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World's Smartest Dog
Chaser + Dogs Emotional Association

-What is learning?:
Learning is the way that we acquire

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Variable (Random)
Fixed (Set)
Ratio (Number)
Interval (Time)
Continuous (Every Time)
Intermittent (Random Response Rate)

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5 schedules of reinforcement

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-Ex: Unscramble - CINERAMA
-AMERICAN

Martin Seligman (& Maier)
-Support the theory that our perceptions of power and control are learned from experience
-Teaching animals to be helpless:
-Dogs who "learned" that they could not stop the shocks they were receiving did not bother to try escaping in a separate test where the shocks could be stopped

Albert Bandura:
-Observational Learning

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Behaviorism Presenations

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CS+US - Acquisition
CS but no US- First Extinction Period
Rest Period- no reaction to the CS (is now same as UCS)
Spontaneous Recovery- When in the future, the extinct stimulus suddenly returns and causes a CR
UCS->UCR
CS+UCS->UCR
CS->CR
Watson:
UCS- Rat
CS-Loud Noise(causes fear/CR)
UCR -Curiosity
CR- Fear

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Classical Conditioning
-Purpose was to disprove the assumption that fears are caused by Freud's psychoanalytical  perspective. Used classical conditioning to make an infant to associate fear with small white/furry things
Rat/Rabbit/Furry thing
Separately, loud noise
then: Rabbit->loud noise->fear and crying
Rabbit->fear and crying
Generalization: Albert became afraid of other stimuli that were similar to the rat/rabbit

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-John Garcia
-See if a subject will continue to repeat an action if they associate a negative consequence with it (Classical Conditioning)
-Even if a stimulus has no direct negative consequence, if a person/animal experienced something negative soon after the initial stimulus, they will then associate the previously neutral stimulus with the negative reaction
Ex. rat drinks saccharine->x-irradiation->Nausea->3 days later the rats do not drink the saccharine because they associate the drink with their nausea
Instinctive Readiness to Learn: instinctive tendencies to learn some things
Chemotherapy patients and ice cream flavors: the body associates the flavor with the nausea caused by chemo
-Learning to speak ("innate" task) vs. learning to read ("acquired" task)

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Behaviorism Presentations

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B.F. Skinner/ Skinner Box/ Operant Chamber

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B.F. Skinner/ Skinner Box/ Operant Chamber

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Each time a rat in the Box would press a lever, food would come out
-Skinner's intent was to study how long it would take for a rat (or pigeon) to realize that there was an association between the lever and the food
Results:
After the response, there was a higher rate of occurrence
-if rat wanted more food, the lever was pressed
-Operant Conditioning: If a response (the operant) is followed by a reinforcing stimulus, response strength is increased
-Schedules of Reinforcement
-When reinforcement is made available to the subject or participant only some of the time
-Fixed Ratio: Every "nth" response is reinforced
-Variable Ratio: The response is randomly reinforced

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-Response is gradually strengthened by reward
-Law of Effect- if a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence, its connection to the situation is weakened, and if there is a positive consequence, the connection is strengthened
-Law of Exercise- The more often a response occurs in a situation, the more strongly it is connected to that situation

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Behaviorism Presentations

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4 Methods of Learning:
Trial and Error: If first you don't succeed
Operant Conditioning:  Behaviors have consequences
Classical Conditioning: Associative learning
Observational Learning (Modeling): Monkey see, monkey do
Positive Punishment: add a punishment
Negative Punishment: take something away
Positive Reinforcement: Add something to increase behavior
Negative Reinforcement: Increase behavior by trying to remove an un

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I can: apply behavior modification
Behaviors We Wish We Could Change
-People chewing with their mouth open: I would use some form of positive reinforcement, such as gum, candy, verbal praise, etc in order to reinforce the behavior
-My dad and sister argue because they can never admit they're wrong: I would and have been paying less and less attention to their arguing.