Functions = specified implicitly -> pre- and post- conditions

VDM-SL Structure – Conventional modular extension = informative annex contains different structure principle

·        Module naming – Start = Keyword module -> name & End = Keyword end -> name

·        Importing – Import Section -> Start + Keyword import -> sequence import (Start = Keyword = name + signature)

·        Exporting – Other module have access -> exported <- Keyword export -> export module signature

·        More exotic features – Support parameterized+ instantiations modules

1.      Hard to use in industrial application

2.      Substantial number of tool challenges

VDM++ Structure - Traditional object-oriented structing

·        Class – Start class = Keyword class -> name of class & End class = Keyword -> again name class

·        Inheritance – Class name preceded keyword subclass -> comma-separated list + superclass name (class heading)

·        Access modifiers – Information hiding – private/public/protected

Functional Modeling – Functions are defined over data types

·        Main mechanism = implicit function definition

·        Required = deterministic (satisfy example must return same results same input)

State-based modeling – Functions = not have side effects, operations -> change state variables (AKA global)

Basic Types – Represent values cannot be decomposed – Ex. Bool/int/char

1.      Numeric types – unbounded with no maximum value – Ex. Nat1/nat/rat/real

2.      Constructed types – Created from basic types -> mappings/sequences/sets

a)      Union types – Contains all values = possible construct -> using non-disjoint types (int/nat)

b)     Types invariants – Boolean predict – restricts extent type being defined

-MUHAMMAD HAFIZ BIN BASIRIN (D20201094848)-

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Muhammad Aqil Bin Jamari
(D20201094945)

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Muhammad Aqil bin Jamari
(D20201094945)

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Latifah binti Mohamad Nur Azam
(D20201094662)

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Nurul Izzati bt Husni ( D20201092327 )

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Nurul Izzati bt Husni ( D20201092327 )

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Reflection chapter2 -nur zahidah faridul -d20201094953

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Reflection chapter2 -nur zahidah faridul -d20201094953

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Reflection chapter 1: Nur zahidah faridul-d20201094953

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Reflection chapter 1: Nur zahidah faridul-d20201094953

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Noor Fatin Najwa Binti Saharudin D20201092321

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Assalamualikum .My name is Muhammad Aqil Bin Jamari.You can call me Aqil.I live in Bera,Pahang.I am Software Engineering student(AC10) and currently in Semester 4.

I am looking forward to learn from this course and I'll do my best to follow the lecturer's instructions..Thank you

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NurFazdlin Syakiena Binti Mohamed Adnan

D20201092354

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Afdzlin Waish Bin Abd Jalil
D20201092328

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Nurul Shahira Binti Abdullah
D20201092314

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Ainil Hawa Binti Zul Akmal | D20201092349

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MUHAMAD IMAN ZULHAKIM BIN IBRHAN
(D20201094844)

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Notes Page Planner Template  Elegant Minimalist Productivity Planner

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AIMAN SHAFIQ BIN KAMARULZAMAN
D20201092335

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Assalamualaikum and salam sejahtera. My name is Muhamad Said Nizamuddin bin Nadim or you all can call me Nizam. I am 22 years old.

I from Rengit, Johor but now i stay at Tanjong Malim.

I talking Software Engineering AC10 and currently in semester 3.

I hope that we can cooperate together 😉

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NURUL HAFIFI NABILAH BINTI SHPINEE
(D20201092351)

Formal methods are used to describe a systems functions prior to design with descriptive languages ensuring the functionality of the system. Formal methods may be used in development depending on the rigor with which the system is described. Formal specifications can function as a guide to requirements. In analysis, formal methods provide the description of functions by which the program can be verified.

Formal notations definition is "a general description of the use of mathematical notations such as logic and set theory to describe system specifications and software designs together with techniques of validation and verification based on mathematics".

Notations such as AUTOMATIC SIMULATION MODEL (ASM), B-METHOD and ACTOR MODEL.

The need for a formal semantic definition also means that the specification languages cannot be based on natural language; it must be based on mathematics.

The extent to which formal methods are implemented can vary. Sometimes, the full implementation of formal methods is deemed too costly except in the case of critically important systems and complex designs where errors can result in costly redesigns or refabrication.

