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ATP("Energy Currency")-ATP is made of slightly unstable covalent bonds between phosphate groups. The bonds are unstable because the phosphate groups are all negative. Breaking these bonds releases energy that is used to power other reactions in living things.

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Cyclic AMP- A intracellular messenger that carry's chemical signals.

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ATP- Transports energy within cells . Is a product of cellular respiration

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RNA- It is a copy of DNA and has ribose. RNA is single stranded. RNA's job is to carry genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm so that it can be read.

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DNA- It is made up of nucleotides and is double stranded.  DNA will contain deoxyribose. Found in chromosomes. DNA isa unique code for protein making. It is made of 2 nucleotide chains that twist to form a double helix.

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Nucleotides- Contain Nitrogen and Phosphate with C, O, H. Each nucleotide contains a 5-carbon sugar;either ribose, or deoxyribose. Will not have sulfur and has a phosphate group

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Monomer-Nucleotides
Polymers-DNA, RNA, Cyclic AMP, and ATP

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Functions of proteins- They act as enzymes, make up elastin, muscles, and organs, make up keratin(skin, hair, horns, feathers, etc.), albumin and casein, is hemoglobin which transports oxygen in blood, makes up hormones such as insulin, makes antibodies and poisons, and make channels in cell membrane for other molecules.

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Quaternary structure- Only happens in some Proteins. Happens when individual polypeptide chains are linked together. Each polypeptide change is called a subunit.

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Tertiary structure- Complex 3D structure.  Is determined by the environment the protein is in.  R-groups will bond with other R-groups through ionic, polar covalent, non polar covalent, H-bonds, or disulfide bridges.

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Alpha-helix- caused by hydrogen bonds that form between -C=O of carboxyl and -NH2 of the same peptide.
Beta-pleaded sheet- Repeated folds when a peptide folds on itself and H-bonds form when the folds sit parallel to one another.

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Secondary structure- The secondary structure is formed from hydrogen bonds between the amino and carboxyl group to create a aplha-helix or a beta-pleaded sheet.

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Primary structure- The sequence of amino acids and what connects them(peptide bonds).

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Disulfide bridges- They link together different polypeptides or connect different parts of the same protein. This bonds happen between the sulfur atoms of two cysteine amino acids. These bonds cause proteins to bend and fold.

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How are amino acids joined(peptide bonds and disulfide bridges).

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Peptide bonds-Amino acids are joined together through peptide bonds.  A peptide bond is a bond between the nitrogen of one amino acids amino group and the carbon of a different amino acids carboxyl group.  This process happens through dehydration synthesis.

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Polypeptide- More than 50 amino acids joined together.  Proteins can be made up of one or more connected polypeptide chains giving them a large range of possible forms.

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Peptide- 2-50 amino acids joined together.

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Amino acid- There are 20 different amino acids that are commonly found in living things. Amino acid are made up of a central carbon with a polar and basic amino, a single hydrogen atom, a polar and acidic carboxyl and a R-group connected to the Carbon. The R-group is what gives each amino acid there individual characteristics and properties.

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Structures(primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures). The structure and function of a protein is determined by DNA

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Denaturation- Occurs when the secondary or tertiary structures of a protein have been altered and cause the protein to not function properly. Can be temporary or permanent. Is caused by temperature, salinity, or pH changes.

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Monomer/polymers-
Monomer-amino acid
Polymers-peptide and polypeptide

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Functions-  Long term energy storage, can act as a waterproof covering(waxes), the main component of cell/plasma membrane(phospholipids),and can act as hormones(steroids).

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Cholesterol is a steroid essential for cell membranes of animals making other steroids like estrogen and testosterone, and synthesis of bile.

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Fused-ring(Steroids)- Made up of 4 fused-rings of carbon with different functional groups. Steroids are nonpolar. Different steroids are hormones, holesterol, vitamin D, and cortisone.

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Starch-

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This structure allows the cell membrane to form with nonpolar tails facing inward and the polar head facing outward

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One half of the phospholipid is nonpolar because of the fatty acid chains(tail) and the other half is polar because of the Phosphate-Nitrogen group(head).

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Phospholipids- Very similar to oils expect that phospholipids have phosphate group in place on one fatty acid chain.

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Waxes- Waxes are not a food source.  Our bodies and most animals bodies cannot break waxes down because we do not have enzymes capable to do so.  They are solid at room temperature.  Waxes act as a waterproof covering for many animals.

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Hydrogenated oils(trans fat)- Hydrogenated oils are created by breaking the double fatty acid bonds in oils and changing the shape of the molecule to a zigzag shape. Trans fats are solid at room temperature. Our bodies cannot digest trans fat because it is not natural so it causes a increase in bad cholesterol and a decrease in good cholesterol.

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Oils- Oils come from plant seeds and are unsaturated. This means they have double bonds which produce kinks in the molecule keeping them liquid at room tempature

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Fats- Most fats come from animals and are saturated. Saturated means they contain no double bonds and are saturated with H. Fats can fit together to from solids.

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Oils Fats and Waxes continued- Oils fats, and waxes are the bodies second choice to use energy. They have 2x the amount of calories that carbs have and are very good for long time energy storage

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Oils, Fats, and waxes- They are contain C, H, and O(very little O) in very similar structures.  Oils, fats, and waxes contain fatty acid subunits which are long chains of C and H which a carboxyl at the end.  Fats and oils are triglycerides which are 3 fatty acid subunits and 1 glycerol.

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Lipids are nonpolar and not true macromolecules.   They contain large areas of C-H bonds which are nonpolar and make lipids hydrophobic.  Because lipids and cell membrane are both nonpolar, lipids can easily enter the cell membrane. Lipids are joined through ester bonds which are bonds between a glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains.

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Monomers/polymers:
-Oils fats, and waxes
-Phospholipids
-Fused-ring(Steroids)

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The carb cellulose is found in the cell walls of plants, fungi, bacteria, cornea of the eye and joint fluid. The cellulose helps with the support of these cell walls. Chitin which is also a carb strengthens the external skeletons of insects and crabs.

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Carbs are used as an energy source. Short term energy is used from disaccharides commonly found in plants. Carbs are used as a long term energy storage in plants(starch). They can also be used from quick energy with can be optained through hydrolisis of om

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Functions

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Polysaccharides are when more than two rings are joined together. Ex: Starch, glycogen

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Disaccharides are two rings the are joined through dehydration synthesis.  Ex: Sucrose, Lactose

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Polymer: Disaccharides and Polysaccharides

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Monomer: monosaccharide-A monosaccharide is a single ring of C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio. Ex:Glucose, Fructose

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monomers/polymers: Carbs are either simple sugar(monomers) or complex sugars(polymers).

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Carbs are made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.  Carbs are formed in a ring structure with this ratio.  The function of the carb depends on the structure