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In this padlet we are talking about Gender Equality  in different its different branches. Such as: Salary differences, violence against women, women stereotypes, and objectification and lack of female representation on the media.

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Get the latest news and breaking news coverage of gender equality issues in your local area, the U.S. and worldwide on the New York Post.

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The topic I would like to work on is gender equality, specifically the objectification and lack of female representation on the media. This is important since it affects not only the social perception of women but the way women see themselves.

Global, national and local ways my topic is represented:
Global: the portrayal of women in movies and social media.
National: The assault lived on the streets by women throughout the whole country independent of their clothes.
Local:The way women are judged based off their look basically everywhere including schools

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The effects of objectification- regional

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The effects of objectification- regional

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Laura Mulvey is a feminist film theorist from Britain, best known for her essay on Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema. Her theories are influenced by the likes of Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan (by using their ideologies as "political weapons") whilst also including psychoanalysis and feminism in her works. Mulvey is predominantly known for her theory regarding sexual objectification on women in the media, more commonly known as The Male Gaze" theory.

Being one of the most notable film theorists in the world, her ideas and clear proof of misogyny in film opened up the eyes of many, and in 1975, something that people simply accepted was finally questioned. Although Mulvey 's theory has helped identify issues with gender in film, why do we still have the same issues decades later? Why do we still see the same roles for women in film and television regurgitated over and over again?

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Mulvey states that "the gender power asymmetry is a controlling force in cinema and constructed for the pleasure of the male viewer, which is deeply rooted in patriarchal ideologies and discourses." This means that the male viewer is the target audience, therefore their needs are met first and that this problem stems from an old fashioned, male-driven society. Her theory on how women are portrayed in film and the media is just as prevalent today as it was in 1975 when her text was first published.

Mulvey believes that women are in fact "the bearer of meaning and not the maker of meaning," which suggests that women are not placed in a role where they can take control of a scene, instead they are simply put there to be observed from an objectified point of view. In addition, she believes that this way of watching film is never alternated so that the men are in fact the ones who are being viewed in this manner. This inequality enforces the ancient and outdated idea of " men do the looking, and women are to be looked at."

The Male Gaze Theory

The Male Gaze theory, in a nutshell, is where women in the media are viewed from the eyes of a heterosexual man, and that these women are represented as passive objects of male desire. Audiences are forced to view women from the point of view of a heterosexual male, even if they are heterosexual women or homosexual men.

From the feminist perspective, this theory can be viewed in three ways: How men look at women, how women look at themselves and finally, how women look at other women. Typical examples of the male gaze include medium close-up shots of women from over a man's shoulder, shots that pan and fixate on a woman's body, and scenes that frequently occur which show a man actively observing a passive woman.

The Male Gaze suggests that the female viewer must experience the narrative secondarily, by identification with the male. In 1929 Salvador Dali released a film called Un Chein Andalou, which is an abstract short film that portrays a perfect example of this. One scene in the film, a man is found dissecting the iris of a young woman's eye, which infers this idea of female sight not being central, and that men are not only the audience, but also in control of the action, the camera, the direction, the writing, et cetera, therefore completely running the show, dominating the entirety of the narrative and how it is depicted.

Not only is the Male Gaze theory relevant to cinema, but it also correlates with every-day life. Some theorists have noted that in advertising, objectification and sexualised portrayals of the female body can be found even in situations where sex or representations of sex have nothing to do with the product being advertised.

Although as of recently, movies like (2013) and Suffragette (2015) do Mulvey justice in highlighting women's independence and empowerment, breaking away from the Male Gaze, decades later we still see the same broken record playing, with films like The Wolf of Wall Street (2013) and Star Trek Into Darkness (2013) revealing women in extremely sexual and somewhat unnecessary manners.

One reason for this is simply that the movie companies producing these films are male-dominated, as cinema is predominantly a male-run industry, and just like when Mulvey originally wrote this critical analysis of film, producers are still churning out the same work that has proved to be successful in the past with audiences as they invest to make profit. They believe that they are giving the public what they want, when that isn't necessarily true. They are giving audiences what a proportion of males want, and what the rest of society has been brainwashed to accept.

Examples of The Male Gaze in Film: Transformers

One film which stands out when considering this theory is Michael Bay's Transformers franchise. Firstly, these movies have a huge difference in the male/female character ratio, instantly making it an unrepresentative movie as it doesn't depict 50% of its audience. All the women Bay casts in this franchise are sexualised in some way, and it has no relevance to the story line, or as Mulvey would put it: it is just to please the heterosexual male, rendering it a movie with touches of irrelevant objectification and misogyny.

Bay clearly went into this franchise with sexual objectification in mind as he cast some of the most sexually objectified women in Hollywood. For example, in the first movie, Megan Fox plays Sam Witwicky's ( Shia LaBeouf) love interest, and who can forget that memorable scene where Fox is in a tight, low-cut top bent over a car engine? This degrading scene is also followed with a variety of other camera angles and shots which are clearly only included in the movie for sexual gratification targeted towards the heterosexual male.

