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This in the France flag

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Significado de OFFICIAL LANGUAGE en el Diccionario Cambridge inglés

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official language Significado, definición, qué es official language: the language or one of the languages that is accepted by a country's government, is taught in.... Aprender más.

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150 million people in France

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Ethnic groups

The French are, paradoxically, strongly conscious of belonging to a single nation, but they hardly constitute a unified ethnic group by any scientific gauge. Before the official discovery of the Americas at the end of the 15th century, France, located on the western extremity of the Old World, was regarded for centuries by Europeans as being near the edge of the known world. Generations of different migrants traveling by way of the Mediterranean from the Middle East and Africa and through Europe from Central Asia and the Nordic lands settled permanently in France, forming a variegated grouping, almost like a series of geologic strata, since they were unable to migrate any farther. Perhaps the oldest reflection of these migrations is furnished by the Basque people, who live in an isolated area west of the Pyrenees in both Spain and France, who speak a language unrelated to other European languages, and whose origin remains unclear. The Celtic tribes, known to the Romans as Gauls, spread from central Europe in the period 500 bce-500 ce to provide France with a major component of its population, especially in the centre and west. At the fall of the Roman Empire, there was a powerful penetration of Germanic (Teutonic) peoples, especially in northern and eastern France. The incursion of the Norsemen ( Vikings) brought further Germanic influence. In addition to these many migrations, France was, over the centuries, the field of numerous battles and of prolonged occupations before becoming, in the 19th and especially in the 20th century, the prime recipient of foreign immigration into Europe, adding still other mixtures to the ethnic melting pot.

Languages

French is the national language, spoken and taught everywhere. Brogues and dialects are widespread in rural areas, however, and many people tend to conserve their regional linguistic customs either through tradition or through a voluntary and deliberate return to a specific regional dialect. This tendency is strongest in the frontier areas of France. In the eastern and northern part of the country, Alsatian and Flemish ( Dutch) are Germanic languages; in the south, Occitan (Provençal or Languedoc), Corsican, and Catalan show the influence of Latin. Breton is a Celtic language related to languages spoken in some western parts of the British Isles (notably Wales), and Basque is a language isolate. Following the introduction of universal primary education during the Third Republic in 1872, the use of regional languages was rigorously repressed in the interest of national unity, and pupils using them were punished. More recently, in reaction to the rise in regional sentiment, these languages have been introduced in a number of schools and universities, primarily because some of them, such as Occitan, Basque, and Breton, have maintained a literary tradition. Recent immigration has introduced various non-European languages, notably Arabic.

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France - Ethnicity, Immigration, Language

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France - Ethnicity, Immigration, Language: The French are, paradoxically, strongly conscious of belonging to a single nation, but they hardly constitute a unified ethnic group by any scientific gauge.

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25 C

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France's climate is mostly formed under the influence of the Atlantic. This country has four climatic zones: Atlantic, continental, alpine and Mediterranean. Each zone has its own specific variety of flora and fauna.

No wonder that France is a favorite place for many to have tours, seaside vacations and skiing. The country has over forty parks of national and regional significance.

Noisy Paris doesn't represent whole France. In order to understand how beautiful French land at any time of year, you need to visit a provinces with abundant pastoral landscapes and places of unspoiled nature.

Spring is the most romantic season in France. Its gentle green, first flowers and timid awakening of nature create special atmosphere. At this time of year rivers overflow their banks, chestnuts blooms and towns and villages are surrounded by fragrance. Stone jungles of cities are lighted by gentle trees with lightest laces of white and pink blossom. The spring for French is the traditional wedding season so streets are filled with wedding processions.

Spring is the time when Brittany is covered by blooming broom and gorse flowers and swamps and dried salt lakes of Provence are filled with voices of thousands of different birds. The owners of the chateaus in the south of France start to pruning vines. By the time of appearance of first flowers in snowy Alps people of Nice celebrate their "King of five continents" carnival with its famous flower battles.

Climate of the Spring Months

Spring Holidays

First Saturday of March: National Day of grandmothers.

March 8: International Women Day
March 20: International Day of Francophonie.

April 1: April Fool's Day.

May 1: Labour Day.
First weekend of May: Festival of the Parrot.
May 8: Day of Liberation from Fascism.

French summer has pleasant weather with no heat, so this is the peak of tourist season. Coasts are especially good in this time of year. The air there is heated above 25 °C (77 °F) and rains are relatively infrequent. In the period between June and August weather is very warm throughout the country. Cool weather persists only on some mountain areas and Mont-Blanc peak is covered with snow all year round.

