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Hitler becomes leader of the Nazi Party. 

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Hitler becomes leader of the Nazi Party. 

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Adolf Hitler threatens to resign from the Nazi Party in Germany. He stays only when members agree to make him its official leader.

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Inventor John Logie Baird of Scotland demonstrates a machine that sends moving images over airwaves. He calls his machine a televisor.

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Walt Disney releases Steamboat Willie, his first cartoon with synchronized sound. Mickey is voiced by Disney himself.

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Fifteen nations, including the United States, sign the Kellogg-Briand pact "outlawing" war.

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Al Jolson's The Jazz Singer, the first "talking" motion picture, premieres, marking the beginning of the end of the silent film era.

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Aviator Charles Lindbergh completes the first solo transatlantic flight, landing his Spirit of Saint Louis in Paris.

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4,400 KKK men march on Washington, their white-hooded procession filling Pennsylvania Avenue.

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John Scopes, Tennessee school teacher is arrested for teaching evolution after new state law banning the teaching of Darwin - "Scopes Monkey Trial"

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F. Scott Fitzgerald publishes The Great Gatzby, marking the coming of the influence of literature.

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Congress passes the Fordney-McCumber Tariff that raises tariff duties to protect American Market and Germany is burdened by reparation payments imposed by Treaty of Versailles, suffering through hyperinflation

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Baseball's World Series is first broadcasting, illuminating the impact of radio and advancement in technology.

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Immigrant Italian radicals, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti eventually convicted of murder and executed - causing great controversy whether they were framed or not.

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Congress passes a restriction for immigrants for the first time creating a quota for European immigration to the United States

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19th amendment is ratified, granting women the right to vote.

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Black nationalist leader, Marcus Garvey, a Jamaican immigrant, convenes the first International Convention of the Negro Peoples of the World

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The Senate refuses to ratify the Versailles Treaty of the US participation in the League of Nations.

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Launching a period of intense government persecution of radical political dissidents.

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Diplomats representing the nations of World War I sign the Treat of Versailles, promising to sustain peace.

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Local trade unionists in Seattle working with the American Fed. of Labor and the Industrial Workers of the World organize a general strike, halting economic activity for five days.

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Congress ratifies the 18th amendment, prohibiting the sale of alcohol anywhere - marking the beginning of the Prohibition period.

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Germany and the Allies sign an armistice to end the fighting in World War I.

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American stock market collapses, signaling the onset of the Great Depression.

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Saint Valentine's Day Massacre, the single bloodiest incident between rival Chicago mobsters fighting to control the lucrative bootlegging trade

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Motion pictures, or what we know now as movies,  were part of a the growth of mass consumer culture that emerged in the 1920s. They helped highlight the idea of fame and celebrity, like Douglas Fairbanks, Charlie Chaplin, Greta Garbo, etc. Movies were able to harden a deeper belief of the time of self-love, as individuals were able to look at the screen, grow desires and make wishes upon it, and even find themselves in it. Since they were able to be consumed by people at large, it helped feed the belief that the 1920s was a decade of self glorification and projection of self. The Jazz Singer, which was the first feature length motion picture that had synchronized sound, it practically revolutionized the industry.

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Al Jolson sings in the 1st-ever Talkie "The Jazz Singer" .mpg

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"I want to be remembered as someone who used herself and anything she could touch to work for justice and freedom... I want to be remembered as the one who tried." - Dorothy Height.

I chose this quote because it shows how women of the era had significantly gone through such drastic change in both government and voice. They had finally gained suffrage and independence, marking a new life for the future generation of women.

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In this broadcast, they are announcing the winner of the presidential race in 1920. The introduction of the radio into American society in the 1920s made news, music, and entertainment accessible to the masses. It also helped unify Americans, as radio helped bring out social, political, and economical boundaries. Most headlines included news, sports, and advertisements and the sudden accessibility stimulated economic growth in technology as consumer demands for radios soared.

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Nov 2, 1920: First Commercial Radio Broadcast in the U.S.

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Bessie Smith's - Down Hearted Blues is about her loving a man who doesn't love her back. She is devastated, heart broken, and feels that her life is full of trouble. This song shows how women, even african american women in the 1920s were now able to have a voice and state how they feel through music, which was once thought only to be performed by high white supremacy.

