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https://world.huanqiu.com/article/44l7S7OfZFs

https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/world-58543965

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【环球时报驻巴基斯坦特派记者 程是颉】阿富汗高等教育部代理部长阿卜杜勒·巴奇·哈卡尼13日召开新闻发布会，公布新政府在教育方面的政策，再次强调教学实践中应采取男女分班原则。这一表态引发国际社会的质疑和担忧。

据英国广播公司报道，自8月15日塔利班占领喀布尔后，除公务员和医护人员外，塔利班要求学校停课、女性留在家中，等待喀布尔安全局势好转。目前，随着新政府开始日常运作，学生正在返回学校，但塔利班的新政策不允许采取此前男女混合的教学方式。

据阿富汗黎明电视台报道，目前喀布尔很多大学推迟开学，很多老师和学生都没有返校。一名受访者表示，目前阿富汗的状况让人们对未来感到担忧，没有心思恢复学业。此前也有报道称，有女性大学教授独自驾车前往学校时被值守在校外的塔利班士兵拦下。

哈卡尼表示，阿富汗各主要大学将在一周内恢复正常运行，实施男女分班政策将提高阿富汗大学的整体入学率，能够促进更多家长将孩子送进学校。在目前不具备男女分班条件的一些学校，将首先要求女性听课时佩戴面纱，并设置男女分开的座位。根据法新社发回的一张图片，教室中间设置了一道窗帘，男女同学分别在两边就座，无法看到对方或进行交流。

哈卡尼就新政府在高等教育方面采取的其他方针进行了阐释，政府正尝试通过语音或视频会议等新技术形式，让包括女性在内的更多人获得在高等学校学习的机会。在条件成熟时，政府也将考虑通过公派留学生的方式为阿富汗培养人才。此外，高等教育部将对教材内容进行一轮审核，确保内容在宗教上的可靠性。

《华尔街日报》认为，新政府在各方面采取的性别政策是一种倒退，越来越多的迹象表明，塔利班内部保守势力仍然占优，新政府没有能力也没有意愿按现代化的方式去统治阿富汗。联合国援阿团也表示，男女分班政策将大幅降低女性在大学中的占比，呼吁塔利班确保女性在高等教育中不处于弱势地位。

一位在阿富汗南部工作的国际组织雇员告诉《环球时报》记者，根据他对坎大哈、赫尔曼德、赫拉特等阿富汗南部各省份的走访，基本上很难看到像喀布尔那样的男女混合学校。大部分家长也确实不接受将孩子送入男女混合学校。但接纳传统不意味着强迫回归传统，这一举措过于教条和固执，如果在实施中也如此僵化不能变通，则国际社会有理由对新政府未来的政策和举措表示担忧。

随着阿富汗新政府开始运作，更多涉及性别的政策和举措让阿富汗民众与国际社会感到担忧。在塔利班公开的新政府架构中有一个"美德部"，负责规训人们在符合宗教教义的前提下展开生活。这一部门曾在1996年-2001年塔利班执政期间，多次公开使用暴力，对不符合宗教法律的着装和行为方式的女性施加惩罚，手段粗暴令人咋舌。该机构的重新设立，让人们对塔利班是否能避免此前的错误产生怀疑。

英国广播公司13日援引专家的分析认为，在撤销前政府设立的"妇女事务部"等部门后，塔利班的"美德部"只强调宗教服从，忽视了人们对于追求宗教之外的世俗生活的期待。人们担心塔利班会不会继续采取20年前的做法和手段。

近日，在喀布尔、赫拉特等城市，女性拒绝穿着完全遮住面部或只露出眼睛的罩袍，为此还组织了小规模游行。面对这种情况，负责驻防喀布尔的塔利班武装精锐较为有序地处理了该事件。根据社交网络传播的视频，塔利班士兵通过对天鸣枪的方式驱散示威者，没有直接对人射击，但仍有一张塔利班士兵举枪指向示威人群的图片广为传播，影响颇为负面。

此外，法新社12日报道称，一家负责机场地面安保的阿联酋公司目前恢复工作，部分负责对女性进行安全检查的阿富汗籍女性雇员逐步回到岗位。塔利班在阿富汗重新掌权后，女性权利状况受各界关注。塔利班只允许少部分职位的女性上班，包括机场员工。她们鼓起勇气重返工作岗位，并向媒体表示，将做到被迫停职为止。

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塔利班公布教育新政再重申男女分班原则，重设"美德部"

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【环球时报驻巴基斯坦特派记者 程是颉】阿富汗高等教育部代理部长阿卜杜勒·巴奇·哈卡尼13日召开新闻发布会，公布新政府在教育方面的政策，再次强调教学实践中应采取男女分班原则。这一表态引发国际社会的质疑和担忧。 ...

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https://www-reuters-com.translate.goog/world/asia-pacific/curtain-divides-male-female-students-afghan-universities-reopen-2021-09-06/?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=zh-CN&_x_tr_hl=zh-CN&_x_tr_pto=nui,sc

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Sept 6 (Reuters) - Students across Afghanistan have started returning to university for the first time since the Taliban stormed to power, and in some cases females have been separated from their male peers by curtains or boards down the middle of the classroom.

