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Experienced emotion
10 basic emotions:( joy, excitement, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, and guilt)
-Any emotion is some combination of feeling good versus bad, and of being aroused and energized or not.
Anger
-Anger is most evoked by misdeeds that we interpret as willful, unjustified, and avoidable. Smaller frustrations and blameless annoyances can also trigger anger
Catharsis: releasing aggressive energy through action or fantasies
Emotional catharsis may be temporarily calming, but in the long run it does not reduce anger. Rehearsing anger can make us more angry.
-Controlled assertions of feelings may resolve conflicts and forgiveness may rid us of angry feelings
Happiness
happiness doesn't just feel good, it does good.
Feel-good-do-good phenomenon: people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood.
subjective well being: positive psychology; our feelings of happiness (sometimes defined as a high ratio of positive to negative feelings) or sense of satisfaction with life.
The short life of emotional ups and downs
-we overestimate the duration of our emotions and underestimate our resiliency and capacity to adapt.
wealth and well being
-In most countries, especially poor countries, individuals with lots of money are typically happier than those who struggle to afford life's basic needs.
-People in rich countries also experience greater well-being than those in poor countries. The same is true for those in higher income American states
-Economic growth in affluent countries has provided no apparent boost to morale or social well-being.
Adaption and Comparison
-these psychological principles explain why (for those who are not poor) more money buys little more than a temporary surge of happiness and why our emotions seem attached to elastic bands that pull us back from highs or lows
Adaptation- level phenomenon (Happiness is relative to our own success):
describes our tendency to judge various stimuli in comparison with our past experiences
Relative deprivation (Happiness is relative to others success): the concept that we are worse off relative to those whom we compare ourselves
-some individuals seem genetically predisposed to be happier than others. Cultures, which vary in the traits they value and the behaviors they expect and reward, also influence personal levels of happiness
HOW TO BE HAPPIER
1.realize that enduring happiness may not come from financial success
2.Take control of your time
3.Act Happy
4.Seek work and leisure that engage your skills
5. Give your body the sleep it wants
6.Give priority to close relationships
7. Focus beyond yourself
8.Count your blessings and record your gratitude
9.Nurture your spiritual self

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Sexual Motivation:
Nature's clever way of making people procreate, thus enabling our species survival
-William Masters and Virginia Johnson
Sexual response cycle

excitement stage: Male and female genital area become engorged with blood and vagina expands

Plateau phase: excitement peaks as breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates continue to increase

Orgasm: contractions all over the body

resolution stage: male enters a refractory period where where he is incapable of another orgasm for a few minutes to a day or more.

Sexual dysfunctions: problems that consistently impair sexual arousal or functioning.
(for men erectile disorder and premature ejaculation)
(for female the problem may be pain or female orgasmic disorder)
paraphilias
A person experiences distress from their unusual sexual interest or the sexual desire or behavior entails harm or risk of harm to others
The Psychology of Sex
-The female estrogen and the Male testosterone hormones influence human sexual behavior in other species. Short-term shifts in testosterone level are normal in men, partly in response to stimulation -External stimuli can trigger sexual arousal in both men and women, although the activated brain areas differ somewhat men respond more specifically to sexual depictions involving their preferred sex
sexually explicit material may lead people to perceive their partners as comparatively less appealing and to devalue their relationships. Imagined stimuli (dreams and fantasies also influence sexual arousal
Refractory Period: a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm for a few minutes, to a day, or more

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Adaptive-level Phenomenon: Ability to form judgements of sounds, lights, based on prior experience
Izard theory: 10 basic emotions, cross-cultural, present, in infancy, all other emotions are a combination of the original 10. 6 basic are jot anger disgust surprise sadness fear
Ekman's theory: Facial muscles are used to indicate emotion and are universal.
Genuine smile (duchenne smile)

closed eyes

crows feet

lower teeth covered by lips

Standard smile

open eyes

less pronounced crows feet

and lower teeth exposed

Yerkes Dodson theory: Optimum stress necessary for optimum performance

too much stress=bad
too little=bad
right amount= positive/optimal performance
learned Motives
-form of social motives but learned through modeling/ observation of others
1. Aggression:
-intent to inflict harm or pain
-Connection to learned helplessness
2. Achievement
-Need to excel or overcome
-Highly motivated children and upbringing "Early Independence and Encouragement"
-Emotional and Cognitive Roots
Stimulus Motives
Unlearned Motives that Encourage exploration of World.
(Used to obtain information on the world even when bored)
-what do you ponder?
-What is your activity level?

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Hunger Motivation
motives matter
-active motives can hijack our consciousness
The Physiology of Hunger
-the pangs of an empty stomach are the source of hunger
Body chemistry and the Brain
-the body is keeping tabs on the energy it takes in and the energy it uses.
-blood sugar glucose is a major source of energy in the body
-integrate hunger messages by neural signals these signals includes areas that influence eating  (one is the neural arc (arcuate nucleus) has a center that influence eating and another area that secretes eating.
-blood vessels supply the hypothalamus this enables it to respond to our current blood chemistry as well as to incoming neural information about the body's state
-monitors levels of appetite hormones, such as ghrelin: a hunger- arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach
-the body has a weight thermostat (humans tend to hover around a stable weight)
set point: the point at which an individuals "weight thermostat" is set. (when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight)
basal metabolic rate: a measure of how much energy we use to maintain basic body functions when our body is at rest.
The psychology of Hunger
-hunger reflects our memory of when we last ate and our expectation of when we should eat again
-Humans as a species prefer certain tastes (such as sweet and salty), but our individual preferences are also influenced by conditioning culture, and situation
-some taste preferences, such as the avoidance of new foods, or of foods that have made us ill, have survival value
Obesity and Weight Control
-Genes and environment interact to produce obesity

obesity correlates with depression, especially among women.