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Charles A. Lindbergh rose to fame by piloting his monoplane, the Spirit of St. Louis, on the first nonstop flight from New York to Paris in 1927. After enduring a three-year ordeal involving the kidnapping of their first born son, him and his wife, Anne Morrow, chose to flee the country making them national icons. He was the first man to successfully fly an airplane across the Atlantic Ocean and helped make Missouri a leader in the developing world of aviation. His flights gave hope and an interest in aviation to the people of American and it was something to show off to the rest of the world. Besides that, his family's private matter became famour and in response to his son's kidnap and murder, Congress passed the "Lindbergh Law" making kidnapping a federal offense under certain circumstances.

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Charles Lindbergh - From New York to Paris 1927

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Charles Lindbergh's solo flight across the Atlantic on May 20-21, 1927 is seen as one of the most important events of the 20th century, but memories have dimmed and, in an age when jet airplanes routinely cross the Atlantic Ocean with hundreds of passengers, we have lost sight of its significance.

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After gainning women's suffrage, equality, and independence, a new culture formed: FLAPPERS were northern, urban, single, young, middle-class women. Although their day jobs called them on operating machines, clerking jobs, and the sales floor, at night, they just wanted to have fun. They went to illegal night clubs that sold alcohol, or speakeasies. They acquired the same care free attitude as males and started smoking. They  cut their hair to shoulder length, trimmed their dresses to their knees, wore high heels, and put on loads of make up.

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William "Big Bill" Tilden dominated men's tennis in the 1920's. His dramatic playing style attracted public attention to a sport that had often been regarded as snobbish and boring. For six consecutive years he won the U.S. Championship, from 1920 through 1925, and again, at the age of thirty-six, in 1929. On the 3rd of July, 1920 Tilden became the first American to win the men's singles title at Wimbledon, which he succesfully defended the following year, and which he regained in 1930.

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This political cartoon by Rollin Kirby (1875 - 1952) was published in the New York World, a popular news publication in the twenties, shortly after prohibition began in January 16th 1919.  In “Merry Christmas” Kirby shows Mr. Dry, a character he invented himself to mock prohibition, spraying Santa in the face with alcohol. The title suggests this was a way of sarcastically saying “Merry Christmas” to Americans, many of whom opposed prohibition, because the law was passed shortly after the holidays.  “Merry Christmas” was satirizing the prohibition movement and was meant to be laughed at by Americans who would most likely agree bitterly with the portrayal. They would agree because it was true that this act was a slap in the face of most Americans who thought of drinking as a common part of life but they would be bitter because even though the cartoon expressed the opinions of most, it did not change the fact that alcohol was illegal to make and sell

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The 1920-1921 depression was marked by extraordinarily large price decreases. Consumer prices fell 11.3 percent from 1920 to 1921 and fell another 6.6 percent from 1921 to 1922. After that consumer prices were relatively constant and actually fell slightly from 1926 to 1927 and from 1927 to 1928. Wholesale prices show greater variation. The 1920-1921 depression hit farmers very hard. Prices had been bid up with the increasing foreign demand during the First World War. As European production began to recover after the war prices began to fall. Though the prices of agricultural products fell from 1919 to 1920, the depression brought on dramatic declines in the prices of raw agricultural produce as well as many other inputs that firms employ.

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Working as an engineer for the Edison Illuminating Company in Detroit, Henry Ford built the first gasoline-powered horseless carriage, the Quadricycle, in the shed at his home. He established the Ford Motor Company in 1903 and soon then created the first Model T from Ford. Ford highly influenced an overwhelming demand for revolutionary vehicles, introducing revolutionary mass-production methods. He was enormously influential in the industrial world, in which he outspoken the political realm; he drew controversy for his pacifist stance and earned widespread criticism for his anti-Semitic views and writings. Because of the wage raise to his costumers to $5 a day, other industrialists called him a "traitor to his class," however he still believed that well-paid workers would put up with dull work, be loyal, and buy his cars.

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President of the United States from 1923 to 1929, Calvin Coolidge was known for his "quiet demeanor" that gave him his nickname "Silent Cal." He was born in Plymouth Notch, Vermont in 1872, and rose through the ranks of Massachusetts government as a Progressive Republican. He is famous for this quote, "The man who builds a factory builds a temple; the man who works there worships there, and to each is due, not scorn or blame, but reverence and praise," which portrays the America's overconfidence towards business and how they put great value on businessmen. In the 20s the relationship between the government and the businessmen were fairly unbalanced, because the businessmen had a stronger influence on the people at this time considering that most jobs were solely based on businesses and factory workers.