What happens in universities and schools across the country is being closely watched by foreign powers, who want the Islamist militant movement to respect the rights of women in return for vital aid and diplomatic engagement.

When it last ruled from 1996-2001, the group banned girls from school and women from university and work.

Despite assurances in recent weeks that women's rights would be honoured in accordance with Islamic law, it is unclear what that will mean in practice.

Teachers and students at universities in Afghanistan's largest cities - Kabul, Kandahar and Herat - told Reuters that female students were being segregated in class, taught separately or restricted to certain parts of the campus.

"Putting up curtains is not acceptable," Anjila, a 21-year-old student at Kabul University who returned to find her classroom partitioned, told Reuters by telephone.

"I really felt terrible when I entered the class ... We are gradually going back to 20 years ago."

Even before the Taliban took over Afghanistan, Anjila said female students sat separately from males. But classrooms were not physically divided.

A document outlining guidelines for resuming class circulated by an association of private universities in Afghanistan listed measures such as the mandatory wearing of hijabs and separate entrances for female students.

It also said female teachers should be hired to teach female students, and that females should be taught separately or, in smaller classes, segregated by a curtain.

It was unclear if the document, seen by Reuters, represented official Taliban policy. The group's spokesperson did not immediately comment on the document, on photographs of divided classrooms or on how universities would be run.

The Taliban said last week that schooling should resume but that males and females should be separated.

A senior Taliban official told Reuters that classroom dividers such as curtains were "completely acceptable", and that given Afghanistan's "limited resources and manpower" it was best to "have the same teacher teaching both sides of a class."

'KEEP STUDYING'

Photographs shared by Avicenna University in Kabul, and widely circulated on social media, show a grey curtain running down the centre of the classroom, with female students wearing long robes and head coverings but their faces visible.

Several teachers said there was uncertainty over what rules would be imposed under the Taliban, who have yet to form a government more than three weeks after they seized Kabul with barely a shot fired in anger.

Their return to power has alarmed some women, who fear they will lose the rights they fought for in the last two decades, in the face of resistance from many families and officials in the deeply conservative Muslim country.

A journalism professor at Herat University in the west of the country told Reuters he decided to split his one-hour class into two halves, first teaching females and then males.

Of 120 students enrolled for his course, less than a quarter showed up at school on Monday. A number of students and teachers have fled the country, and the fate of the country's thriving private media sector has suddenly been thrown into doubt.

"Students were very nervous today," he said. "I told them to just keep coming and keep studying and in the coming days the new government will set the rules."

Sher Azam, a 37-year-old teacher at a private university in Kabul, said his institute had given teachers the option of holding separate classes for men and women, or partitioning classrooms with curtains and boards.

But he was worried about how many students would come back, given the economic crisis the Taliban's victory has triggered.

"I don't know how many students will return to school, because there are financial problems and some students are coming from families who have lost their jobs".

Reporting by India and Islamabad bureaus; Writing by John Geddie; Editing by Mike Collett-White

Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.

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A curtain divides male, female students as Afghan universities reopen

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Students across Afghanistan have started returning to university for the first time since the Taliban stormed to power, and in some cases females have been separated from their male peers by curtains or boards down the middle of the classroom.

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https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2021/08/19/should-anyone-believe-taliban-pledges-respect-womens-rights

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塔利班夺取阿富汗首都喀布尔控制权后，上周首次召开记者会，其官方发言人穆贾希德（Zabiullah Mujahid）试图安抚女性。

"我们的姊妹享有和男人同样的权利，" 他说。"她们将与我们合作，和我们并肩努力。"

但喀布尔的女性社运人士和记者们不相信塔利班，她们用脚投票，竭力设法逃往国外，然而机场的混乱失序，以及沿途塔利班岗哨的截查，使这条逃亡之路难如登天。

为了等候出发时机，有些女性四处藏匿，心惊胆战。许多女性社运人士担心自己面临危险，因为她们曾经从事女权工作，或担任法官、军警、政府官员等要职。
一场公关秀
正当这些女性设法外逃的同时，塔利班开始施展笑脸攻势。在以惊人速度席卷政权之后，他们显然急欲让全世界相信他们是政治家，愿意作国际社会的负责任成员。

但是，单凭一场和颜悦色的记者会，加上塔利班领导人接受女性记者采访这样的姿态，仍然不足以说服阿富汗妇女和女孩，因为她们一旦会错意就可能要丧失前途甚至性命。

阿富汗女性对塔利班的历史记忆犹新。在1996到2001年执政期间，塔利班曾禁止妇女和少女接受教育，规定女性若没有男性亲属陪同便不得离家，而且不得从事大部分职业--甚至连出门散步的自由都没有。

即使在这场刻意安抚女性的记者会上，马脚也掩藏不住。穆贾希德这么说："不会出现任何对女性的歧视，不过当然必须符合我们的既有框架。我国妇女都是穆斯林。她们也会乐意生活在我们的伊斯兰教法框架之内。"