The wild fauna of French forests is most active during summertime. Noteworthy that despite the urbanization processes fauna of France is preserved way better than in neighboring countries. During the warm season one can meet chamois, brown bears, badgers, foxes, deer, otters, roe deer and wild boars in numerous reserves and national parks. There are lots of trout in rivers and lakes of France and the Bay of Biscay is the pace of industrial fishing of sardines, herring, flounder, shrimp and lobster.

Climate of the Summer Months

Summer Holidays

June 18: Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival.
June 21: Music Day in France.
June 23 (even-numbered years): Wine Festival in Bordeaux.

July 14: Bastille Day.
August 15: Assumption of the Virgin Mary.

Summer in France is the time of festivals, carnivals and theatrical performances in ancient castles. At June 21 st the Day of Music is held across the country. Music is everywhere: in concert halls, on the streets and in the houses of the French.

Autumn in France smells like sweet wines of Aquitaine and Burgundy and the rotting leaves in the vicinity of the Loire castles, filled with mild October sun. This is the time when the French return from their holidays and many tourists conversely rush to the Cote d'Azur in eager not to miss the velvet season.

The main harvest time in France also occurs in the autumn. The French are celebrating the Day of chestnut in late October. This goodie is fried and its aroma envelops the streets of cities and villages. Than the celebration transits to the Week of Taste under which Cider Day, Day of Spices and Fish festival are held.

Climate of the Autumn Months

Autumn Holidays

October 9: The Day of chestnut.
October 16: Reading Festival in France.
October 31: Halloween (Samhain).

November 11: Memorial Day (End of the First World War).
November 17: Festival of New Beaujolais.

The French winter characterized by northerly winds which bring cold weather into its territory down to the Mediterranean coast. However this circumstance doesn't scare tourists who prefer this country for a vacation at any time of the year. The remarkable fact: in the middle of January temperature in Paris reaches 10 °C (50 °F) and the sky may be as bright blue as in Istanbul in the summer.

Winter in France is primarily rainy rather than snowy. Therefore Frenchman needs umbrella much more than a sled or a warm jacket. The temperature rarely drops below zero. The coldest weather in winter is noted in Alsace and the warmest is on the island of Corsica, where the average temperature of January reaches 13 °C (55 °F).

Climate of the Winter Months

Winter Holidays

December 25: Christmas.

January 1: The New Year.
January 6: Catholic Epiphany.

February 6: Violet Festival in Toulouse.
February 13: Carnival in Nice and Menton Lemon Festival.
February 14: St. Valentine's Day.

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France's climate is mostly formed under the influence of the Atlantic. This country has four climatic zones: Atlantic, continental, alpine and Mediterranean. Each zone has its own specific variety of flora and fauna. No wonder that France is a favorite place for many to have tours, seaside vacations and skiing.

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Its Franks

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Originally it applied to the whole Empire of the Franks, extending from southern France to eastern Germany. Modern France is still called Frankreich in German and similar names in some other Germanic languages (such as Frankrijk in Dutch), which means "Frank Reich", the Realm of the Franks.

Before being named France, the land was called Gaul ( Latin: Gallia; French: Gaule). This name continued to be used even after the beginning of the reign of the Franks' Kings Clovis I, Charles Martel, Pepin the Short, and Charlemagne. In fact, for as long as the cultural elites of Europe used Latin predominantly, the name Gallia continued to be used alongside the name France. In English usage, the words Gaul and Gaulish are used synonymously with Latin Gallia, Gallus and Gallicus. However the similarity of the names is probably coincidental; the English words are borrowed from French Gaule and Gaulois, which appear to have been borrowed themselves from Germanic walha-, the usual word for the non-Germanic-speaking peoples (Celtic-speaking and Latin-speaking indiscriminately) and the source for Welsh in English. The Germanic w is regularly rendered as gu / g in French (cf. guerre = war, garder = ward, Guillaume = William), and the diphthong au is the regular outcome of al before a following consonant (cf. cheval ~ chevaux). Gaule or Gaulle can hardly be derived from Latin Gallia, since g would become j before a (cf. gamba > jambe), and the diphthong au would be incomprehensible; the regular outcome of Latin Gallia would have been * Jaille in French.[3][4]

