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As you review each source, record in your flow chart:

Where is the oppression?

How did people resist or fight back?

In what ways was justice expanded?

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Video: Angel Island and the Chinese Exclusion Act

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Video: Angel Island and the Chinese Exclusion Act

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After years of anti-Chinese sentiment, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882, the first in a series of laws explicitly used to limit immigration based on race. This law barred Chinese laborers from entering the country, only allowing Chinese students, teachers, travelers, merchants, and diplomats to still apply for admission. This also marked the start of required immigration documents that the Chinese were required to hold on to their person to avoid deportation.

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Angel Island and the Chinese Exclusion Act | Asian Americans | PBS LearningMedia

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After years of anti-Chinese sentiment, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882, the first in a series of laws explicitly used to limit immigration based on race. This law barred Chinese laborers from entering the country, only allowing Chinese students, teachers, travelers, merchants, and diplomats to still apply for admission.

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Japanese Americans: A Community Grows, Despite Racism

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Japanese Americans: A Community Grows, Despite Racism

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Soon after their arrival, Japanese Americans became the targets of severe and racially exclusive forms of discrimination, much of it originating in California. Beginning with organized labor, and including many of the same actors who had earlier agitated against Chinese immigrants, what would become known as the anti-Japanese movement was embraced by nearly all sectors of society in many Western states. Driven by pressure from Western states, the federal government negotiated the Gentlemen’s Agreement with Japan in 1907 and 1908, which stopped the further migration of Japanese laborers.

Much of the discrimination Japanese immigrants faced stemmed from federal laws prohibiting Japanese and other Asian immigrants from becoming naturalized U.S. citizens. In 1913, California passed the first alien land law, which prohibited “aliens ineligible for citizenship” from purchasing agricultural land.

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Formation of the "Asian American" Movement

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Formation of the "Asian American" Movement

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The Asian American movement– which initially united Japanese, Chinese, and Filipino Americans, and then expanded to include Koreans, Southeast and South Asians, and Pacific Islanders– was driven largely by student activists radicalized by anti-Vietnam war and black power movements. Challenging stereotypes about Asian “passivity”, and rejecting the exoticism and racism of “oriental” labels, Asian American activists mobilized this new consciousness to demand an end to racist hiring practices, biased school curricula, demeaning media stereotypes, residential discrimination, and the gentrification of historically Asian American neighborhoods.

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Although multi-racial coalitions between different immigrant groups had long played an important part in campaigns for civil rights on the West Coast, it wasn't until the 1960s and 1970s that diverse communities with different histories began to self-consciously unite as "Asian Americans."

The Asian American movement that promoted this new identity- which initially united Japanese, Chinese, and Filipino Americans, and then expanded to include Koreans, Southeast and South Asians, and Pacific Islanders- was driven largely by student activists radicalized by anti-Vietnam war and black power movements. Challenging stereotypes about Asian "passivity", and rejecting the exoticism and racism of "oriental" labels, Asian American activists mobilized this new consciousness to demand an end to racist hiring practices, biased school curricula, demeaning media stereotypes, residential discrimination, and the gentrification of historically Asian American neighborhoods. And though it was primarily a youth movement, and never completely spoke for all the communities it sought to represent, the Asian American movement arguably transformed older community institutions, created new ones, and dramatically advanced the development of Asian American power in American urban politics.

In Seattle, the Asian American movement emerged from an unusually deep legacy of multi-racial coalition building. During the 1930s, successful campaigns against bills that would have made interracial marriage illegal in Washington State brought Japanese, Chinese, and Filipino activists together, though Filipino activists took the lead. After World War II, the Jackson Street Community Council brought community leaders from Seattle's Asian and African American communities together to advocate for neighborhood improvement issues, which frequently included important civil rights advocacy. And in the early 1960s, City Council member Wing Luke and Human Rights Commission Chairman Phil Hayasaka helped connect Asian American communities to the struggle for open housing in Seattle.

But it wasn't until Rev. Mineo Katigiri formed the Asian Coalition for Equality (ACE) in 1969, and student activists (some members of ACE) formed the Oriental Student Union (OSU) at Seattle Central Community College and the UW Asian American Student Coalition (ASC) soon after, that organizations promoting a pan-Asian identity sparked a specifically Asian American movement in Seattle.

This special section of the Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project presents an important and rare collection of documents, photographs, and alternative newspaper articles to document some early features of the history of that movement. It is made possible with gracious contributions of photographs and rare documents from Larry Matsuda, Al Sugiyama, YK Kuniyuki, Ben Yorita, and Eugene Tagawa.

Asian Coalition for Equality: An organization that organized Asian Americans in solidarity with black civil rights campaigns, it quickly expanded to combat specifically anti-Asian forms of discrimination as well. It provided a precursor to and important training ground for later student activists.

Oriental Student Union Sit-In: In the Winter of 1971, the Oriental Student Union (OSU) sought to close down Seattle Central Community College with direct action protests modeled after the school's Black Student Union protests of 1969. They challenged the school's first black President, hired because of the BSU protests.