他们上次执政时就用过这一招。当时塔利班宣称会依据他们对"伊斯兰教框架"的解释保障女性一切应享权利，至于各项限制都是为了应对尚未平息的战事。他们并未说明相关解释是否与以前不同，但他们的实地行动经常严厉得多，与声明相左。

他们的迫害行为也不仅发生在遥远的过去。最近几周当他们不断攻城掠地之际，有些地区已经传出少女和妇女被禁止上学、逼迫离职，以及下令女性出门须有男性亲属陪同的状况--全都是2001年之前的旧事重演。

即便塔利班充分遵守其最温和的声明，也远远不能尽到本身的国际人权法义务。阿富汗必须遵守既已加入的各项条约，包括关于女性权利的联合国公约。

该公约要求各国政府积极确保女性"在男女平等基础上的人权和基本自由"。国际法保障女性有权穿自己喜欢的服装，过自己想要的生活，自由迁徙，自由就业，免于暴力，并能自己作出有关性与生育的选择。

很难想像塔利班政府可以尊重所有这些权利。但眼前存在的危险是，正在撤出阿富汗的这些国家，在受到塔利班军事胜利的羞辱又急于抽身他顾之下，将会乐于接受诸如让女孩上小学这样表面上的进步，而放弃施压塔利班对妇女和女孩的权利给予全面尊重。

国际社会仍然握有可以迫使塔利班负起责任的工具，包括制裁和附条件的援助，尽管这些措施必须谨慎设计以免伤及人道主义援助和教育、卫生保健等必要服务。在一个高达百分之72人口仍陷于贫穷的国家，这些服务完全仰赖国际资助。
国际压力
联合国各机构，例如安全理事会和人权理事会，持续介入的国际刑事法院、条约机构、特别报告员，以及联合国驻阿富汗援助团，也十分重要。

塔利班应该允许联合国和国内外人权组织自由监测和调查全国的人权状况，以证明他们确有尊重人权的诚意。

过去20年之中，一整个世代的阿富汗女孩和年轻妇女已经成长起来。她们当中许多人都能通过求学、就业追求自己的梦想，改变国家也改变世界。她们知道塔利班统治时期是阿国历史上众多梦魇之一，并且庆幸自己和母亲与祖母辈不同，能够免于当时和更早时期的各种迫害。

正如一位喀布尔大学的学生 告诉 美国全国公共广播电台，"现在，此时此刻，就像一场噩梦。我们曾经为之努力的一切，正在我们眼前崩塌。我只感到麻木，万念俱灰。"

正如一位社运人士 所说 ，当你已见识过那段将女性视为"次等人类"的历史，就知道保持观望不会有任何好处。如果塔利班想让全世界相信他们和以前不同，他们就必须证明这一点，而全世界应该迫使他们做到。

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塔利班尊重女权的承诺能当真吗？

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塔利班夺取阿富汗首都喀布尔控制权后，上周首次召开记者会，其官方发言人穆贾希德（Zabiullah Mujahid）试图安抚女性。 "我们的姊妹享有和男人同样的权利，" 他说。"她们将与我们合作，和我们并肩努力。" 但喀布尔的女性社运人士和记者们不相信塔利班，她们用脚投票，竭力设法逃往国外，然而机场的混乱失序，以及沿途塔利班岗哨的截查，使这条逃亡之路难如登天。 ...

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https://pulitzercenter-org.translate.goog/stories/they-are-so-defiant-and-so-strong-photojournalist-paula-bronstein-documenting-women-and?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=zh-CN&_x_tr_hl=zh-CN&_x_tr_pto=nui,sc

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Since the fall of the Taliban in 2001, award-winning photojournalist Paula Bronstein has documented Afghans in the context of the Afghanistan War. Working for Getty Images, she captured both scenes of conflict and daily life, and in the process, saw firsthand the changes Afghanistan underwent, including the increasing number of women and girls entering schools. Now, 20 years later, Bronstein watches in fear and uncertainty as the Taliban regains control.

When she saw how the Taliban was quickly taking over major cities, Bronstein decided to evacuate. While she was on a plane departing Afghanistan, President Ashraf Ghani also left the country, and from there, the Taliban swiftly took control of the capital city of Kabul. Before leaving, Bronstein was able to document the already growing displacement of Afghan citizens, and now, she remains in contact with her subjects, many of whom are SIV applicants trying to leave Kabul.

Bronstein spoke to Yahoo News about what it was like evacuating from Kabul and about her experience documenting Afghanistan over the past 20 years. The following interview has been lightly edited for length and clarity.
YAHOO NEWS: What was it like getting out of Kabul days before the Taliban seized the capitol?
PAULA BRONSTEIN: The airport was normal when I left. When I was in flight, the president left the country and as soon as the president left the country, chaos ensued. I left before President Ghani flew away. The Taliban were sitting outside the city [and] they were not entering. When I was in the air, he had left the country. That took the Taliban by surprise too. You have to understand, the Taliban was not expecting to go into the city that soon. My decision to leave had to do with the way major cities were being taken, how fast they were being taken.
How do you feel about the collapse of the Afghan government and the U.S. evacuation?
You've seen everything playing out real time - [the U.S. government] didn't even come up with a safe passage for the airport. [The U.S. government] started the SIV program many, many years ago. When the final pullout was announced by Biden, they were still scrambling to sort out the same issue, which hadn't been resolved, which was too little, too late. And of course, that continues today. The entire process has been nothing but a mess.

