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The presence in or introduction into the air of a substance which has harmful or poisonous effects.

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Here are sources of the Primary Pollutants : -Photochemical Smog
-Mobile sources (such as automobiles) are the largest sources of CO to the atmosphere.
-Stationary industrial sources are the largest source of particulate matter (PM).
-ROGs seem to be shared between the stationary and mobile sources.

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Hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) combine in the presence of sunlight; NO2, which is formed as NO combines with oxygen in the air; and acid rain, which is formed when sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxides react with water.

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Major Air Pollutants and how they are measured  

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Major Air Pollutants and how they are measured  

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Carbon monoxide, lead, ground-level ozone, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide. (Parts per million) 1 ppm means every 999,999 particles of air there is 1 particle of pollutant Others: ppb or nano: parts per billion ppt or pico: parts per trillion.

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Sunlight combined with air pollution creates ground-level smog. Smog can trigger breathing and cardiovascular problems among allergy and asthma sufferers, but for anyone, the EPA says, breathing ozone may cause you to get a sunburn on your lungs.

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What is a temperature inversions and heat islands? 

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What is a temperature inversions and heat islands? 

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A temperature inversion is a temperature increase as altitude increases in the troposphere. A heat island is a city area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities.

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When nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as xylene, have a reaction when the presence of sunlight is near in the atmosphere. Ground-level or "bad" ozone is an air pollutant that is harmful to breathe and it damages crops, trees, and other vegetation.

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Since temperatures and carbon dioxide levels, plants produce: more pollen, and that can cause triggers rashes, respiratory problems, and other illnesses in people with asthma and allergies.

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Possible effects of acid deposition on soil, water, and living organisms

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Possible effects of acid deposition on soil, water, and living organisms

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1. Soil: Some organisms cannot tolerate the change in their pH level. Reduce the population of soil microorganisms. An increase in acidity leads to accelerated leaching of calcium. Acid rain leaches aluminum from the soil. Leaching is the process of ions being washed deeper into the subsoil or washed out of the top soil. That aluminum may be harmful to plants as well as animals. Acid rain also removes minerals and nutrients from the soil that trees need to grow.

2. Water: Damage organisms. Build up of mucus (a gummy substance found in plants) on fish gills and death from lack of oxygen. Eutrophication is excessive amounts of nutrients in a lake or other body of water, frequently due to runoff from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life and death of animal life from lack of oxygen.

3. Living Organisms: Damages tree leaves. Trees uptake toxic aluminum ions from soils. Reduced ability to carry out photosynthesis. Dead or dying trees are common in areas affected by acid rain.

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Pollution management strategies for acid deposition

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Pollution management strategies for acid deposition

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Cause | Cars, buses, and taxis | Reduce Demand for private cars through public transport | Promote cycle and bus lanes | Restrictions and tolls for car entry to urban areas | Promote cleaner fuels and hybrid or electrical models

Electricity | Alternative energy for power generation | Reduce total demand through awareness raising | Reduce demand through better energy conservation
Release and transfer | Car, buses and taxis | Monitor and regulate exhaust emissions
Electricity and industry | Use cleaner fuels | Clean up acidified emission by using limestone scrubbers
Effects | Soils | Liming of Soil to reduce acidity
Water | Monitoring of plankton indicator species to gauge recovery
Living organisms | Captive breeding of endangered species

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Air Pollution Remediation and Reduction Strategies:

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Air Pollution Remediation and Reduction Strategies:

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1. Emphasizing tax incentives for pollution control rather than fines and penalties
2. Setting legislative standards for energy efficiency
3. Increasing funding for research into renewable energy resources
4. Incorporating incentives for reducing air pollution into trade policies 5. Distributing solar cook stoves to developing countries to replace coal and firewood
6. Phasing out two-cycle gasoline engines
7. For issues involving SBS
a. Modify building codes to control materials used in construction
b. Replace and repair areas that have received water damage to control for mold
c. Use paints, adhesives, solvents, cleaning products, and pesticides in well-ventilated areas and during non- occupancy
d. Increase the number of complete air exchanges in buildings e. Ensure proper maintenance of HVAC systems
8. Providing incentives to use mass transit.

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Why is the effect of acid deposition regional rather than global?

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Why is the effect of acid deposition regional rather than global?

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Acid deposition falls back to Earth rather than entering the stratospheric jet stream. Most areas are downwind of pollution sources. Canadian forests damaged by coal-fired power plants in the USA. Scandinavian and German forests damaged by British coal plants.

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The Clean Air Acts and other relevant laws, and what they were designed to be

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The Clean Air Acts and other relevant laws, and what they were designed to be

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Clean Air Act (1963) Designed to control pollution on a national level Act has been amended in 1967, 1977, 1990 Requires EPA to design and enforce regulations to protect the public from airborne contaminants Required comprehensive federal and state regulations for both stationary and mobile sources of pollution Expanded federal enforcement authority Addressed acid rain, ozone depletion, and toxic air pollution Established new gasoline reformulation requirements 1 st major environmental law to include provisions for citizen law suits

33 Clean Air Act (1963) is responsible for: Estimates responsible for: Saving 15,000 lives per year Reducing bronchitis by 60,000 cases each year Reducing respiratory related illnesses by 9,000 cases each year Pollutant Changes Pollutant% Change Pb (lead)-98% VOC-42% SO 2 -37% CO-31% NO x +17% PM %

34 Relevant laws Air Pollution Control Act (1955) 1 st legislation regarding air pollution Identified air pollution as a national problem Announced research and additional steps were necessary Basically meant to make public aware of problem National Environmental Policy Act (1970) Created EPA Mandated the creation of Environmental Impact Statements

35 Relevant laws Montreal Protocol (1989) Agreement among nations to phase out chemicals that damage the ozone layer Pollution Prevention Act (1990) Requires industry to reduce pollution at its source Reduction can be in terms of volume and/or toxicity

36 Kyoto Protocol (1997 and 2001) An agreement among 150 nations requiring greenhouse gas reductions Would have required a 7% decrease in greenhouse gas emissions compare to 1990 levels over a 5 year period US felt protocol held developed and developing countries to different standards Concerned the costs were too high and time frame too short; climate change deniers 2012: Canada, Japan, and Russia joined the US saying they would not sign an agreement unless unbalanced requirements for developed and developing countries were changed

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Acid deposition can be either wet or dry: Wet deposition includes the following :acidic rain, snow, or other precipitation, while dry deposition includes: acidic gas or dry particles, not mixed with water. Pollutants can also be classified as either primary or secondary. Primary pollutants - those directly given out by many factories or automobiles, which include (SO2) sulfur dioxide (NO and NO2), usually identified as NOx. Secondary pollutants - primary pollutants react with other substances in the atmosphere and create different pollutants, (H2SO3)sulfurous acid, (H2SO4) sulfuric acid and (HNO3) nitric acid.