Kingdome Protest/ HUD March: The Groundbreaking of the Kingdome on November 2,1972 was supposed to be a public celebration. But Asian youth, upset that the stadium was located immediately next to Seattle's International District (ID), disrupted the event. Less than two weeks later, a march on the Housing and Urban Development (HUD) offices kicked off the neighborhood's preservation movement.

International District Preservation Movement: A series of negotiations from 1973-75, culminating in a February, 1975 march on King County Executive John Spellman's office, helped Asian American activists gain mitigation money from the Kingdome's construction to help preserve Seattle's International District.

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Although multi-racial coalitions between different immigrant groups had long played an important part in campaigns for civil rights on the West Coast, it wasn’t until the 1960s and 1970s that diverse communities with different histories began to self-consciously unite as “Asian ...

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Organizing for Justice: Murder of Vincent Chin

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Organizing for Justice: Murder of Vincent Chin

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“The Vincent Chin case forced Asian Americans into the civil rights discourse,” Roland Hwang co-founder and former president of American Citizens for Justice told NBC News. “The Vincent Chin case transformed a biracial discussion on race relations to be a multiracial one. So the Vincent Chin case, along with other cases, each serve as a wakeup call to address anti-Asian bias and racial intolerance.”

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Although the death of Vincent Chin has become a staple of Asian-American studies courses taught across the country, there are still many - Asian Americans and others - who do not know about what happened the night Chin was beaten or understand its continued significance for the Asian American community.

On June 19, 1982, 27-year-old Chin, a Chinese-American man, was celebrating with friends at his bachelor party in Detroit, Michigan, when he encountered two white autoworkers, Ronald Ebens and Michael Nitz.

In the '80s, the U.S. auto industry faced growing troubles as the recession impacted jobs across the country, resulting in rising unemployment among autoworkers. At the same time, the presence of Japanese auto manufacturers was growing in the U.S.

According to witnesses, Ebens allegedly said to Chin, "It's because of you little m-f-s that we're out of work," which led to a fight.
RELATED: Voices: Who Is Vincent Chin?
After they were thrown out of the club, the fight continued in the parking lot, after which Ebens and Nitz searched the neighborhood for Chin and his friends. Outside of a McDonald's, Nitz held Chin while Ebens repeatedly struck Chin in the head with a baseball bat.

Four days later, on June 23, 1982, Chin died.

Following a plea bargain to reduce the second-degree murder charge, Ebens and Nitz were convicted of manslaughter. The two were sentenced by Judge Charles Kaufman to three years probation and ordered to pay a $3,000 fine. Two civil rights trials and a civil suit followed, but neither Ebens nor Nitz spent a day in jail.

"These weren't the kind of men you send to jail," Kaufman said in a letter responding to protests from American Citizens for Justice, a Detroit-based nonprofit civil rights organization that formed in the wake of Chin's death.

In 2015, journalist and activist Helen Zia, executor of the Chin estate and co-founder of American Citizens for Justice, told NBC News that Ebens, now 76, owes the Chin estate more than $8 million.

"People forget. It's been a long time ago. A whole generation has passed. It's ancient history to them," Zia said.
RELATED: Judge Rules Against Man Responsible for Vincent Chin's Death, Lien on Nevada Home Stays
Chin's death brought Asian Americans together across ethnic lines to form multiethnic and multiracial alliances, to organize for civil rights, and to advocate for change.

"The Vincent Chin case forced Asian Americans into the civil rights discourse," Roland Hwang co-founder and former president of American Citizens for Justice told NBC News. "The Vincent Chin case transformed a biracial discussion on race relations to be a multiracial one. So the Vincent Chin case, along with other cases, each serve as a wakeup call to address anti-Asian bias and racial intolerance."

NBC News has put together a collection of films and articles for those who would like to learn more about Chin and the national impact of his death:

"Who Killed Vincent Chin?" - documentary film by Christine Choy and Rene Tajima

The 1989 Academy Award-nominated documentary "Who Killed Vincent Chin?" offers the easiest entry point to the Vincent Chin case, with contemporaneous interviews with Chin's mother Lily; his killers, Ronald Ebens and Michael Nitz; Judge Charles Kaufman, who sentenced Ebens and Nitz, but did not jail them; witnesses, friends, and the activists who fought for justice for Chin.

"Asian American Dreams: The Emergence of an American People," by Helen Zia

The first chapter of Helen Zia's 2001 book discusses the Vincent Chin case, how the activists worked to bring Chin's killers to justice, and how the story went from local to national and became a story about civil rights and race. Zia is one of the founding members of American Citizens for Justice.

"Why Vincent Chin Matters," by Frank H. Wu (New York Times, June 22, 2012)

Frank H. Wu, former chancellor and dean of UC Hastings College of the Law, grew up in the Detroit area. "The Chin case showed the power of the saying 'You all look the same,' Wu wrote for the New York Times on the 30th anniversary of Chin's killing. "...history also teaches us that before Asian-Americans were seen as model minorities, we were also perpetual foreigners. Taken together, these perceptions can lead to resentment. And resentment can lead to hate."