Some examples of systems that might be fully specified under formal methods would be complex semi-conductors such as CPUs, GPUs or even critical systems in software like that which is used in SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) for control of power plants and so on.

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Formal Method – Techniques -> model complex systems as mathematical entities

Semantic – Method of structuring data -> represent in logical way

Modelling Language -> mathematic + semantic

·        Informal

·        Low

·        Medium

·        High

Formal Methods Model – Mathematical methods/techniques -> process developing complex systems

·        Use formal specification language -> define characteristic

Formalize – Models of requirements knowledge

·        What? -> modelling + evaluation

·        Specifications of program design -> remove/exclude module/function in design

·        Why? -> 1. Removes ambiguity and improve proves (remove flaw)

2. Verify the requirement (behaviour)

3.  Execute specifications (avoid critical issues) -> record assumption + decisions

·        Not? -> Confuse which tool appropriate + Costly and unfeasible + Concentrate consistent

1.      Formal Specification Languages (Ex. Larch)

·        Good specify behavior program units Key -> Type checking / Theorem proving

·        Grew on program verification Spwaned

2.      Reactive System Modelling – Formalize dynamic models system behavior (Ex. RSML)

·        Good reactive system (Ex. Real-time)

·        Key: Consistency / Model Checking (abstraction)

·        Applicable to Requirements Languages

3.      Formal Conceptual Modelling – Capture real-world knowledge (Ex. Telos)

·        Use first order predicate logic

·        Key: Inference engines/default reasoning/KBS-shells

·        Applicable to Requirements Capture

Methods

1.      Formal Specification - translation of non-mathematical description into a formal specification language (ex. diagrams)

-        Represents description - high-level behavior / properties system

-        Well-defined language semantics

-        Type

o   Model Oriented - Construct a model of the system (Statecharts / Petri Nets)

o   Property Oriented - Set of necessary properties such as axioms (Algebraic semantics / Temporal logic models)

2.      Formal Proofs – Constructed small steps using small set of rules

-        usually constructed with automated assistance

3.      Model Checking –

-        Approaches – 1. Temporal model checking / 2. Automaton model checking

-        Model Checkers – SMV-Symbolic Model Verification (Kripke Model)

4.      Abstraction

-        Representation smaller model

-        Focus on central properties + characteristics

Mathematical Models

·        Capture essential characteristics + ignore irrelevant details

·        Analyzed using mathematical reasoning -> prove system properties

-        Type – 1. Continuous models / 2. Discrete Models

Process Model

1.      Expose defects

2.      Identify exceptions

3.      Evaluate test coverage

Limitations to Formal Methods

1.      Requires a sound mathematical knowledge of the developer

2.      Different aspects design, different formal specification methods

3.      Cannot guarantee the completeness of a specifications

-MUHAMMAD HAFIZ BIN BASIRIN (D20201094848)-

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Hello...... My name is Paulus Yosep. I'm from Kota Marudu, Sabah. I studies in Bachelor of Software Engineering (AC10) and currently in Semester 4

Thank You

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Here's what I understand from chapter 1. Do comments if have anything we can discuss further. Thank you.
-Nurul Nadia Norizham (D20201094955)

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Nur Hazlinda Binti Mohd Daud (D20201092299)

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Latifah binti Mohamad Nur Azam

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Nur Izza Binti Zainal Badri Shah

Formal Method
- Formal methods are a verity of mathematical modelling techniques that apply to computer system design, which support the rigorous specification, design, and verification of computer systems.

Why we use formal methods?
-To define system behaviour
-To write specification to prove the program

Advantages of Formal Method
- Discovers ambiguity, incompleteness, and inconsistency in the software.
- Discipline

Weakness of Formal method
- Time consuming and expensive
- Limits Of Computational Models

- Usability

Where Formal Method applied?
- In various aspects of a large complex system such as safety-critical system.

