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Es sólo en el territorio estadounidense de Puerto Rico que los hispanohablantes comprenden la mayoría de la población. El nacionalismo puertorriqueño surgió en el siglo XIX, mientras que la isla todavía era una colonia de España. El lenguaje no fue el foco para el nacionalismo puertorriqueño en los primeros años del gobierno estadounidense. Esto cambió cuando el gobierno de los Estados Unidos comenzó a implementar su política de asimilación cultural y linguística.

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For decades the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico and the Canadian province of Quebec have been riveted by the politics of nationalism, the question of their final status, and the protection of their local languages. In the name of cultural defense, the legislatures in San Juan and Quebec City have passed several laws focusing on protecting the vernacular.

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Este artículo investiga lo que es el estándar del español puertorriqueño. Los puertorriqueños son famosos por hablar rápidamente y excluyendo terminaciones de palabras. Más específicamente, a menudo omiten la letra "d" de las palabras, aspiran la letra "s", pronunciando "l" en lugar de un final de "-ar" o "-er". Además, hay muchas palabras americanas que usan.

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Este mapa muestra lo cerca que está Puerto Rico de los Estados Unidos (así como de otros países de habla hispana) y cómo esto afecta el dialecto hablado.

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Este es un mapa más detallado de Puerto Rico y las ciudades.

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Este video fue creado por un hombre que demuestra cómo suena un acento puertorriqueño. Esto va con el otro artículo sobre el acento puertorriqueño, pero este video proporciona una buena imagen del acento.

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How To Speak Like A Puerto Rican (The Puerto Rican Accent)

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La música puertorriqueña contiene aspectos de Europa y el Caribe, así como de España y El oeste de Africa. Los géneros van desde géneros esencialmente indígenas como bomba hasta mezclas recientes como la trampa latina y el reggaetón.

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One of Puerto Rico’s notable exports is its music, which is probably the predominant Caribbean music heard in the United States.

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Ricky Martin, Daddy Yankee, Ozuna,  Bad Bunny, Nicky Jam, Luis Fonsi, Marc Anthony

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29 Songs You Hear At Every Puerto Rican Party

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"Voy a reir, voy a gozar, vivir mi viiiida...."

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Este artículo describe el descubrimiento de Puerto Rico por Colón, cómo recibió su nombre, la rica historia y cómo recibieron la ciudadanía estadounidense en 1917.

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Christopher Columbus arrived at Puerto Rico in 1493. He originally called the island San Juan Bautista, but thanks to the gold in the river, it was soon known as Puerto Rico, or "rich port;" and the capital city took the name San Juan. Soon, Puerto Rico was a Spanish colony on its way to becoming an important military outpost.

Puerto Rico began to produce cattle, sugar cane, coffee and tobacco, which led to the importation of slaves from Africa. As a result, Puerto Rican bloodlines and culture evolved through a mixing of the Spanish, African, and indigenous Taíno and Carib Indian races that shared the island. Today, many Puerto Rican towns retain their Taíno names, such as Utuado, Mayagüez and Caguas.

Over the years numerous unsuccessful attempts were made by the French, Dutch, and English to conquer the island. To guard against these incursions, the Spanish constructed the many forts and ramparts still found on the island. Puerto Rico remained an overseas province of Spain until the Spanish-American war, when U.S. forces invaded the island with a landing at Guánica. Under the Treaty of Paris of 1898, Spain ceded Puerto Rico (along with Cuba, the Philippines and Guam) to the U.S.

As a result, the turn of the century saw Puerto Rico under United States sovereignty. At that time, Puerto Rico's economy relied on its sugar crop, but by the middle of the century, an ambitious industrialization effort, called Operation Bootstrap, was underway. Cheap labor and attractive tax laws attracted American companies, and soon the Puerto Rican economy was firmly grounded in manufacturing and tourism. Today, Puerto Rico is a leading tourist destination and manufacturing center; the island produces high-tech equipment and many top-selling American pharmaceuticals.

Puerto Ricans received U.S. citizenship in 1917 and Puerto Rico officially became a U.S. Commonwealth in 1952. The issue of political status is one under constant debate, with some in favor statehood, others independence, and still others the continuation of commonwealth status.

During World War II, the U.S. Navy purchased two thirds of the island to use as a naval base. The Navy used the area for military exercises and bombing practice for nearly 60 years until a civilian was killed during a bombing exercise in the 1990s. This sparked a wave of protests that finally ended when the base closed in 2003. Since then, the Navy's lands have become wildlife reserves.