This unoriginal and predictable character archetype did not stop at the first few films either, as Bay continued to cast limited women in his films, and all the women included in the franchise are deemed stereotypically attractive, as their careers in acting are secondary to their modelling careers.

For example, model Rosie Huntington-Whiteley plays the role of Sam's girlfriend in Transformers: Dark of the Moon (2011) and she has a variety of scenes where she walks around with minimal clothing on. Or what about Nicola Peltz in Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014), who is also objectified with minimal clothing and worms-eye camera angles, letting audiences see a lot of skin, indefinitely more than a male actor would reveal in this franchise.

Disney Princesses

Whilst the Male Gaze can be applied to many obvious films such as Transformers, there are some films that people might not even consider as sexist and misogynistic, such as the movies that feature everyone's beloved Disney princesses: Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin, Sleeping Beauty, Cinderella et cetera.

Firstly, the design of the princesses is partially created to satisfy the male eye. Jasmine, the Disney princess in Aladdin for example, features a small, tight crop top revealing her chest and stomach, and her waist is almost the same width as her neck, therefore enforcing unrealistic goals for what little girls want to look and aspire to be like.

Why does this conglomerate deem it necessary to sexualise their characters? What kind of message does this transmit? What if the young girls watching these films don't feel as thin or as flawless as these characters? They begin to question their self-worth. Every female Disney protagonist seems to follow a specific template, continuously made to be extremely thin and put dresses, and with the majority of these characters being white women, it can also make children question the worth and societal view of their race.

Another way Mulvey 's critical theory can be applied to Disney princesses is through the plot and storyline. The female protagonists are only happy once they have fallen in love with a man, suggesting to the demographic of Disney's audience, children and in particular young girls, that they will only be happy when they have fallen in love. It infers that men hold the answer and are the root to women's happiness. When looking back at the most popular 20th century Disney princesses, not one of their stories ended where they were alone and okay with it, they all fell in love, which does not correlate with society at all.

The men/princes in the movies are depicted as heroic and brave, and the princesses are trapped in ivory towers waiting to be saved. Since film and television is one of the biggest resources of education, what does this teach little girls about their self-worth and what they should strive for? Unfortunately, because Disney know people will pay to see this predictable and outdated narrative, they retell the same story over and over for profit, and with the company being worth a total of 74.9 billion US dollars, why would they stop?

The Effect on Cinema

Overall, it is clear that Mulvey's theory can be applied to a vast amount of films, for example Spring Breakers (2012), the movies (2001-2003), The Avengers (2012) and some less obvious movies, such as Aladdin and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937). Not only do we see this outdated portrayal of women in movies, but also in advertisements, music videos and in daily life.

Mulvey has shone a light on the old-fashioned and repetitive style of cinema we see every day, and her ideologies have helped create a more modern and truthful version of cinema as we now have more realistic portrayals of women than ever before. For example, the films (2015) and The Hunger Games franchise (2012-present) allow audiences to have a refreshing look at women in strong and powerful positions without a man by their side, thus enforcing the important message that women do not have to be put in a box and objectified, they can play a variety of different, versatile roles and they can be considered through the eyes of society in a way that doesn't patronize and sexualise them via the Male Gaze.

Which films do you think Laura Mulvey's theory can be applied to? Leave your thoughts and comments to the right!

(top image: The Wolf of Wall Street (2013) - source: Paramount Pictures)

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Film Theory 101 - Laura Mulvey: The Male Gaze Theory - Film Inquiry

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Mulvey shone a light on the old-fashioned style of cinema in 1975, and her ideologies have helped create more realistic portrayals of women.

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My chosen topic for this project is gender equality, and more specifically the salary differences between men and women. This is a really important issue globally, because it is affecting every woman that has a job. It doesn't matter if she is a CEO in a big company, or if she is a janitor; the salary is still going to be affected by her gender.

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Create a new document and edit with others at the same time -- from your computer, phone or tablet. Get stuff done with or without an internet connection. Use Docs to edit Word files. Free from Google.

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Globally:
"Globally women earn on average just 68% of what men are paid for the same work, and just 40% on average in countries with the least gender parity, the WEF (world economic forum) notes."  And, now, with the pandemic this situation has gotten worse by enlarging by 5% the pay gap.

If we continue at this rate, it will take 257 years approximately to close the pay gap worldwide. So, to try and shorten this time, there is lots of people fighting for this goal. For example, the "US women's soccer team has demanded pay comparable to their male colleagues," many actresses have made massive call for and end to the global pay gap; some journalists at the BBC have made public the shocking pay gap differences that are happening inside the institution. In addition, in 2017 a movement called #MeToo that encouraged women to tell their stories about sexual harassment inside their jobs and to demand an equal salary than their male colleagues.

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The gender pay gap occurs in all countries and societies and across most professions, and it can prevent women from achieving economic independence and security. The United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal 5 calls on all countries to achieve gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls, including in the economic sphere. You can join us in taking action to help address gender inequality here.
The gender pay gap might seem like an individual problem - of a man simply earning more than a woman because of merit, experience, or some other legitimate factor - until you look at the data.