I have three or four different subjects who have gone to the airport and [were not] let in. Their children [are] traumatized, one ended up in the hospital. Some have almost suffocated. They're back at home now, still waiting for flights.

The flights had to stop for a couple of reasons. One, they were taking too many Afghans at one time, so they needed more bases, more places to take them to. They have to have a military base to take them to. Secondly, they had to create safe passage because they didn't come up with that. They didn't have that kind of thinking to begin with, which tells me a lot about how ignorant this whole idea was to just have them come to the airport. The people with documents, the SIV applicants that are eligible for getting on that plane can try to come, but they're fighting against tens of thousands of other people who think they deserve to get into the airport too. It's a recipe for disaster, and they allowed it to happen. The world has seen it.

I'm talking to [Afghans] in real time on WhatsApp. I'm telling them to be patient, but that's what I'm hearing. [The U.S. government] has to do this. This is not a 'we're going to try to come up with a plan for a safe passage.' It's mandatory. We all know they can. They can fly Chinooks from the U.S. Embassy grounds, which are vacant now, straight to the airport. But it's all after the fact. It should have been part of the original plan when 5,000 troops went in, now 6,000.
How has the condition of women and girls in Afghanistan changed during the 20 years you have been covering Afghanistan? And what will be the effect of the Taliban takeover?
I just went to the largest girl school in Kabul. It's a high school. It has 8,500 students that have two sessions, one that starts early [in the] morning, and finishes up at one [p.m] and then the other is an afternoon session. That's the way they take on as many students as they have. So for all the families and other Afghans that will remain in Kabul, the students are going to insist on going back to school. I went there after they opened up after Eid, which is one of the biggest holidays of the year, and after they had been closed for COVID for two months. The purpose was to get updated photos of girls at school. I spent two days there. It was fantastic. And the principal was amazing.

I feel like none of that's going to change with the Taliban takeover. This is 20 years later, there's thousands of girls going to school, that will not change. I would say the older ones that I talked to at the high school were just so defiant and so strong. Most Afghan women are. They are very, 'No, they're not going to tell me what to do. I'm going to keep on going to school, my education is important.' This is all changed, especially in a city, the capital city. If you would interview a student in a conservative province in the southern part of the country, you could get a totally different answer. It would be all fear.

But I think in Kabul, you'll get less fear. I mean, they're fearful of the future. But they will be determined to continue education, I can tell you that with certainty. There's no doubt in my mind. The girls' schools are separated from the boys, so the problem with that is if the Taliban wanted to shut down, it's very easy for them to do. They're totally segregated. But I just don't think today's Taliban can, at least not in Kabul.

We've already seen photos of girls going back to school in Herat. In the major cities, I wouldn't suspect it's going to change. I just think [the Taliban] need to be moderate in certain issues because they are trying to establish a legitimate government.
How many times have you been to the country? Was the condition of women and girls always the main focus of your photojournalism?
When I came in December 2001, I was working for Getty Images as [an] international senior staff photographer. Everything I did was for them, whether they were stories I pitched, or just covering the general news. If I'm covering Afghans against the backdrop of a war, it could mean anything - it could be about education, health care, daily life, obviously, tons of stories about women and girls, that goes without saying, [and] human rights issues. I mean, everything across the board. If you think about what happened when the so-called war on terror became front-page news all the time, year after year. The only time it went off the front pages was when we went into Iraq, because then everybody was focused on Iraq, and they weren't focused on Afghanistan until 2005.

I covered Afghanistan off and on for 20 years. I went freelance in 2013. My book came out in 2016, "Afghanistan: Between Hope and Fear." That was in the works for a good five, six years before it came out. I kept on going back, I was there for every presidential election, including the last one, which was 2019. So the coverage kept on going. After 2013, I was still working for Getty Images there, but also for a variety of clients.
"Afghanistan: Between Hope and Fear" shows women and girls under Taliban rule, violence brought on by war, as well as self-inflicted violence. What did you hope to inspire through your reporting?
The cover of the book is a picture of a woman who tried to kill herself by self-immolation. In 2004, 2006, that was happening a lot. It was influenced by Iran because it was happening [there]. Women were doing this to themselves. I shot that story in Herat, which is right on the border with Iran. It's not a story that continued years after I did it, I would say. I think [the photo] was more [for] awareness, more ways to help women and because this is a really horrific way to try to kill yourself, where you are taking hot cooking oil and pouring it below your neck to destroy your body, so no man can touch your body. That's the cover of the book that was chosen among four or five other images that were up for the cover. It speaks to Afghanistan, it speaks to women's issues.