Spanish and English are official languages and the currency is the U.S. Dollar.

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Christopher Columbus arrived at Puerto Rico in 1493. He originally called the island San Juan Bautista, but thanks to the gold in the river, it was soon known as Puerto Rico, or "rich port;" and the capital city took the name San Juan.

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Cosas importantes que debe saber sobre la vida y vivir aquí

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Cosas importantes que debe saber sobre la vida y vivir aquí

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Este sitio web es muy informativo y cuenta: el costo de vida, cómo es la vivienda, la electricidad y el agua, la religión, la salud y la medicina, la educación, la cultura, las compras y el empleo. Este sitio web está destinado a ser una guía para cualquier persona que planea vivir o viajar a Puerto Rico con el fin de saber qué esperar.

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Cost of Living

In Puerto Rico the overall cost of living is about 13% higher than the mainland United States. The Jones Act of 1920 requires that everything that comes to Puerto Rico must first be shipped to the States and then reshipped to the island by US transport, thereby increasing cost. Groceries are about 23% higher than mainland US grocery stores. Sales tax is 11.5%. That being said, there are many things that are less expensive depending on where you go. Roadside produce stands, eateries and Mom and Pop establishments offer much better prices on food and drink. There are other living expenses that can also balance out your budget. You do not have to pay property taxes on your primary residence, and there are no taxes on passive income like Social Security, retirement, IRAs, etc.

The cost of rental housing is comparable to the mainland US, but if you have the financial ability to purchase a home, this is the best option. Most often a home purchased on a 30-year mortgage will have a monthly mortgage payment that is significantly lower than monthly rent.

The cost of electricity and water is comparable to the US. Occasionally you will hear locals talk about the cost of utilities, but it seems to be more a matter of consumption than actual cost per kilowatt hour. Since the moderate temperatures of Puerto Rico average between 75-85 degrees Fahrenheit (24 - 29 degrees celsius) year-round, furnaces are not needed, also saving on electric bills. Houses are of course equipped with air conditioners, but are usually only run in the very hot summer months of July and August if at all. Homes are made quite comfortable by the use of fans and the cool tropical breezes. Many households also heat their water with a solar tank on the roof of their homes, but again, because of the temperate climate, the water is always warm and some households go without a water heater, again saving money.

As has been highlighted since Hurricane Maria hit the island of Puerto Rico on September 20, 2017, the electrical infrastructure was outdated and in disrepair, but post-Maria repairs being done are providing the island a much-needed updated dependable system. Puerto Rico is also researching alternative fuel sources like wind and solar.

The water is dependable and safe to drink, but most people either filter their water or drink bottled water. As with power, monthly cost of water depends on usage.

The predominant religion of Puerto Rico is Roman Catholicism. These churches are usually located in the town square and are some of the oldest structures in North America, dating back hundreds of years. There are many other religions also represented including Lutheranism, Episcopalianism, Baptist, Methodism and Presbyterianism.

Health and Medical

Employers typically do not provide health insurance and, since Puerto Rico is not a state, there is no Affordable Care Act available to Puerto Ricans. Health insurance is purchased individually from the private sector. While it may seem a deterring cost, healthcare plans are much less expensive here than in the US. Hospitals, medical facilities and doctors are certainly equal to US doctors in abilities, and healthcare on the island resembles the US model. One difference is that most doctors do not take appointments. You go to the office and put your name on the list and are seen in the order of that list. Many people will go first thing in the morning and get their name on the list, then go have breakfast or run errands and come back later when they are a little closer to being seen. Some doctors will put a name on the list with a phone call, and then call the patient when their name is coming up. Other than the wait, the healthcare is excellent.

The public schools in Puerto Rico are good and the population has a 90% literacy rate. For those who can afford it, families send their children to religious-based private schools. Spanish is the primary language in both types of schools, but English is also taught in both.

Puerto Rico's food, music, art and festivals illustrate the cultural mix of Spanish, African and Taíno influence. The people of Puerto Rico are one of its dearest treasures, always smiling, friendly, happy and helpful. Almost all activities are family-oriented, whether it's a day at the beach, a visit to a museum, a municipal festival or an evening meal. Family is very important to the people of Puerto Rico, and once you have spent time with them, you too become family.

There are many gas stations and the cost is just slightly higher than the US. Gas here is sold by the liter and all gas stations are pre-pay.