The gender pay gap occurs worldwide and in nearly all industries and professions, regardless of objective factors that should influence income, according to the World Economic Forum (WEF).

Globally, women earn on average just 68% of what men are paid for the same work, and just 40% on average in countries with the least gender parity, the WEF notes.

At the current rate of progress, it'll take an estimated 257 years to close the gap and achieve pay equity worldwide, the WEF found. And the COVID-19 pandemic has made things worse by disproportionately impacting women in the economic sphere. In fact, research suggests that the gender pay gap will widen by 5% because of the pandemic.

"Achieving real gender equality - in law, in practice, in the home, and in the economy - is a challenge that this generation must rise to," says Aaron Holtz, director for gender equality and inclusion at Global CItizen. "To achieve the UN's Global Goals and to reap the benefits of a more equitable and fair world, society needs to put more value behind the talents and contributions of women and girls."

The majority of countries worldwide do have laws in place to ensure equal pay for equal work - but these laws are not always implemented appropriately. Meanwhile, the legal requirement for equality is only part of the issue.

The gender pay gap is systemic: it reflects the widespread misogyny that occurs in patriarchal societies where men's contributions are valued more than women's - even when fulfilling the same role - coupled with a cultural norm that directs women and girls towards lower paying and lower valued occupations .

This misogyny negatively affects individuals and their communities and can have a direct impact on many important areas of life, including educational outcomes, access to health and social services, and political inclusion and representation.

The gender pay gap is a manifestation of gender injustice, and it plays a role in undermining wider efforts at achieving gender equality. It often prevents women from achieving economic security and independence, for example, and can limit their ability and that of their families to lift themselves out of poverty, as well as hampering the ability of women and girls to participate fully and equally in the economy and the wider society.

And on the face of it, it doesn't make any sense. Why, after all, would men be paid more than women for equal work?

What causes the gender pay gap?

The gender pay gap happens for a variety of reasons.

At its most basic, it involves direct pay discrimination: men being paid more than than their female colleagues for equal work, for no reason beyond their gender.

The female stars in the sitcom The Big Bang Theory, for example, reportedly earned a fifth of what their male colleagues earned before finding out and demanding equal wages.

But it's not just a problem in entertainment. In the US, as in many other countries too, women in nearly every profession, ranging from nursing to teaching to software engineering, earn less than men.

In the absence of strong worker protections, including parental and family leave, working women also often face what's known as a " pregnancy penalty."

This can range from being fired or passed up for a promotion because of a pregnancy; experiencing discrimination or lack of opportunities while pregnant; or facing difficulties in reentering the workforce after giving birth.

Furthermore, women around the world are still faced with a disproportionate share of unpaid care and domestic labor, such as child-rearing and household responsibilities - systemic problems that lead to lower earning potential for women because it prevents them from focusing on their careers with the same attention as men.

But it's not just inequality of pay, it's inequality of opportunity too. In many countries, women are discouraged from entering the workforce and are barred from working in certain professions.

Who's fighting the gender pay gap?

In recent years, the gender pay gap has aroused heated public debate and champions from a range of professions have emerged.

The US women's soccer team has demanded pay comparable to their male colleagues; Hollywood actresses have called for an end to massive pay discrepancies; and journalists at institutions like the BBC have uncovered glaring differences in pay.

At a more grassroots level, women-led organizations are pushing for pay equity that takes into account intersectional matters.

In the UK, the #MeTooPay campaign emerged in October 2019 to demand pay equity after a story of a female banker who was paid significantly less than her male colleagues hit the news.

While the gender pay gap impacts all women, women from historically marginalized groups are particularly impacted.

In the US, Black and Latina women are generally paid less than white and Asian women. Trans women face widespread pay discrimination and other employment barriers; and women with disabilities are often paid a fraction of what their peers earn and have limited employment opportunities.

Efforts to address these pay disparities focus on a few key areas.

How can we end the gender pay gap?

First, laws that enforce pay equity can effectively root out wage discrepancies, and ensure better frameworks are in place to achieve greater equality in the workplace. As countries emerge from the pandemic, economic recovery plans can be crafted in ways that support women.

Complementing legal reform, activists globally are trying to get companies to voluntarily commit to pay equity - a pledge dozens of companies in the US have made so far.

Recruiting and promoting women to leadership roles within companies also helps to reduce the gender pay gap, because it allows women to influence corporate culture and decision-making, including directly influencing pay grades and wider equity.

At a more systemic level, initiatives that encourage women to pursue certain careers and provide mentorship and direction can bring greater representation to higher-paying fields.

Studies show that girls from an early age are directly or indirectly steered away from specific career paths, for example by being discouraged from pursuing science, technology, engineering, or mathematics (STEM) subjects from elementary school onwards.

Another way to promote pay equity is through income transparency measures within companies and across industries. If women have access to the pay range of their peers, they can better negotiate starting pay and raises. Income transparency also holds companies accountable by highlighting unjust and sexist practices.