That was just one of many stories I did on human rights issues dealing with women because there's so many that you can't document - domestic violence at home, you can't document young women being sold off to marry men that are three, four times their age, [which is] very common. There are a lot of issues that are impossible to document.
Can you talk more about the people that you've encountered, especially women and children?
The photos of the IDP camps were taken just a couple of days before I left. This is obviously the rush of the desperation of leaving their villages behind because the Taliban swept through the north, and took every single province like Balkh province, Kunduz, getting closer to Mazar. And then eventually, of course, they took Mazar. In the immediate aftermath, that created a huge flow of refugees, displaced people, internally displaced people that ended up in makeshift camps, mostly at city parks, because at the time, there was really no other formal place to house them. It was happening way too fast and furiously, and nobody could keep up with it. Three or four days later, they were already getting shifted to mosques. So I would say that's where they still are now, being housed in mosques.

There's going to be more women and children [refugees], there always are, some of their husbands were killed. Maybe they were former soldiers. Or maybe they're staying behind to be part of mujahideen, to be part of a different fighting force. But I can't speak to all the situations, I can just say that quite often it is more women and children.
What is your plea for anyone to help save women and girls who are left behind in Afghanistan?
Well, the problem is, I don't think people have the power to tell the Taliban what to do. So I think it's up to the strength of the youth. I've met some incredible, incredible students, very talented musicians. You know, women and girls in every industry, there'll be many of them [who] will leave if they can get a scholarship elsewhere. They will leave [if] they can, because other countries are taking so many in now. The others who cannot leave, I really believe they will, especially as I said, in the major cities, Herat, Mazar, Kabul, be able to [continue to] go to school.
Has there been a moment or a period of time where you felt frightened while you were in Afghanistan?
I think that moment is now; that moment is today. I'm very fearful for the country today. It's kind of fallen apart. Everybody's trying to get out. There's going to be a huge brain drain - the smartest, the brightest, the best are going to be in other countries. That includes my translator, Jamal. I'm so happy for him. He already has a scholarship to study in Canada.

I have to say, though, depending on how things go, I mean, you know, Afghans always go back home. If they can go back, they always will be going back, if they feel it's safe for them.
Do you hope to return to Afghanistan soon?
I'm going back as soon as possible.

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'They Are So Defiant and So Strong': Photojournalist Paula Bronstein on Documenting Women and Girls in Afghanistan

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'They Are So Defiant and So Strong': Photojournalist Paula Bronstein on Documenting Women and Girls in Afghanistan. Since the fall of the Taliban in 2001, award-winning photojournalist Paula Bronstein has documented Afghans in the context of the Afghanistan War. Working for Getty Images, she captured both scenes of...

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https://pulitzercenter-org.translate.goog/stories/they-are-so-defiant-and-so-strong-photojournalist-paula-bronstein-documenting-women-and?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=zh-CN&_x_tr_hl=zh-CN&_x_tr_pto=nui,sc

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We want to make a difference and most breakthroughs in science, technology, and other industries normally start with the dream of a child to do something great.
-Team Afghanistan's statement on the competition website

They seized the chance to study in a country that has long denied that advantage to many girls. They excelled in science and technology - a male-dominated field. And they competed successfully to represent their country against some of the brightest young minds in the world.

But, after overcoming these improbable odds, a robotics team of six Afghan girls found a hurdle they couldn't clear: the United States government, which denied them visas to attend the robotics competition in Washington, DC.

The robot they built is being shipped to the US, but the girls will participate via Skype. Almost all other teams were allowed in, including those from countries barred under the US travel ban, such as Iran and Sudan.

In the days after the September 11 attacks on the US, Americans heard a lot about Afghan girls. Images of women in blue burqas and girls yearning hopelessly to go to school helped build support for the US-led military intervention. Laura Bush, Kofi Annan, Cherie Blair, and Hillary Clinton were among those speaking out in the weeks after 9/11, pleading for the world to aid Afghan women.

Today, many Afghan women feel betrayed. The Trump administration is formulating a new Afghanistan strategy, but the talk is all about troop numbers, not school books - and certainly not girls. The number of girls attending school in parts of the country is falling due to rising insecurity and poverty, and declining donor support. The Taliban's grip on the country is growing and their desire to deny girls education largely unchanged.

This context makes the achievements of the robotics team exceptional. The team members are in their teens, an age when many Afghan girls leave school because of child marriage, child labor, lack of secondary schools for girls, and social barriers. Sixty-six percent of girls ages 12 to 15 are out of school. In a country where only 37 percent of adolescent girls and 19 percent of adult women are literate, donor countries should be sweeping these girls up to see how their achievement can be replicated - not slamming the door in their faces.

The robotics team, struggling to call in to Washington, DC, via Skype on a lousy internet connection, in the middle of the night, is all too emblematic of the hollowness of US efforts to empower girls in Afghanistan.

Your tax deductible gift can help stop human rights violations and save lives around the world.

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Forgetting About Girls in Afghanistan - Again

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They seized the chance to study in a country that has long denied that advantage to many girls. They excelled in science and technology - a male-dominated field. And they competed successfully to represent their country against some of the brightest young minds in the world.