There are a number of supermarket companies from which to choose, the main ones being Pueblo, Econo and Mr. Special. As mentioned earlier, groceries are more expensive because so much has to be imported. For fresh produce your best choice is to stop at one of the many roadside stands where you can get fresh pineapple, papaya, coconut, mango, lettuce, many root vegetables and so much more.

Employment

As of October 2017, the unemployment rate was 10.6%. This is likely to increase as a result of Hurricane Maria, but as infrastructure is repaired and life returns to normal, it is hoped that jobs will increase as more repairs are made and potential businesses can open. If you move here, it may be difficult to find a job, as, understandably, Puerto Ricans want to employ other Puerto Ricans. This is why many people retire to the island, and thanks to the lower cost of living and the tranquil lifestyle, you may be able to retire here at an earlier age.

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10 Things to Know Before Moving to Puerto Rico

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Cost of Living In Puerto Rico the overall cost of living is about 13% higher than the mainland United States. The Jones Act of 1920 requires that everything that comes to Puerto Rico must first be shipped to the States and then reshipped to the island by US transport, thereby increasing cost.

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Este video fue creado por un estadounidense que se mudó a Puerto Rico y habla sobre cómo le gusta la vida allí. Habla de la vida diaria, la gente, el transporte, las tiendas, la amenaza de los huracanes, el calor extremo, la falta de empleos y los alimentos populares que se consumen allí.

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La importancia del lenguaje para la identidad

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La importancia del lenguaje para la identidad

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(Página 38)
En un estudio realizado, el 66% de los puertorriqueños dijo que su idioma es muy importante para su identidad. El 30% dijo que era importante para su identidad. El 4% dijo que era algo importante. El 2% dijo que no era importante.

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Language and identity have an undeniable link, but what happens when a second language is imposed on a populace? Can a link be broken or transformed? Are the attitudes towards the imposed language influential? Can these attitudes change over time? The mixed-methods results provided by this book are ground-breaking because they document how historical and traditional attitudes are changing towards both American English (AE) and Puerto Rican Spanish (PRS) on an island where the population has been subjected to both Spanish and US colonization. There are presently almost four million people living in Puerto Rico, while the Puerto Rican diaspora has surpassed it with more than this living in the United States alone. Because of this, many members of the diaspora no longer speak PRS, yet consider themselves to be Puerto Rican. Traditional stances against people who do not live on the island or speak the predominant language (PRS) yet wish to identify themselves as Puerto Rican have historically led to prejudice and strained relationships between people of Puerto Rican ancestry. The sample study provided here shows that there is not only a change in attitude towards the traditional link between PRS and Puerto Rican identity (leading to the inclusion of diasporic Puerto Ricans), but also a wider acceptance of the English language itself on this Caribbean island.

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The Unlinking of Language and Puerto Rican Identity

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Language and identity have an undeniable link, but what happens when a second language is imposed on a populace? Can a link be broken or transformed? Are the attitudes towards the imposed language influential? Can these attitudes change over time?

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En un estudio, se encontró que para reclamar la identidad puertorriqueña: 66% cree que las tradiciones puertorriqueñas deben ser seguidas, 20% cree que debe comer comida puertorriqueña, 31% cree que debe hablar español puertorriqueño, sólo 3% dijo que tiene que bailar salsa, 16% dijo que las cuatro categorías eran importantes, y el otro 23% encontró otras cosas que son importantes para reclamar la identidad puertorriqueña.

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Ricky Martin - Livin' La Vida Loca (Official Video)

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Ozuna - Síguelo Bailando (Video Oficial)

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Este enlace comparte casi cien frases comunes diferentes que se utilizan en Puerto Rico, así como las definiciones y ejemplos. Esto es muy útil para aprender a hablar como un hablante nativo.

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Esta página contiene muchas grabaciones de un hablante nativo de puerto rico y su esposa. Están hablando las expresiones y frases puertorriqueñas comunes que describí anteriormente.

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Puerto Rican Spanish Accent:
Audios for the Puerto Rican Spanish Cheat Sheet

I invite you to listen to all of our Puerto Rican Spanish audio clips in the voice of my amazing Puerto Rican wife and accomplice, Diana. The examples are the companion to our Puerto Rican Spanish Cheat Sheet. If you don't have this awesome document, write your email below to get it for free.
In these audio clips you will listen to example sentences that use common Puerto Rican Spanish words and phrases. Be sure to listen specifically to the pronunciation, speed and intonation of a native Puerto Rican speaker.