Ending the gender pay gap is about making sure women and men are paid fairly and equitably for the work they do.

But as well as addressing the UN's Global Goal for gender equality, improving the rights of women and girls also addresses numerous of the root causes of extreme poverty and inequality globally.

Improving gender equality would in turn help with things like improving women's health, ending domestic violence, enabling female entrepreneurship, and much more.

When women achieve financial security, their lives, prospects, and opportunities improve - as do those of their families, their communities, and their societies.

It's beyond time to end the gender pay gap and ensure that women and girls can finally achieve equality with their male peers. Join the movement to ensure gender equality by taking action here.

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What Is the Gender Pay Gap and How Do We Close It?

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The gender pay gap occurs in all countries and societies and across most professions, and it can prevent women from achieving economic independence and security. The United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal 5 calls on all countries to achieve gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls, including in the economic sphere.

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In Latin America, the salaries have an immense gap between what a men earns and what a women does. This is shown with the 29,3% of pay gap according to the World Economic Forum.  But, the people is not going to allow it to stay like this forever; because there are laws regulating gender equality in the workplace being made little by little to stop this injustice.

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In Chile, the gender pay gap is extremely large, even though it is smaller that in Latin America y general, due to it being 27,2% or approximately $177.482.  There has been a lot of conferences all along Chile to find new ways to diminish this gap. For example, on march 8th, Universidad de Chile there was "a massive activity in the Hall of Honor of the Central House, under the slogan "Gender Gaps and feminisms of the 21st century". On the occasion, the vice-rector for Economic Affairs and Institutional Management, Daniel Hojman, presented a series of preliminary proposals that will be worked on by our staff to address the salary gap." In this day assisted the Minister Secretary General of the Government, Paula Narváez; the Minister of Women and Gender Equity, Claudia Pascual, the deputy Camila Vallejo, the elected deputy Gael Yeomans that were part of Piñera's government.

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8 de marzo

La comunidad universitaria conmemoró el Día Internacional de la Mujer con una masiva actividad en el Salón de Honor de la Casa Central, bajo el lema "Brechas de Género y feminismos del siglo XXI". En la ocasión, el vicerrector de Asuntos Económicos y Gestión Institucional, Daniel Hojman, presentó una serie de propuestas preliminares que serán trabajadas por nuestro plantel para enfrentar la brecha salarial, trabajo que se suma al desarrollado por la ahora Dirección de Igualdad de Género en materias como el acoso y el abuso sexual, y la corresponsabilidad social del cuidado de hijos e hijas.

El compromiso institucional para enfrentar la desigualdad de género en sus diferentes dimensiones, marcó la ceremonia de conmemoración del Día Internacional de la Mujer que la comunidad de la Universidad de Chile, realizó este 8 de marzo.

La instancia fue encabezada por el Rector Ennio Vivaldi, quien fue acompañado por el prorrector Rafael Epstein, la vicerrectora de Extensión y Comunicaciones, Faride Zeran; el vicerrector de Asuntos Económicos y Gestión Institucional, Daniel Hojman; la vicerrectora de Asuntos Académicos, Rosa Devés; el vicerrector de Investigación y Desarrollo, Flavio Salazar; y el vicerrector de Asuntos Estudiantiles y Comunitarios, Juan Cortés.

Estuvieron presentes además la ministra Secretaria General de Gobierno, Paula Narváez; la ministra de la Mujer y Equidad de Género, Claudia Pascual, la diputada Camila Vallejo, la diputada electa Gael Yeomans, así como las decanas Clara Luz Cárdenas, de la Facultad de Artes; María Eugenia Góngora, de la Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades; los decanos Patricio Aceituno, de la Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas; Roberto Neira, de la Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas; Roberto Aceituno, de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales; la directora del Instituto de la Comunicación e Imagen, María Olivia Mönckeberg; la directora del Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Verónica Cornejo; y el vicedecano de la Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Conservación de la Naturaleza, Juan Caldentey; el presidente de la Federación de Estudiantes de la U. de Chile, Alfonso Mohor, así como integrantes del Senado Universitario y del Consejo de Evaluación.

La vicerrectora Faride Zeran destacó el trabajo realizado por nuestro plantel para enfrentar las desigualdades de género durante estos últimos años, en particular a través de la Oficina de Igualdad de Oportunidades de Género, esfuerzo que se ha traducido en el impulso de medidas como la política de prevención del acoso sexual, y la política de corresponsabilidad en el cuidado de hijos e hijas, en la que participaron diferentes actores de la institución.

Junto con ello, Zeran aseguró que lo hecho no es aún suficiente para "alcanzar la equidad en el país y en la universidad", motivo por el cual "esperamos que este 8 de marzo lo recordemos en el futuro como la fecha en la que la U. de Chile avanzó en acortar o eliminar las brechas que nos separan, para convertirnos en un espacio donde la justicia y la igualdad de género, salarios y oportunidades sean la norma ineludible en nuestra institución"

La ministra Narváez transmitió a los participantes un saludo de la Presidenta Michelle Bachelet, en el que la mandataria catalogó como una "responsabilidad de todos y todas" el trabajar en la erradicación de la desigualdad de género, y saludó las medidas adoptadas por nuestro plantel para terminar con el acoso sexual en el ámbito universitario. "Los felicito por generar estos espacios de reflexión y por sentar las bases para una convivencia armónica basada en la igualdad de derechos", remarcó la Presidenta en su mensaje a la comunidad universitaria.