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https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/10/17/afghanistan-girls-struggle-education

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(Kabul) - Afghan government and international donor efforts since 2001 to educate girls have significantly faltered in recent years, Human Rights Watch said in a new report released today. Sixteen years after the US-led military intervention in Afghanistan ousted the Taliban, an estimated two-thirds of Afghan girls do not attend school.

"The Afghan government and donors made bold promises in 2001 to get all girls into education, but insecurity, poverty, and displacement are now driving many girls out of school," said Liesl Gerntholtz, women's rights director at Human Rights Watch. "The government needs a renewed focus to ensure all girls have a school to attend or risk these gains being lost."

The 132-page report, " I Won't Be a Doctor, and One Day You'll Be Sick: Girls' Access to Education in Afghanistan," describes how, as security in the country worsens and international donors disengage from Afghanistan, progress made toward getting girls into school has stalled. It is based on 249 interviews in Kabul, Kandahar, Balkh, and Nangarhar provinces, mostly with girls ages 11 to 18 who were not able to complete their education.

Girls' education has often been highlighted as a success story by donors and the Afghan government, and millions more girls are in school today than were in school under Taliban rule. But the stated aim of getting all girls into school is far from realized, and the proportion of students who are girls is now falling in parts of the country. According to the government, 3.5 million children are out of school, and 85 percent of them are girls. Only 37 percent of adolescent girls are literate, compared to 66 percent of adolescent boys.

Afghanistan's government provides fewer schools for girls than boys at both the primary and secondary levels. In half the country's provinces, fewer than 20 percent of teachers are female - a major barrier for the many girls whose families will not accept their being taught by a man, especially as they become adolescents. Many children live too far from a school to attend, which particularly affects girls. About 41 percent of schools have no buildings, and many lack boundary walls, water, and toilets - disproportionately affecting girls.

Khatera, 15, raised in rural Samangan province, told Human Rights Watch, "It was very far to the nearest girls' school - it was in another village.... On a donkey or horse, it would take from morning until noon."

Girls are often kept home due to discriminatory attitudes that do not value or permit their education. A third of girls marry before 18, and once engaged or married, many girls are compelled to drop out of school.

But many families are also fighting desperately to educate their daughters in the face of enormous obstacles, and deserve support. Human Rights Watch spoke to families who moved across cities and even across the country to find a school for their daughters, who separated to allow girls to study, and who had older brothers make the dangerous trip to work illegally in Iran to pay school costs for their younger sisters back home.

Afghan law states that education is compulsory through class nine, when children normally would be about 14 years old, though in reality many children have no access to education to this level - or sometimes, to any level. Administrative barriers and corruption create additional obstacles, especially for displaced and poor families. Even when tuition is free, there are costs for sending children to school and many families simply cannot afford to send any of their children or choose under financial constraints to favor educating sons. About a quarter of Afghan children work to help their families survive desperate poverty, and many girls weave, embroider, beg, or pick garbage rather than study.

The Taliban and other insurgents now control or contest more than 40 percent of Afghanistan's districts. Fighting between Taliban and government forces has driven thousands of families from their homes, and more than a million Afghans are internally displaced. In areas under Taliban control, the Taliban often limits girls to only a few years of schooling, or bans them from education altogether. In contested areas, girls seeking to attend school face heightened security threats. The conflict has been accompanied by lawlessness, as militias and criminal gangs have proliferated, and girls face threats including sexual harassment, kidnapping, and acid attacks, as well as targeted attacks and threats against girls' education. In this environment, education is increasingly affected, and girls are disproportionately harmed.

Donors have worked with the Afghan government to develop innovative models that allow girls to study even amidst escalating conflict, Human Rights Watch said. "Community-based education" is a network of classes, often held in homes, that allow children, particularly girls, to access education in communities far from a government school. But because these specialized classes are funded solely by donors and implemented by nongovernmental organizations, they have no consistent connection with the government school system and come and go due to the unreliable cycles of funding to nongovernmental organizations.

"Integrating these community-based schools in the government education system, with sustainable funding and quality controls, would be a lifeline for many girls," Gerntholtz said.

According to international standards established by UNESCO, the government should spend at least 15 to 20 percent of total national budget, and 4 to 6 percent of GDP, on education. The United Nations urges that least developed countries, of which Afghanistan is one, should reach or exceed the upper end of these benchmarks. As of 2016, 13 percent of Afghanistan's public expenditure, and 4 percent of GDP, was spent on education.

The Afghan government, with its international donors, should increase girls' access to education by better protecting schools and students; institutionalizing and expanding education models that help girls study; and taking concrete steps to meet the government's international obligation to provide universal free and compulsory primary education and help make secondary education free and available to all. They should also encourage and intensify "fundamental education" for those persons who have not received or completed the whole period of primary (or basic) education.