Today, in modern French, the word Gaule is only used in a historical context. The only current use of the word is in the title of the leader of the French bishops, the archbishop of Lyon, whose official title is Primate of the Gauls ( Primat des Gaules). Gaul is in the plural in the title, reflecting the three Gallic entities identified by the Romans (, , and ). The adjective gaulois (Gallic) is still sometimes used when a French person wants to stress some idiosyncrasies of the French people entrenched in history, such as nos ancêtres les Gaulois ("our ancestors the Gauls"), a phrase sometimes used in French when one wants to assert his own identity. During the Third Republic, the authorities often referred to notre vieille nation gauloise ("our old Gallic nation"), a case in which the adjective gaulois is used with a positive connotation. The word gallicisme is used sometimes in linguistic to express a specific form to the French language. In English, the word Gaul is never used in a modern context. The adjective Gallic is sometimes used to refer to French people, occasionally in a derisive and critical way, such as "Gallic pride". The Coq Gaulois ( Gallic rooster in English) is also a national symbol of France, as for the French Football Federation. Astérix le Gaulois ( Asterix, the Gaul) is a popular series of French comic books, following the exploits of a village of indomitable Gauls.

In Greek, France is still known as Γαλλία (Gallia). In Breton, meanwhile, the word Gall means "French", and France is Bro C'hall through Breton initial mutation; the second most common family name in Brittany is Le Gall, which is thought to indicate descendants of the inhabitants of Armorica from before the Bretons came from Britain, literally meaning "the Gaul". The word can be used to refer to the French nationality, speakers of French and/or Gallo; an archaic word sense also indicated the generic "foreigner"; the derivative galleg means "French" as an adjective and the French language as a noun. In Irish, meanwhile, the term gall originally also referred to the inhabitants of Gaul, but in the ninth century it was repurposed as "generic foreigner" and used to refer to Scandinavian invaders; it was used applied later in the twelfth century for the Anglo-Normans.

Under the reign of the Franks' Kings Clovis I, Charles Martel, Pepin the Short, and Charlemagne, a country that included most of modern France and modern Germany was known as Kingdom of Franks or Francia. At the Treaty of Verdun in 843, the Frankish Empire was divided in three parts: West Francia ( Francia Occidentalis), Middle Francia and East Francia ( Francia Orientalis).

The rulers of Francia Orientalis, who soon claimed the imperial title and wanted to reunify the Frankish Empire, dropped the name Francia Orientalis and called their realm the Holy Roman Empire (see History of Germany). The kings of Francia Occidentalis successfully opposed this claim and managed to preserve Francia Occidentalis as an independent kingdom, distinct from the Holy Roman Empire. The Battle of Bouvines in 1214 definitively marked the end of the efforts by the Holy Roman Empire to reunify the old Frankish Empire by conquering France.

Since the name Francia Orientalis had disappeared, there arose the habit to refer to Francia Occidentalis as Francia only, from which the word France is derived. The French state has been in continuous existence since 843 (except for a brief interruption in 885-887), with an unbroken line of heads of states since the first king of Francia Occidentalis ( Charles the Bald) to the current president of the French Republic ( Emmanuel Macron). Notably, in German, France is still called Frankreich, which literally means " (empire) of the Franks". In order to distinguish it from the Frankish Empire of Charlemagne, France is called Frankreich, while the Frankish Empire is called Frankenreich.

The name of the Franks itself is said to come from the Proto-Germanic word * frankon which means " javelin, lance". Another proposed etymology is that Frank means "the free men", based on the fact that the word frank meant "free" in the ancient Germanic languages. However, rather than the ethnic name of the Franks coming from the word frank ("free"), it is more probable that the word frank ("free") comes from the ethnic name of the Franks, the connection being that only the Franks, as the conquering class, had the status of freemen.

In a tradition going back to the 7th-century Chronicle of Fredegar, the name of the Franks itself is taken from Francio, one of the Germanic kings of Sicambri, c. 61 BCE, whose dominion extended all along those lands immediately joining the west-bank of the Rhine River, as far as Strasbourg and Belgium. This nation is also explicitly mentioned by Julius Caesar in his Notebooks on the Gallic War (Commentarii de Bello Gallico).

The name of the former French currency, the franc, comes from the words engraved on the coins of the Frankish King, Rex Francorum, meaning "King of the Franks" or "Roi des Francs" in French.

In most of the Latin languages, France is known by the word "France" or any of its derivatives, for example Francia in Italian and Spanish.