Critical system:

1. Business - ATM, MySis, MySejahtera

2. Mission - car ticketing, alarm

3. Safety Critical System - aerospace, automotive, healthcare, railway, construction, nuclear, security technology era

Mathematical modelling techniques
– model oriented (VDM, Z)

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Assalamualaikum and hi everyone. My name is Noor Fatin Najwa Binti Saharudin. You guys can call me Najwa. I'm from Banting, Selangor. Before this Diploma in Information Technology (Information Security) at Politeknik Ungku Omar Ipoh, Perak. I'm currently in semester 4 (AC10) in my degree in Software Engineering at University Pendidikan Sultan Idris.

I love skincare and shopping. I hope to learn more about Formal Methods and increase my understanding of the topic. Thank you.

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Assalamualaikum and good evening. My name is Nurul Izzati Binti Husni from Seri Manjung, Perak and I am 22 years old taking Bachelor of Software Engineering (AC10) and currently in semester 4.

I love to do crochet and write journals when having free time. This activity will improvise my focus and creativity to maintain quality results of something work.

I hope that I could focus on this course and learn new knowledge and apply it in futures.

Thank you!

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Assalamualaikum and hi everyone. I am Nurliyana Atiqah bt Badri and I prefer to be called Yana.

I was born and raised in Klang, Selangor. I am graduated with Diploma in Information Technology in Politeknik Balik Pulau, Pulau Pinang and currently studying in semester 4 of Bachelor of Software Engineering (AC10) course.

I am really looking forward to gain more knowledge in this course and I hope we can work together throughout this current semester.
Thankyou & stay safe!

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Assalamuailaikum and hello everyone,
My name is Nur Zahidah binti mohd faridul. Im from AC10 software engineering semester 4. Im currently living at Alor Setar. I love drawing and painting.
I hope we can know each other and cooperate well in our studies.
Its nice to meet you all, thank you.

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assalamualaikum and hi everone. My name isMohd Zamrin Bin Jimmy. You can call me Zamrin, Zam, Rin Z,A,M,R,I,N and more.

i live at Kg Lok Tuhog Banggi Kudat Sabah. Currently, im in my 4th semester in degree of Software Engineering (Education Software) with honor.

i really hope we can gain more and deeper towards this courses for our future knowledge .

Thankyouuu >3

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Assalammualaikum and greetings everyone. My name is Nurul Nadia Norizham and you can call me Naddy. I'm 23 years old and was born at Cheras Kuala Lumpur.  I'm 2nd year student and currently on my 4th semester. Before pursuing my degree in Software Engineering at UPSI, i took my diploma in Information Security at Politeknik Mersing Johor.

I would describe myself as an easygoing and friendly person, I love to make new friends at here! My daily serotonin is listening to K-Pop and watching K-Drama. Oh and my ult group is Monsta x and TheBoyz! (Any Monbebe and TheB here?? )

I hope I can learn and work together with everyone here. Thank you and have a great day.

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Assalamualaikum wbt and hi everyone. My name is Nor Syahera binti Muhamad. I live in Behrang Stesen, Perak. I'm currently in my 4th semester in degree of Software Engineering (AC10) with honor.

I'm looking forward for this course and excited to learn more about it for my career in future. I hope we can get along between lecture and friends!

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Assalammualaikum and hi my name is Nur Hazlinda binti Mohd Daud. I am currently in semester 4 bachelor in software engineering (AC10). I live in Puteri Wangsa, Johor and was born in Hospital Sultanah Aminah Johor Bahru. I am 23 years old and I would describe myself as friendly, creative and dedicated.

I hope i will learn and understand more about formal method after joining this class. Thanks to Dr. Hafizul for giving me this opportunity to join this class.

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Assalamualaikum Dr.Hafizul. My name is Muhammad Mu'ammar bin Hazizan. Some people call me ammar or muammar. I live in Jitra Kedah. I am Software Engineering student (AC10) and currently in semester 4 for A212.

I would like to learn new thing in this class   and enjoy learning new things with All my friend ☺️. Thank you

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Assalamualaikum and hello everyone. My name is Mohd Ikmal bin Ahmad. I am from Tuaran, Sabah. I studies in Bachelor of Software Engineering (AC10) and currently in semester 4

I hope that I can gain more knowledge from this subject and apply it fully in the future

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Assalamualaikum and hello everyone. I'm Afdzlin Waish Bin Abd Jalil from Pontian, Johor. I study in a Bachelor of Software Engineering (AC10) and am currently in Semester 4.