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In 1899 in Brooklyn, New York, Al Capone, also nicknamed Scarface, was born to immigrant parents and went on in American history to be the most infamous gangster. During the heigh of Prohibition, Capone's multi-million dollar Chicago operation in bootlegging, prostitution, and gambling dominated. He was responsible for many brutal acts of violence, like the famous St. Valentine's Day Massacre. Because of his charm and charitable characteristics, and since he was powerful and vicious as well, he became an iconic figure of the successful American gangster.

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Compared to the two presidents before him, Coolidge and Harding, all three presidents were republicans. Many blamed Hoover for the Great Depression of 1929, but in reality, it was also the work of the previous presidents before him that are also major contributors.  Hoover formed a new alliance between business and government,  and when the Great Depression Began, Hoover did not stand idly by. To fight the rapidly worsening depression, Hoover extended the size and scope of the federal government in six major areas: (1) federal spending, (2) agriculture, (3) wage policy, (4) immigration, (5) international trade, and (6) tax policy. In comparison to Hoover, Coolidge believed that the nation needed fewer programs while Hoover created multiple programs for the sake of solving the Great Depression. All three presidents focused on cutting taxes and raising tariffs.

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H igh Tariffs
A nti Union
L aissez Faire
T ricle Down Policies

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Because of the ratification of the 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, in which banned the manufacture, transportation, and sale of intoxicating liquors, it marked the period of history known as Prohibition. After a widespread of temperance movements during the first decade of the 20th century, Prohibition was difficult to enforce. Now there was a increase of illegal production and sale of liquor, illegal drinking spots, and an accompanying rise in gang violence and other crimes led to waning support fro Prohibition by the end of the 1920s.

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When Darwin announced his theory that humans had descended from apes, he sent shocks throughout the Western world. After this was declared, churches in America debates whether or not to accept the finding of modern science and by the 1920s, most were able to reconcile with Darwin's theory however some preferred a stricter interpretation. In 1925, the Tennessee legislature passed the Butler Law that forbade the teaching of Darwin's theory of evolution in any public school or university, leading to the American Civil Liberties Union leading a charge of evolution's supporters. John T. Scopes, a science teacher and football teacher, accepted the challenge to any Tennessee teacher willing to fight the law in court. He read a part of the the textbook, Hunter's Civic Biology, that included the evolution of humankind and Darwin's theory of natural selection; he was then arrested and a trial date was set. This trial created a media circus and was a complete showdown between Darwinism and fundamentalism; it had an immediate impact on public schools and highlighted the growing fundamentalist movement, as well as the changing American culture.

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In 1924, the National Origins Act, which was seen as a discriminatory immigration law, was passed by the Congress that restricted immigration of Southern, Eastern Europeans, Asians, and other nonwhites from entering into the United States. This act drastically lowered the annual quota of immigration from roughly around 358,000 to 164,000; also tightening the 1921 quote system by setting them at 2% of each national group residing in the Americas.

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22. Harding's Conservative Economic Agenda

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22. Harding's Conservative Economic Agenda

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Harding cut federal spending, lowered taxes, and began paying off the wartime national debt. He restored prosperity by 1921, opening a decade of rapid growth known as the Roaring 20s.  Warren Harding followed a predominantly pro-business, conservative Republican agenda. Taxes were reduced, particularly for corporations and wealthy individuals; high protective tariffs were enacted; and immigration was limited. Harding signed the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921, which streamlined the federal budget system and established the General Accounting Office to audit government expenditures.

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-  A "Return To Normalcy" was US Presidential Candidate Warren G. Harding's Promise in his 1920 election. Harding's promise was to return the United States prewar mentality, without the thought of war tainting the minds of the American people and to return to Big Business. To sum it up, he states that "America's present need is not heroics, but healing; not nostrums, but normalcy; not revolution, but restoration; not agitation, but adjustment; not surgery, but serenity; not the dramatic, but the dispassionate; not experiment, but equipoise; not submergence in internationality, but sustainment in triumphant nationality." He also succeeded by promising to end the highly emotional debates of the Wilson years, and promising realism instead of idealism in foreign policy.

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The "Lost Generation"  (post world war 1 generation) refers specifically to ex-patriot writers who left the United States to take part in the literary culture of cities such as Paris and London during the 1920s. This group, including Stein, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, and T. S. Eliot, was skeptical about out-moded traditional forms of literary and artistic work, but optimistic about the potential of new forms. Its members were prolific writers and many produced classics. The term stems from a remark made by Gertrude Stein to Ernest Hemingway, “You are all a lost generation.” Hemingway used it as an epigraph to 'The Sun Also Rises' (1926), a novel that captures the attitudes of a hard-drinking, fast-living set of disillusioned young expatriates in postwar Paris. They were lost in that the values that its members were being taught didn't fit the reality of life after the brutal and horrifying World War I. The group of writers who moved to Paris believed that America was intolerant, materialistic, and unspiritual. They helped to establish many of the styles and themes that are still used in literature today. They favored youthful idealism, love affairs,  drinking, the meaning of life,  and rejected modern american materialism.