Por su parte la coordinadora de la Cátedra Amanda Labarca, Loreto Rebolledo, junto con recordar a la profesora Pilar Errázuriz, quien fuera precursora en los estudios de género en la Universidad y que falleciera recientemente, destacó que "h ablar de género y universidad hoy implica reconocer la existencia de desigualdades, manifiestas en brechas difíciles de superar en diversos ámbitos, entre otras, respecto a los salarios, a la progresión de la carrera académica y profesional, al acceso a cargos de decisión y estas son situaciones pendientes que es necesario reconocer. Por ello celebramos que este 8 de marzo el motivo central de las intervenciones sea el de las brechas de género, y entre ellas, la brecha salarial al interior de la Universidad".

La directora de Igualdad de Género, Carmen Andrade, hizo hincapié en su discurso en la contribución que la Universidad ha realizado a la construcción de relaciones más igualitarias entre hombres y mujeres, lo que aseguró, no habría sido posible sin la participación de las autoridades universitarias, de la FECh y las secretarías de género y sexualidades, la FENAFUCH, la agrupación MAPAU y los centros de estudios de género.

"Nuestro horizonte es amplio, y no lo perdemos de vista: consiste ni más ni menos en instalar la perspectiva de igualdad de género de manera transversal en las distintas áreas del quehacer universitario, principalmente en la formación de las y los estudiantes, de modo que desde la Chile egresen profesionales que identifiquen las desigualdades de género y trabajen activamente por su erradicación desde sus distintos campos disciplinarios", remarcó Andrade.

Combatiendo la brecha salarial de género

Entre los aspectos pendientes para combatir las desigualdades de género al interior de la Universidad destaca la brecha salarial que existe entre hombres y mujeres, tanto a nivel de académicas como del personal de colaboración.

Al respecto, el vicerrector de Asuntos Económicos y Gestión Institucional, Daniel Hojman, aseguró que "un eje estructurante de las desigualdades en Chile son las desigualdades de género. Sin ir más lejos, según los estudios la brecha salarial de género está entre un 25 y un 30 por ciento en el país, una brecha que resulta totalmente injustificada. Aunque se ha avanzado y estamos experimentando un cambio cultural, en esta materia nos va mal a nivel comparado en el mundo, y nuestro país no será desarrollado si no hay igualdad de género".

Es por ello que, en coordinación con la Dirección de Igualdad de Género, el vicerrector Hojman presentó una serie de propuestas preliminares que buscan reducir y eliminar la misma durante los próximos años al interior de nuestro plantel, donde, si bien los porcentajes son inferiores a la media nacional, igualmente se encuentran en tal tendencia.

Entre ellas se encuentran la creación de un observatorio a cargo de la Dirección de Igualdad de Género, que permita medir, reportar y visibilizar esta situación, profundizar el diagnóstico sobre las razones detrás de esta brecha, impulsar una Certificación de Igualdad de Género de la Universidad, crear una mesa de trabajo colegiada con la misión de proponer una política para la progresión de las académicas en la carrera académica, una política de reclutamiento de académicas en facultades desbalanceadas, impulsar incentivos que promuevan el liderazgo femenino en proyectos académicos, implementar un proceso que permita describir funciones y cargos en todos los organismos de la institución para generar un plan de igualación de renta para quienes desempeñen funciones y calificaciones similares, entre otros.

Al respecto, el Rector Ennio Vivaldi destacó que "en los últimos años nuestra institución ha tenido una preocupación notable por esta materia. Los logros que hemos tenido, las medidas presentadas recién tienen un origen claro en el trabajo realizado desde el 2013 cuando comienza a sistemáticamente a denunciarse esta situación y a proponerse medidas para revertirla. La lucha de las mujeres y el feminismo tiene un alcance muy profundo, porque nos hace sentir nuestra conciencia como especie, y el hecho de que las mujeres protesten y estén resueltas a terminar con esta discriminación, que no tiene justificación alguna, tiene un significado único".

Feminismos: la diversidad y disputa del concepto en el siglo XXI

"Brechas de Género y feminismos del siglo XXI" fue el título de la conferencia que ofreció durante la ceremonia la académica e investigadora feminista Nelly Richard, en la que profundizó sobre el carácter diverso del feminismo que entremezcla acciones políticas, intervenciones teóricas, prácticas sociales y culturales situadas en un aquí y ahora.