I hope that I can gain and learn new knowledge from this subject which is Formal Methods. I also will try my best to fully commit to this class.

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Assalamualaikum and hello everyone. My name is NurFazdlin Syakiena Binti Mohamed Adnan. I’m from Bachok, Kelantan. I studies in Bachelor of Software Engineering (AC10) and currently in semester 4.

I will try my best to gain new knowledge in this subject and complete the task given. Thank you.

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Hi! I am Mohd Siddiq Bin Abdul Masuhul. You can call me Siddiq.
I was born and raised in Semporna, Sabah.
Currently, I am on my 4th semester of software engineering.
I have a lot of hobbies, these days I love spending time with feline.

I'm looking forward to know more about software engineering.
And I hope it can help me to become a better a person.

Thank you :)

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Assalamualaikum and good day everyone. I am Ainil Hawa Binti Zul Akmal from Kuala Lumpur. I am a 4th semester student of Bachelor of Software Engineering (AC10). My hobbies are painting and drawing. I love rain, skies and black.

I wish to learn more about Formal Methods and hoping that I can apply the knowledge in the future.

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Hi and Assalamualaikum everyone. My name is Nor Hasikin Binti Mohammed. Just call me Sikin. I'm from Lahad Datu, Sabah. I studied in Bachelor of Software Engineering (AC10) and currently in semester 4. My hobby is taking photos and I love to cook.

I will try my best to focus on gaining new knowledge and I hope we can work together throughout this semester.
Thank you

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Hi and Assalamualaikum w.b.t everyone. My name is Nurul Shahira Binti Abdullah. You all can call me Shahira. I live in a small village at Jerantut, Pahang. I am AC10 student (Bachelor of Software Engineering) and currently in semester 4.

I will give my best for every task that will be given to me and look forward to a fun learning process throughout this semester. I hope that i can gain as much knowledge as I can and complete this course with excellence.
Thank you!

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BIODATA
Assalamualaikum everyone. My name is MUHAMMAD ARIFF HAIKAL BIN AZMAN can call me arep or ariff from Teluk Kumbar, Pulau Pinang, same as majority of the classmate i'm studying AC10-Bachelor of software engineering.

I hope we can have a wonderful moment together in this class and in the future
thank you so much

REVISE(chp 1)
notation
-ASM
-Actor model
-B method

why FM is required?
to systemize and introduce rigor into all phase at soft development

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Assalamualaikum and hello everyone. My name is Aiman Shafiq Bin Kamarulzaman. I'm from Pasir Mas, Kelantan. I am 23 years old. My hobby is listening to music. Before I further my study at UPSI, I studied Diploma in Information technology at UTeM. Now, I study in Bachelor of Software Engineering (AC10), and currently in Semester 4.

I will try my best to gain new knowledge in this subject.
Thank You.

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Assalamualaikum and hye everyone. My name is Latifah binti Mohamad Nur Azam. I'm from Batu Gajah, Perak. I studies in Bachelor of Software Engineering (AC10) and currently in Semester 4.

I hope that I can learn and improve my knowledge in this subject which is Formal Methods. Thank you.

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Assalamualaikum and hello everyone. My name is Nur Izza Binti Zainal Badri Shah. I'm from Petaling Jaya, Selangor. I studies in Bachelor of Software Engineering (AC10) and currently in Semester 3

My hobby is reading and I love cooking. Thank you

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Assalamualaikum and hello everyone. My name is Muhammad Hafiz Bin Basirin. I'm from Kuala Langat, Selangor. I studies in Bachelor of Software Engineering (AC10) and currently in Semester 4

I hope we can work together throughout this semester with smile.
-Thank you-

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Hello! Assalamualaikum Dr. Hafizul Hanafi. My name is Nurul Hafifi Nabilah Binti Shpinee. Please just call me Hafifi or Fifi. I'm from Kuala Lumpur and a student of Bachelor of Software Engineering or AC10, semester 4.

Actually, I was one of your student for Penerbitan Elektronik back in semester 2. Hence, I'm really looking forward to another terrific semester with you Dr.
I will try my best to gain new knowledge in this subject and passed all of the test with flying colors.
Thank you so much.