"Even amidst the great difficulties Afghanistan faces, the government can and should be working to ensure that girls and boys have equal access to education and to integrate girls' community-based education into the national school system," Gerntholtz said. "Donors should commit to long-term support for girls' education and need to ask more hard questions about how their funds are being spent."
Selected Quotes
"By the time we walked to school, the school day would end." - Najiba, 15, explaining why she and her eight siblings did not go to school in Daikundi, Mazar-i Sharif, July 2016

"The Taliban is near our house. If we go to school, they will kill us. If the government can provide security, we will be very interested to go to school." - Paimanah, 12, who studied at a community-based education center hidden in a family home near her house, Kandahar, July 2016

"The road to the government school has many thieves and bad boys." - Hakim, 13, class 3 student at Community Based Education, Kandahar, July 2016

"The most important thing is to convince fathers to let their daughters go to school." - Manija, 17, class-three student at a community-based education program, Kandahar, July 2016

"Men would disturb and threaten small girls. The men would touch us and do other actions with us, so we left. They were local men living nearby. No one tried to stop them - it happened to a lot of us. Lots of girls left school because of this - more than a hundred left. Kandahar people won't allow their girls to go to school." - Chehrah, 16, lived only 100 meters from a school in Kandahar. The harassment led to her asking her father if she could go to another nearby school in an area she believes is safer, but instead he removed her from school permanently, at age 12.

"It happened on the road right in front of the school.... Some students lost their eyes - their faces were burned...All the family decided no girls in our family will go to school...But for years I fought them and continued." - Maliha, 17, was in class five at a government school when her classmates were the target of an acid attack. Fifteen students were injured, four seriously.

"We have 395 schools without buildings. This is a big challenge for female students because these schools don't have a perimeter wall - they are open. In these areas, in most districts, people won't send girls without a building and a perimeter wall." - Provincial education official, Jalalabad, July 2016

"In many areas there are no female teachers." - Provincial director of education, July 2016

"We sell fruit for 20 to 30 Afghanis [US 29-43 cents]. The kids here run around the market and eat peels from the ground. We are destitute. All the kids are illiterate...Should they take care of food, or education? ... If your stomach is empty, you can't go to school." - A community leader from an informal settlement in Kabul of Kuchi people, who were formerly nomadic, explained why in his community few children go to school. He has five or six grandchildren living in the settlement, none of whom go to school.

"I don't have money for a pencil for my son, let alone my daughter." - A community-based education program staff member recounting a common response of fathers for why their daughters do not go to school

"We need peace and we need equal schools for boys and girls and equal education for boys and girls. I think boys [now] have more rights to get education." - Qasima, 13, community-based education program student, Mazar-i Sharif, July 2016
In response to the evolving situation in Afghanistan, Human Rights Watch has decided to edit visual elements of this publication temporarily for security reasons.

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Afghanistan: Girls Struggle for an Education

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(Kabul) - Afghan government and international donor efforts since 2001 to educate girls have significantly faltered in recent years, Human Rights Watch said in a new report released today. Sixteen years after the US-led military intervention in Afghanistan ousted the Taliban, an estimated two-thirds of Afghan girls do not attend school.

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https://www.abc.net.au/news/2008-04-22/schools-torched-teachers-missing-in-afghanistan/2412340
Taliban denied girls education during its 1996 - 2001 grip on power and is today fighting the new government.

https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-08-26/afghanistan-women-advocates-go-into-hiding/100402534
"All my dreams, all my goals, for nothing. For nothing."  Pashtana decide continue teaching girls in underground school

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Militants have torched two mixed-sex schools near the Afghan capital, police said, and the Taliban said it had kidnapped two teachers and a school superintendent.

Police blamed the attacks on the schools near the small town of Logar, 50 kilometres south of Kabul, on the "enemies of Afghanistan" - a phrase that most often refers to Taliban militants.

At one school, they beat and tied up the superintendent and set fire to the eight-classroom building, Logar deputy provincial police chief Abdul Majeed Latifi told AFP.

The roof collapsed and windows, doors and furniture were badly damaged, he said.

At roughly the same time, attackers set fire to a nearby school. The blaze was put out by residents and police and only the principal's office and one classroom were affected, Mr Latifi said.

"This was also a mixed boys and girls school, where girls study in the morning and boys in the afternoon," he said.

Afghanistan's education system has been under attack for years with most incidents blamed on the Islamist Taliban, which denied girls education during its 1996 - 2001 grip on power and is today fighting the new government.

Violence left 220 pupils and teachers dead in 2007, the Education Ministry said last month.

The UN's children's organisation UNICEF said Monday that there had been 236 attacks on schools in 2007, with 23 recorded so far this year.

In a separate incident, gunmen captured a school superintendent near the south-central town of Ghazni late Sunday and two male teachers, the provincial government said.

Chief Taliban spokesman Zabihullah Mujahed said loyalists of his militia had captured the three. Police said the men were still missing.

- AFP

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Schools torched, teachers missing in Afghanistan: police

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Militants have torched two mixed-sex schools near the Afghan capital, police said, and the Taliban said it had kidnapped two teachers and a school superintendent. Police blamed the attacks on the schools near the small town of Logar, 50 kilometres south of Kabul, on the "enemies of Afghanistan" - a phrase that most often refers to Taliban militants.