"30 years later: Stewart Kwoh recalls Vincent Chin case" - Asian Americans Advancing Justice | Los Angeles (June 2012)

Recollections by Stewart Kwoh, co-founder of the Asian Pacific American Legal Center (APALC), about his organization's role in the case and about Vincent Chin's mother, Lily. "She said, 'Stewart, there's nothing I can do to bring back Vincent, but I don't want any other mother to go through what I've gone through,'" Kwoh recalled. "I was so touched about what she said. Vincent was her only child. He was all she had."

"Killing Spawned Asian American Civil Rights Movement: 34th Milestone to Highlight Vincent Chin Case," by Roland Hwang (Michigan Bar Journal, May 2009)

In 2009, the State Bar of Michigan named the Vincent Chin case a Michigan legal milestone for the way it mobilized the Asian-American community for civil rights activism, and for victims' rights movements in Michigan. A commemorative plaque was installed in Ferndale, Michigan, outside the former location of the Golden Star restaurant where Chin worked part-time as a waiter and where American Citizens for Justice met to organize after his death.

"Vincent Who?" - documentary film by Curtis Chin

"Vincent Who?" looks at the legacy of the Vincent Chin case and interviews key activists involved in the case as well as the next generation of Asian-American activists whose lives have been changed by the case. The 2009 film also looks at the case against the larger narrative of Asian-American history, with discussion of the Chinese Exclusion Act, the incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II, the 1992 L.A. Riots, recent anti-Asian hate crimes, and post-9/11 racial profiling.

"Detroit and the Legacy of Vincent Chin," by Scott Kurashige (Solidarity, June 2002)

Essay by history professor Scott Kurashige, currently at University of Washington Bothell, about the lessons of the Vincent Chin case in the context of Asian American and Detroit history.

"Vincent Chin: 30 Years Later," by Bao Phi (StarTribune.com, June 18, 2012)

Essay by award-winning spoken word poet and community activist Bao Phi reflects on the significance of the Vincent Chin case and how justice has been meted out in other similar cases involving Asian Americans. He also interviews other community activists and writers about the importance of the Vincent Chin case today.

"In Search of Justice: Another Way to Remember Vincent Chin," by Cayden Mak (18MillionRising.org, June 2014)

Essay by Cayden Mak, currently Executive Director of Asian American civic engagement organization 18 Million Rising, about the implications of the Vincent Chin case for restorative and transformative justice and larger communities of color.

CORRECTION (June 15, 2017, 12:00 p.m.): An earlier version of this article misstated the charges filed against Ebens and Nitz. They were charged with second-degree murder, not second-degree manslaughter. (The two later pleaded guilty to manslaughter.)
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Who is Vincent Chin? What you need to know about the 1982 killing

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Although the death of Vincent Chin has become a staple of Asian-American studies courses taught across the country, there are still many - Asian Americans and others - who do not know about what happened the night Chin was beaten or understand its continued significance for the Asian American community.

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The Asian American Political Alliance along with the Third World Liberation Front organized the two longest student strikes in U.S. history. The strikes became impactful in “speaking truth to power” and gained much momentum — but not without repercussions. Soon after the strike began at SF State in November 1969, the police and national guard were sent in to disrupt the student protests. Several were beaten and bloodied, and arrests were made. The same violence also occurred at UC Berkeley where some students were beaten unconscious and incarcerated.

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The Fight for Ethnic Studies | Asian Americans | PBS LearningMedia

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With the struggle for civil rights and the death of Dr. Martin Luther King, students were expressing an interest in classes that explored black history and culture. San Francisco State University (SF State) was a college with a mostly white student body and the Black Student Union began to question whether their own education was failing them.

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The students’ perseverance prevailed and they achieved success. On March 3, 1969, UC Berkeley administrators agreed to launch the first Department of Ethnic Studies with SF State following three weeks later. These acts helped to inspire other universities to follow in their lead, bringing in a wave of ethic studies departments in universities across the U.S.

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The Fight for Ethnic Studies | Asian Americans | PBS LearningMedia

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With the struggle for civil rights and the death of Dr. Martin Luther King, students were expressing an interest in classes that explored black history and culture. San Francisco State University (SF State) was a college with a mostly white student body and the Black Student Union began to question whether their own education was failing them.

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"This Act has several purposes, including:
(1) to acknowledge the terrible injustice of the internment of U.S. citizens of Japanese ancestry and permanent residents during World War II;
(2) to apologize on behalf of the people of the United States for the internment of such citizens and permanent residents;
(3) to finance efforts to inform the public about the internments, in order to prevent anything similar from happening again;
(4) to provide compensation to those individuals of Japanese ancestry who were interned;"

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Newsela | Primary Sources: The Civil Liberties Act of 1988

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Here is an excerpt of the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, which apologized to Japanese Americans who were put into internment camps during World War II, and also provided reparations to them.