"Que no exista un solo feminismo sino una variedad de enfoques y tendencias que lo diversifican internamente es un primer dato de la causa. También lo es saber que el feminismo habla distintos lenguajes según los escenarios a intervenir: la calle, el hogar, la universidad, los medios de comunicación, el Estado, el Congreso, la vida cotidiana, la teoría contemporánea, el arte, la cultura popular. Estos distintos lenguajes del feminismo atraviesan lo macropolítico: denuncian abusos, reclaman derechos, modifican leyes, y lo micropolítico: diseños imaginarios alternativos a los de la masculinidad hegemónica", explicó Richard.

Respecto al denominador común que une a los feminismos del siglo XXI, la intelectual nombró el "querer transformar el sistema social de relaciones de género, concebidas como relaciones de poder ideológico sexual. Una definición mínima pero útil para que el feminismo no se entienda exclusivamente como un feminismo de las mujeres o para las mujeres. Para que su voluntad de cambio sea abarcadora, el feminismo requiere de coaliciones con otros frentes de cuestionamiento de la política y de lo político".

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Universidad de Chile anunció medidas para disminuir brecha salarial de género

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8 de marzo La comunidad universitaria conmemoró el Día Internacional de la Mujer con una masiva actividad en el Salón de Honor de la Casa Central, bajo el lema "Brechas de Género y feminismos del siglo XXI".

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School dress code in schools are different foe girls and boys, girls have to be more covered than boys and are told that part of their bodies are "Distracting for boys" due to the streotype that a girl has to be a lady

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En 2018 Chile vivió lo que se llamó una "ola feminista". Partió con las estudiantes y las tomas de universidades. Denunciaban el acoso sexual que ocurría en ese espacio. No existía sanciones ni conciencia sobre ello, advertían. Y se fueron sumando muchas más.

Pero antes el país ya había sido testigo de cómo esas demandas movilizan a miles de mujeres. Se hermanaron para el Me Too. Ocurrió con la petición de planes de salud sin sesgo de género. Se ha visto en la educación y el reclamo por el enfoque sexista.

Ocurrió también en 2019 con Las Tesis y su denuncia de 'el violador eres tú'. Se ha cuestionado a su vez en la poca representación femenina en cargos de poder en la academia y en la ciencia, por nombrar algunas áreas. Y también quedó claro en la masiva manifestación del 8M de este año.

Toma feminista en la Universidad Católica de 2018.

Una demanda transversal. Porque tal cómo muestran diversos estudios, aun cuando las expresiones de la violencia de género pueden ser distintas, todas las mujeres sufren discriminación.

¿Pero qué ocurre en el hogar? ¿Las demandas y manifestaciones sociales han producido cambios? Al parecer los estereotipos de género se resisten a ceder en lo privado Están mucho más arraigadas de lo que se piensa.

Un 38% de los hombres y un 39% de las mujeres indican estar de acuerdo o muy de acuerdo con la frase "el lugar más adecuado para la mujer es su casa con su familia".

No es todo. Ante la frase "nadie como las mujeres sabe criar a sus hijos", un 42% de los hombres y un 40% de las mujeres reconoce estar de acuerdo o muy de acuerdo con esta sentencia.

Eso es lo que establece un análisis del Estudio Longitudinal Empleo-Covid19: Datos de empleo en tiempo realrealizado por el Centro UC de Encuestas y Estudios Longitudinales, que incluyó algunas preguntas que miden los estereotipos de género en los hogares encuestados y muestran cómo se relacionan con la distribución de tiempos de trabajo en los hogares.

Para la representante de ONU Mujeres en Chile, María Inés Salamanca, el porcentaje de casi el 40% de hombres y mujeres que indican estar de acuerdo con "el lugar más adecuado para la mujer es su casa con su familia" y que "nadie como las mujeres sabe criar a sus hijos", es una señal clara de "que aún hay muchos desafíos pendientes en materia de empoderamiento de las mujeres y la igualdad de género. No sólo es en Chile sino en el mundo entero".

Otras de las frases evaluadas fue: "Es más natural que sean las hijas y no los hijos los que cuiden a sus padres y madres ancianos". En ese caso, un 18% de los hombres y un 16% de las mujeres que respondieron la encuesta indicaron estar de acuerdo o muy de acuerdo con la aseveración.

Y al consultar si "la mujer que trabaja fuera de su casa tiene desatendida su familia", un 19% de los hombres y un 16% de las mujeres indicaron estar de acuerdo o muy de acuerdo con esa frase.

Ante la afirmación de si "es propio de las mujeres encargarse de los quehaceres del hogar", el porcentaje es un poco más bajo, 11% de los hombres y un 9% de las mujeres, quienes indicaron estar de acuerdo o muy de acuerdo con la aseveración.

Llama la atención que estas preguntas que tienen un trasfondo de deseabilidad social, es decir, que se trata de un tema en el cual existen muchos cuestionamientos a los estereotipos de género y se esperaría un mayor grado de desacuerdo, se den estos porcentajes, señala David Bravo, director del Centro UC de Encuestas y Estudios Longitudinales.