In most of the Germanic languages, France is known as the historical "Land of the Franks", for example Frankreich ( Reich of the Franks) in German, Frankrijk ( Rijk of the Franks) in Dutch, Frankrike ( Rike of the Franks) in Swedish and Norwegian, Frankrig in Danish.

The name "France" (and its adjective "French") can have four different meanings which it is important to distinguish in order to avoid ambiguities. Its origin is the Germanic word "frank" which means "free" and is also a male name.

In a first meaning, "France" means the whole French Republic. In that case, "French" refers to the nationality, as it is written on the French ID card: "Nationalité : française".

The etymology and meaning of the word "France" and "French" have had strong bearings in the abolition of slavery and serfdom in France.

Indeed, in 1315, king Louis X issued an edict reaffirming that slavery was illegal in France by proclaiming that "France signifies freedom", that any slave setting foot on (metropolitan) French ground should be freed.

Centuries later, this decree served as the basis for a group of crusading lawyers at the parlement of Paris, many of whom were members of the Society of the Friends of the Blacks, winning unprecedented emancipation rights in a series of cases before the French revolution, which (temporarily) led to the complete abolition of slavery on French overseas territories and colonies in 1794 until Napoleon, propped up by the plantation lobbies, re-introduced slavery in sugarcane-growing colonies.

In a second meaning, "France" refers to metropolitan France only, meaning mainland France.

In a third meaning, "France" refers specifically to the province of Île-de-France (with Paris at its centre) which historically was the heart of the royal demesne. This meaning is found in some geographic names, such as French Brie ( Brie française) and French Vexin ( Vexin français). French Brie, the area where the famous Brie cheese is produced, is the part of Brie that was annexed to the royal demesne, as opposed to Champagne Brie ( Brie champenoise) which was annexed by Champagne. Likewise, French Vexin was the part of Vexin inside Île-de-France, as opposed to Norman Vexin ( Vexin normand) which was inside Normandy.

This meaning is also found in the name of the French language ( langue française), whose literal meaning is "language of Île-de-France". It is not until the 19th and 20th centuries that the language of Île-de-France indeed became the language of the whole country France. In modern French, the French language is called le français, while the old language of Île-de-France is called by the name applied to it according to a 19th-century theory on the origin of the French language - le francien.

In a fourth meaning, "France" refers only to the Pays de France, one of the many pays (Latin: pagi, singular pagus) of Île-de-France. French provinces are traditionally made up of several pays, which are the direct continuation of the pagi set up by the Roman administration during Antiquity. The province of Île-de-France is thus made up of several pays: Pays de France, Parisis, Hurepoix, French Vexin, and so on. Pays de France is the extremely fertile plain located immediately north of Paris which supported one of the most productive agriculture during the Middle Ages and was responsible for the tremendous wealth of the kingdom of France before the Hundred Years' War, making possible the emergence of the Gothic art and architecture which spread all over western Europe. Pays de France is also called Plaine de France (i.e. "Plain of France"). Its historic main town is Saint-Denis, where the first gothic cathedral in the world was built in the 12th century, and inside which the kings of France are buried. Pays de France is now almost entirely built up, being but the northern extension of the Paris suburbs.

This fourth meaning is found in many place names, such as the town of Roissy-en-France, on whose territory is located Charles de Gaulle Airport. The name of the town literally means "Roissy in the Pays de France", and not "Roissy in the country France". Another example of the use of France in this meaning is the new Stade de France, which was built near Saint-Denis for the 1998 Football World Cup. It was decided to call the stadium after the Pays de France, to give it a local touch. In particular, the mayor of Saint-Denis made it very clear that he wanted the new stadium to be a stadium of the northern suburbs of Paris and not just a national stadium which happens to be located in the northern suburbs. The name is intended to reflect this, although few French people know this story and the great majority associates it with the country's name.

In Hebrew, France is called צרפת‎ ( Tzarfat). In Māori, France is known as Wīwī, derived from the French phrase oui, oui (yes, yes). In Finnish, France is known as "Ranska", derived from the Swedish "Franska" ("French") but replacing the /fr-/ phoneme that is uncommon in Finnish with /r-/.

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Originally it applied to the whole Empire of the Franks, extending from southern France to eastern Germany. Modern France is still called Frankreich in German and similar names in some other Germanic languages (such as Frankrijk in Dutch), which means "Frank Reich", the Realm of the Franks.

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exotic taste

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This map in France

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This is the money in France

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Eifel tower