Twin and adoption studies indicate that body weight is also genetically influenced

Environmental issues include lack of exercise, an abundance of food calories, and social influence

Those wishing to lose weight are advised to make a lifelong change in habits: Get enough sleep; boost energy expenditure through exercise; limit variety and minimize exposure to tempting food cues, eat healthy foods and reduce portion sizes; space meals throughout the day; beware of the binge; monitor eating during social events; forgive the occasional lapse; and connect to a support group

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Begin to understand important motivation and emotion terms (THEORIES)

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Begin to understand important motivation and emotion terms (THEORIES)

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James-Lange Theory: the arousal comes before the emotion (pounding heart...fear) stimulus---physical change---emotion
The Cannon-Bard Theory: The arousal comes at the same time as the emotion
(stimulus causes emotion and physical change)
The Schachter-Singer: Arousal paired with a cognitive label, then the emotion (stimulus causes cognitive label and physical change which then they cause emotion)
The opponent-process theory: emotions are in pairs (fear/relief; pleasure/pain, depression/elation) similar to color theory for sight.

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Motivation: is a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
-arise from the interplay between nature (the bodily "push") and nurture (the "pulls" from our thought processes and culture)
four perspectives:
Instinct theory(evolutionary perspective): focuses on genetically predisposed behaviors.
Drive-reduction theory: focuses on how our inner pushes and external pulls interact
Arousal theory: focuses on finding the right level of stimulation.
Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs: describes how some of our needs take priority over others.
Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology

Instinct: a complex unlearned behavior that is patterned throughout a species.
-If people criticized themselves, it is because of their "self-abasement instinct"
-If people boast it reflected their "self-assertion instinct"
-although instinct theory failed to explain most human motives, evolutionary psychology's underlying assumption that genes predispose species-typical behavior remains as strong as ever.
Drives and Incentives
drive reduction theory: the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state that drives the organism to reduce the need by, say, eating or  drinking.
homeostasis: (The physiological aim of drive reduction) the maintenance of a steady internal state ("staying the same")
-homeostasis is not a motivation theory, but a biological principle that applies to some motivational theories (like drive-reduction)
(need-food and water) (drive-hunger and thirst)
(Drive-reducing behaviors- eating, drinking)
Incentive: positive or negative stimuli that lure or repel us
-when there is both a need and an incentive we feel strongly driven.
Optimal arousal theory: holds that some motivated behaviors actually increase arousal
-human motivation aims not to eliminate arousal but to seek optimum levels of arousal
Yerkes-Dodson law: moderate arousal would lead to optimal performance (when taking an exam)
-it pays to be moderately alert but not trembling with nervousness
A hierarchy of motives:
beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.
-at the self-transcendence level, people strive for meaning, purpose, and communication that is beyond self, that is transpersonal

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Begin to understand important Motivation and Emotion terms 

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Begin to understand important Motivation and Emotion terms 

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Motivation: a need or desire that directs behavior
Incentive Theory: positive or negative environmental stimuli that motivate behavior
Physiological vs psychological:

hunger drives us to eat

fatigue drives us to rest

Drive reduction theory: A physical need creates a drive to satisfy the need.
Ex: money does not itself satisfy any biological or psychological need, but it reduces such other drives on a regular basis simply by the receipt of a pay check
Maslow Hierarchy of needs: pyramid of human needs, each need must be met successfully to move up; ends with self-actualization.
Hunger drive/ weight disorders: both internal and external reasons for hunger; Anorexia, Bulimia and obesity
Thirst Drive: reduction of fluid in and outside of cell caused by sodium
-reasons of habitual, cultural and psychogenetic
Sexual response cycle: Four stages of sexual responding(excitement, plateau, orgasm and resolution)
Need to Belong: Harlow; we need people, we have a need for acceptance, we will change our actions to fit in with certain groups
(IV whether or not baby monkey got food or not)
Achievement Motivation: Desire for significant accomplishment
-extrinsic: Desire to perform a behavior for a reward or to avoid punishment
-Intrinsic: Desire to perform at your own sake and own desire to learn/ succeed
Conflict Motivation: sometimes what you want to do in a situation is clear to you, but at other times you no doubt find yourself conflicted about what choice to make.
-Approach-Approach conflict: occurs when you must choose between two desirable outcomes.
EX: get accepted into two of your top colleges and have to choose which one you want to go to
avoidance -avoidance conflict: occurs when you must choose between two unattractive outcomes
EX: choose between cleaning room or cleaning basement
Approach-Avoidance:  exists when ONE event or goal has both attractive and unattractive features
(EX: love fast food but do not want to gain weight)
Multiple approach-avoidance conflict:  here you must choose between two or more things, each of which has both desirable and undesirable features

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maslow's hierarchy of needs - Google Search