Otro de los estereotipos que se midió fue "el hombre debe responsabilizarse de los gastos de la familia y del hogar". En ese caso un 53,4% de los hombres está de acuerdo y muy de acuerdo y un 45,2% de las mujeres también. Al observar por nivel socioeconómico, es una idea que está presente en el 53,4% de los hombres y 45,2% de las mujeres en el quintil más pobre, y 44,1% hombres y 30,6% de las mujeres del quintil más rico.

Eileen Hughes socióloga del Centro UC señala con respecto a la frase del estereotipo del hombre "proveedor", que los porcentajes resultan asombrosos, "salió mucho más alto de lo que esperábamos, y es un porcentaje alto incluso en quintiles con hombres más educados".

Pese que el grado de acuerdo del hombre como "proveedor" disminuye según el nivel socioeconómico, esa está presente incluso en aquellos hogares en que las mujeres más educadas participan más en los gastos del hogar, "sigue llamando la atención que el 44,1% de las mujeres del quintil más rico sigue estando muy de acuerdo con esa idea y con la carga de estereotipo del hombre como proveedor, no hemos dejado de lado la responsabilidad de que lo que se espera de ellos, independiente del nivel socioeconómico del hogar".

El grado de acuerdo a esas frases dan cuenta, señala Salamanca, que no es casual que las mujeres sigan estando en menor medida representadas en cargos de poder y de decisión, "en lo político y en lo económico son las que por ejemplo han tenido que vivir los mayores costos de la pandemia, sin nombrar que siguen siendo las principales víctimas de la violencia y el abuso sexual".

Un problema que tiene un relevante matiz económica añade Bravo. Especialmente en la actual crisis económica. "Es lo que está detrás de la recuperación económica, porque será más difícil para las mujeres incorporarse al mercado laboral por esta realidad que es brutal ", resalta Bravo.

Si la creencia es que ellos son los que trabajan y ellas las que cuidan, se hacen cargo del hogar y de los hijos, la posibilidad de que salgan al mercado laboral es muy difícil.

Con la pandemia, en materia laboral, explica Salamanca, la participación de las mujeres ha retrocedido en 10 años. Y a la hora de volver al trabajo, en los casos que se puede, dice, "las opciones han sido mantener el teletrabajo o bien renunciar y esto porque las responsabilidades de cuidado siguen siendo mayoritariamente responsabilidad de las mujeres".

Hughes indica que si no hay un sistema de cuidado asociado que permita que no sea la mujer la única encargada de cuidar, la situación no va a cambiar. "Cuando se habla de educación sexual también se debería abordar el feminismo y nuevas masculinidades, porque los roles que estamos cumpliendo en nuestra sociedad chilena hace que la carga que se le da a la mujer sea altísima y en términos sociales se sigue pensando que ella tiene que estar en la casa y cuidar".

En otra medición del mismo estudio sobre la distribución del trabajo en los hogares durante la pandemia, es muy gráfica con respecto a la desigual distribución de tareas domésticas en el hogar, que en gran medida se sustentan en estos estereotipos. Un 38% de los hombres versus un 13% de las mujeres, de 15 años y más en los hogares, dedicó 0 horas a esas actividades la última semana de julio. En promedio las mujeres dedicaron 9 horas semanales más que los hombres a tareas domésticas.

Ante la pregunta de por qué no hay más corresponsabilidad en el hogar, agrega Bravo, la respuesta es porque los estereotipos están muy arraigados: "con esas brechas en cuidado y trabajo de hogar, en estas circunstancias que ellas se reincorporen al mercado laboral, se hace mucho más difícil, no se debería subestimar la importancia de la causa, hay una labor educativa muy fuerte que hay que hacer".

"Esta pandemia sólo ha revelado que los estereotipos de género siguen muy presentes en la cultura y en cómo nos relacionamos día a día. Una cosa es el discurso y otra la forma en que finalmente vivimos", señala la representante de ONU Mujeres en Chile.

Para que todos estos porcentajes sean bajo en cuanto a estereotipos, tiene que ir aparejado de un sistema de cuidado de niños y personas mayores, dice Hughes, no es solo quedarse en el discurso, sino que hacer algo efectivo. "No solo es un retraso en términos culturales, sino en términos operativos de cómo se resuelve. Cambiar el chip cultural es algo a largo plazo, pero a corto plazo se requiere de políticas públicas asociadas para que esas decisiones de cuidado, como la licencia de posnatal parental, tiene que ser para ambos lados", dice la socióloga.

Efectivamente, hoy existe más conciencia sobre las desigualdades. Sin embargo, dice Salamanca, aún esto sigue operando como sesgo de género de manera inconsciente, en algunos casos y en otras derechamente de manera directa. "Públicamente es difícil oponerse a estos temas cuando los movimientos feministas y variados sectores de la sociedad, se han encargado de relevar las desigualdades de género como parte de las demandas sociales, políticas y económicas pero, lamentablemente a la hora de decidir por ejemplo en lo doméstico u otras decisiones relacionadas especialmente con materias de cuidados, los estereotipos emergen naturalmente".