If you enjoy this cheat sheet and audio clips, please take a moment to tell your friends and send them to http://speakinglatino.com/puerto-rican-spanish to sign up.
Check out these other Learning Puerto Rican Spanish Slang articles.

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Listen to the Puerto Rican Spanish Accent in 96 Audio Clips

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I invite you to listen to all of our Puerto Rican Spanish audio clips in the voice of my amazing Puerto Rican wife and accomplice, Diana. The examples are the companion to our Puerto Rican Spanish Cheat Sheet. If you don't have this awesome document, write your email below to get it for free.

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MATRIX: Comparaciones de Palabras Españolas en Diferentes Países

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MATRIX: Comparaciones de Palabras Españolas en Diferentes Países

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Esta tabla muestra que las palabras de vocabulario varían gratamente en diferentes países de habla hispana. Muestra la importancia de cada cultura para que la gente no agrupe la lengua española en un solo dialecto.

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Esta página comparte los errores gramaticales más comunes al hablar en español puertorriqueño. Estos incluyen: traducir directamente del inglés, uso incorrecto del pretérito, conjugaciones incorrectas y más.

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As in most countries, several unique grammar adaptations have appeared over the years in Puerto Rico. While sometimes these usages are grammatically incorrect, they are so widespread that they are accepted as being correct. Below are examples of Puerto Rican Spanish grammar:

1. The most common "mistake" in Puerto Rican Spanish is to mix English with Spanish in the same sentence, sometimes known as Spanglish.

Example: Voy a almorzar un sandwich de tuna. The Spanish word for sandwich is emparedado and for tuna is atún.

2. For the 2nd person singular, past tense (preterite) the correct conjugation of a verb is -aste or -iste (ex. hablaste, comiste). You will hear people most of the time add an extra letter S to the end of the conjugated verb.

Example: me llamastes (me llamaste), me dijistes (me dijiste)

3. Again, in the 2nd person singular, past tense (preterite) the verb traer is almost always incorrectly conjugated as traíste even traístes. The correct conjugation is trajiste. The same mistake exists for the 1st person plural trajimos is the correct conjugation instead of the incorrectly used traímos.

4. Several phrases have been directly translated from English into Spanish.

Example: Te llamo para atrás. (I'll call you back), Te veo (See you).

5. The subject is often placed incorrectly in front of the verb as in phrases like ¿Quién tú eres? and ¿Cómo tú estás? The correct form is ¿Quién eres tú? or ¿Cómo estás tú?

6. The phrase no me di de cuenta is used incorrectly, instead of the correct phrase no me di cuenta de. The preposition de must be after the substantive cuenta.

7. The phrase más ninguno is often incorrectly used to signify nothing else or nothing more. The correct Spanish phrase is ningún otro. Similarly, más nada is incorrect and should be correctly expressed as nada más.

8. The verb haber in the past tense is sometimes mistakenly conjugated in the plural form as habían instead of the correct form había.

Example: Habían tres personas esperando la guagua esta mañana. (Había tres personas esperando la guagua esta mañana.)

9. The phrase el más que sabe is used incorrectly, instead of the correct phrase el que más sabe.

10. The diminutive suffix ITO is sometimes added to words to express small size. It is also used as an expression of esteem or caring for someone. While this is grammatically correct, it has been included to clarify its usages.
Example: Amiguito, ven a verme esta tarde para tomar un café.
11. The phrase más que uno is often incorrectly used to mean only one instead of the correct form solamente uno.

Example: Ayer fui a comprar dos maletas nuevas, pero solamente queda más que uno, así que no compré nada. ( Ayer fui a comprar dos maletas nuevas, pero solamente queda una, así que no compré nada.)
Check out these other Puerto Rican Spanish Slang Word articles.
For more information on learning Puerto Rican Spanish and access to over 1500 local slang and phrases, the book Speaking Boricua: A Practical Guide to Puerto Rican Spanish offers an in-depth look at the language.

Featured photo credit: Raices Latinas Puerto Rican dancers at Latino Fest today in Lorain by ronnie44052 via flickr

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11 Grammar Rules to Improve Your Puerto Rico Spanish

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As in most countries, several unique grammar adaptations have appeared over the years in Puerto Rico. While sometimes these usages are grammatically incorrect, they are so widespread that they are accepted as being correct. Below are examples of Puerto Rican Spanish grammar: 1.