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The Harlem Renaissance was a literary, artistic, and intellectual movement that kindled a new black cultural identity. After the Great Migration to the North, African Americans found each other and their shared experiences  or problems in their past histories, leading to a new prideful  rebirth in African American culture: The Harlem Renaissance. Some major contributors include Aaron Douglas, who was a notable artist during the Harlem Renaissance. He produced illustrations for both The Crisis and Opportunity, the two most important magazines associated with the Harlem Renaissance. Then there was Charles Henry Alston, who was an African-American painter, sculptor, illustrator, muralist, and teacher who lived and worked in Harlem. Alston was the first African-American supervisor for the Works Progress Administration's Federal Art Project. Jacob Lawrence was an African-American painter who is among the best-known 20th-century African-American painters. His use of black and brown juxtaposed with vivid colors to brought African American experience to life.

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The KKK was founded in 1866 by ex-Confederate soldiers and other southerners who were opposed to Reconstruction after the Civil War. Colonel William Joseph Simmons revived the Klan after seeing the D.W. Griffith's film "Birth of a Nation" in which portrayed the Klansmen as heroes. Their core belief is to restore America back to being a white, Christian nation free from drugs, homosexuality, immigration, and race-mixing with extreme pride.

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The creation of Jazz Music created social change and broke down social inequalities and racism. Although it brought people together, it also created division and racial attitudes. It was played in speakeasies which were illegal clubs that sold banned alcohol, making it appear as a huge problem. In addition, music was believed to be only for the highest of the white society, and since the lowest class brought Jazz, many wanted it to be banned, but it soon became popular all around the world. Some famous artists include Kid Ory: a famous jazz trombone player on high demand in the 1920s, The King Oliver jazz band was the most popular in the 1920s, and Bix Beiderbeck who was the most famour trumpet player in the 1920s.

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The Palmer Raids were attacks on Socialists, Communists and immigrants from 1918-1921, named after U.S. Attorney, Alexander Mitchell Palmer, stirring a storm of anti-communist sentiment in the public.

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My documentary on the Palmer Raids. Enjoy!

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Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, who were Italian immigrants and anarchists, were executed for murder by state of Massachusetts in 1921 on the basis of "doubtful ballistics evidence." In most cases, Sacco and Vanzetti were convicted because of their political beliefs and ethnic background illuminating the miscarriage of justice in American legal history. Their trial aroused intense controversy due to the fact that it was widely believed that the evidence against the men were flimsy, and that they were being prosecuted for their immigrant background and their radical political beliefs.

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Founded by Alice Paul in 1917. Fought for women's suffrage. They had colorful parades and nonviolent protests, but the brutal attacks against them (making them starve, arresting them, putting them in jail, and tearing their banners) gave them enormous public support. In 1920, the 19th amendment was passed, allowing for women's suffrage. In 1922, she wrote the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), to win full equality for all women. It was passed by congress in 1972, but still three states short to ratification today.

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After WWI, America was hit with nationwide labor strike from 1919-1921. The battle between industrial workers who demanded higher wages and the capital roared throughout the streaks, creating anger and fear of the postwar unrest and strike-induced product shortages in the general public.

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The sexual revolution of the 1920s challenged the traditional sexual behavior by changing the way people would talk and act such as college aged students drinking illegal liquor, making new sexually suggestive dances, and throwing raucous parties. Dr.Sigmund Freud stresses the importance of sexual drive, infantile sexuality, and sexual energy, saying that it is something that needs to be explored. Margaret Sanger believed that for complete woman independence and the ability to "explore" like Sigmund had said, is to create woman's birth control so that they would not have to fear having a child.

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In the 1920's, Americanism was mostly promoted by the Klu Klux Klan, who advocated white supremacy above all other races. The definition of Americanism according scholars is this ideology of  "an articulation of the nation's rightful place in the world, a set of traditions, a political language, and a cultural style imbued with political meaning." In saying that, the Klu Klux Klan devoted themselves to "keeping their place" that they believed was rightfully theirs which lead to their underground campaign of violence against Republican leaders and voters to reverse the policies of Radical Reconstruction and to restore white supremacy.