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Machismo en Chile: 4 de cada 10 personas considera que "el lugar más adecuado para la mujer es su casa con su familia" - La Tercera

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Estudio UC indica además que un 53,4% de los hombres y un 45,2% de las mujeres está de acuerdo con que "el hombre debe responsabilizarse de los gastos de la familia y del hogar". Porcentajes, dicen expertos, que dan cuenta de que aún hay muchos desafíos pendientes en materia de empoderamiento de las mujeres y la igualdad de género en Chile.

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A study showed that 86% of women in chile have low self esteem

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Autoestima en la Mujeres: encuesta reveló que el 88% de la chilenas desearía valorarse más a sí misma

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Ciudadano ADN, conversó con María Isabel Pacareu, fundadora de Mipacareu, emprendimiento con foco social que tiene como misión fomentar una autoestima sana en las mujeres.

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Create a new document and edit with others at the same time -- from your computer, phone or tablet. Get stuff done with or without an internet connection. Use Docs to edit Word files. Free from Google.

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Globally women streotypes affect girls and women all aoround the world causing eating disorders like anorexia nervosa and bulimia.

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The influence of gender on the evaluation of anorexia nervosa - PubMed

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A stereotype exists that anorexia nervosa (AN) is a “female” disorder. As a result, men with AN may face harsher stigmatization from their peers or go undiagnosed. The shifting standards model provides a framework to explore how gender stereotypes impact perceptions of AN. Participants (N = 438) wer…

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My topic
Global: How stereotypes affect women around the world: girls around the world are developing eating disorders due to women's stereotypes.
National: What are the stereotypes in Chile and how does it affect our culture: In chile, 4 of every 10 people believe that women should stay at home taking care of children and chores.
Local: How are stereotypes shown in School and how does it affect our daily basis coming to school? Due to women's stereotypes dress codes affect us every day.

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"The SDG I would like to work on is gender equality. Specifically I would like to explore the stereotypes of women and why our bodies are such an important issue in society. I want to investigate what are the consequences of stereotyping women, why the pressure to conform to these stereotypes is so much greater on women than on men, and how it affects us on a daily basis."
- Last class work (giving myself credits, no plagarism)

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The SDG I have chosen is gender equality, and I want to focus on violence against women. It is an important risk factor for women’s ill health, with far reaching consequences for both their physical and mental health.
Global:  Worldwide, almost every women has experience physical and/or sexual violence.
National: According to a 2004 study by Chilean National Women’s Service  fifty per cent of married women had suffered abuse including physical and psychological violence.
Local (SC Community): Unknown (I have to research about this topic).

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Create a new document and edit with others at the same time -- from your computer, phone or tablet. Get stuff done with or without an internet connection. Use Docs to edit Word files. Free from Google.

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Global: The United Nations defines violence against women as "any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual, or mental harm or suffering to women.  Intimate partner violence refers to behaviour by an intimate partner or ex-partner that causes physical, sexual or psychological harm. Sexual violence is "any sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual act, or other act directed against a person’s sexuality using coercion, by any person regardless of their relationship to the victim, in any setting.
Over a quarter of women aged15-49 years who have been in a relationship have been subjected to physical and/or sexual violence by their intimate partner at least once in their lifetime (since age 1).
Globally as many as 38% of all murders of women are committed by intimate partners. In addition to intimate partner violence, globally 6% of women report having been sexually assaulted by someone other than a partner.

LINKS:
https://niemanreports.org/articles/chile-femicide-is-not-a-crime-melodrama/
https://www.unfpa.org/gender-equality#readmore-expand
https://www.cepal.org/en/pressreleases/eclac-persistence-violence-against-women-and-girls-region-and-femicide-its-maximum
https://youtu.be/EPasHpYkiUs

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Beijing+20 Snapshot: Ending Violence against Women

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South America: The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) expressed its concern today over the persistence of gender-based violence against women and girls in the region and high rates of femicide, or feminicide. Gender violence occurs systematically in our region. It knows no borders, affecting women and girls of all ages and taking place in all types of spaces: in workplaces, in the context of political and community participation, on transportation and in the street, in schools and educational centers, in cyberspace and – without a doubt – within homes. According to national surveys from six countries in the region, between 60% and 76% of women (around 2 out of every 3) has been the victim of gender-based violence in distinct areas of their life. In addition, on average, 1 out of every 3 women has been a victim of or is now suffering physical, psychological and/or sexual violence at the hands of a perpetrator who was, or is, her intimate partner, which entails the risk of lethal violence: femicide.

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National: There are no crimes in Chile more violent than the ones committed against women. In the country with the fewest homicides in Latin America, and one of the safest, a woman is found unconscious, her eyes ripped out.  This stubborn narrative of violence against women as a personal issue (that is, as private and even shameful to the women) traditionally figured in the Chilean press under the rubric of “crimes of passion.”  The perpetrator “killed for love” or “was blinded by jealousy,” which meant that the woman attacked or killed was, in some fashion, complicit with her attacker. Her clothes, her physical characteristics, her habits, her hidden motives were all things the attacker could not resist.