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https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/may/28/attacks-schools-soar-afghanistan-report-unicef

The attacks are killing the school dreams of children. The attack also targeted girls’ schools (The students and teacher )

https://www.hrw.org/report/2017/10/17/i-wont-be-doctor-and-one-day-youll-be-sick/girls-access-education-afghanistan

Because of their social norms and the harmful gender, many girls cannot go to school. There are 2/3 girls do not go to school, and the data might be increased.

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Attacks on schools in Afghanistan tripled between 2017 and 2018, surging from 68 to 192, according to the UN children's agency, Unicef, the first increase since 2015.

According to figures collected by the agency, the ongoing conflict had left more than 1,000 schools closed by the end of last year, with half a million children unable to get an education.

Although schooling, particularly of girls, has long attracted violent attacks in Afghanistan, going back to the period of the country's communist government, one factor in the sharp spike appears to have been the use of schools as voter registration and polling centres for the parliamentary elections in 2018.

In September, the Taliban explicitly warned students and teachers not to allow their schools to be used for voting.

Before its defeat in 2001, the Taliban forbade girls to attend schools, and in the conflict since have often attacked efforts to establish an education they see as a symbol of Nato and US intervention.

The rise in violence against education is the latest unsettling metric of the rising instability in the country.

In one high-profile incident last summer, a suicide bomber detonated his bomb belt in a Kabul education centre, killing 48 people and wounding 67 more.

The increased targeting of schools means that an estimated 3.7 million children between the ages of seven and 17 - nearly half of all school-aged children in the country - are out of school in Afghanistan.

"The senseless attacks on schools, the killing, injury and abduction of teachers and the threats against education are destroying the hopes and dreams of an entire generation of children," said the agency's executive director, Henrietta Fore.

Worsening insecurity, high rates of poverty and persistent discrimination against girls caused the rate of out-of-school children to increase last year for the first time since 2002. Girls account for 60% of children not in education.

According to a briefing paper on Afghanistan published last autumn by the Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack there were at least 500 attacks on schools from 2013 to 2017. It noted that "Afghanistan was one of the countries where the military use of educational facilities was most prominently reported".

Amid the rising trend in attacks, analysts have noted once again that a growing proportion of attacks on education have targeted girls' schools, as well as female students and educators, in recent years.

According to the global coalition, the majority of attacks on education last year were concentrated in "areas of the country that are under the control of non-state armed groups, or where those groups are contesting government control".

From January to October 2018, the organisation identified "45 attacks on schools, students, teachers, and education staff ... [with] nearly half of these attacks taking place in Nangarhar province, where the 'Islamic State' controls significant territory".

The pattern of violence and intimidation facing teachers was also dramatised by recent events in Farah province, in western Afghanistan, where education officials were given an ultimatum by the Taliban to remove all male teachers from girls schools.

However, despite the local authorities complying, two girls schools were still targeted for an arson attack.

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'Senseless': attacks on schools soar in Afghanistan - report

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Attacks on schools in Afghanistan tripled between 2017 and 2018, surging from 68 to 192, according to the UN children's agency, Unicef, the first increase since 2015. According to figures collected by the agency, the ongoing conflict had left more than 1,000 schools closed by the end of last year, with half a million children unable to get an education.

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9.28
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/21/girls-to-return-to-secondary-schools-soon-as-possible-taliban
women are allowed to go to school, but they have to be taught by female teachers. With social media platform develop in Afghanistan,  more and more unfair behaviors of restricting the activities of women are criticized by people.
9.29
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/6/3/up-to-60-percent-of-afghan-girls-out-of-school-report
I find some datas of girls who are educated every year and the reason of why girls are limited to go to school.

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Afghan girls to return to schools 'soon as possible': Taliban

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Taliban spokesman says 'a safe learning environment' is needed before older girls could fully return to school.

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9.26
https://abcnews.go.com/International/video/afghan-girls-fill-classrooms-defy-isis-56355236
It illustrated the educational conditions for girls in Taliban.
The situation for going to school is improved.
10.2
https://abcnews.go.com/WNN/video/future-women-afghanistan-80032072
Girls took to the street to call fo equality for women.

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Video Afghan girls fill classrooms, defy Taliban and ISIS

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Schoolgirls in Afghanistan explain their experience with education in Herat, Afghanistan.

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9.13
https://ishare.ifeng.com/c/s/v002RGPsxnXdQCzBJoKbotQwizpxi6eU2KIz8--2APVaPMxA__
Taliban allowed children and teenagers to go to school, but they must be divided into male-class and female-class.

9.20
https://ishare.ifeng.com/c/s/v0023UFvpPL20ZbabOJRirNxQSqKf2GkpKGjpm8Z6iwQuBw__

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https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/17/taliban-says-classes-resume-afghan-boys-no-mention-girls

high school for girls are closed, and Taliban only mentions boy go to school no girl.

https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/7/13/afghan-girls-robotics-team-given-us-visa-after-outrage

They limit girls to participate the robotics competition which imply they refuse to mention and show the talent of girls to all the world.

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Taliban says classes resume for Afghan boys, no mention of girls

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Private schools at primary, secondary level. as well as official religious schools, will be open from Saturday.