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Conclusion: The membrane is a lipid bilayer with proteins on each side of it.

Hypothesis:
Believed that the lipid bilayer was coated with a layer of protein on each side.

Connection to Nature of Science:

James Frederic Danielli and Hugh Davson were colleagues from the Physiological Laboratory in Princeton University. The physiologists worked together to form the hypothesis, carry out the experiment, and conclude their findings.

(Danielli)

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Conclusion: Cells of the membrane are fused and the surface membrane are heterokaryons which allow for diffusion. This means that the structure is not rigid.

Hypothesis:
The cell membrane is a fluid that is not a rigid structure.

Connection to Nature of Science:

Researchers from the Department of Biology from John Hopkins University collaborated to publish this work.

(Frye)

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Conclusion: Large particles are present in the lipid layer of membrane.

Hypothesis: There could be a refined method to view the topography of the membranes. They could be revealed by utilizing freeze etch.

Connection to Nature of Science:

As seen in previous works published by scientists, collaboration played a key role in this lab. The nature of science to collaborate with one another is seen quite clearly in this example because W. Devoe, J. W. Costerton, and Robert A. Macleod worked with one another to arrive at their conclusion.

(DeVoe)

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Conclusion: The cell membrane is composed of a double layer of lipid.

Hypothesis:
Red blood cells are covered with fatty substances that are about two molecules thick.

Connection to Nature of Science:

Evert Gorter was only able to publish this paper because he was aided by his graduate student Francois Grendel.

(Gorter)

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Nature of Science: There is Collaborative Endeavor Between Biologists.

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Nature of Science: There is Collaborative Endeavor Between Biologists.

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In Chronological Order

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Conclusion: Membrane of Red Blood Cells are 3nm thick (single molecular layer).

Hypothesis:
The measure capacity of red blood cells is equal to the measure of the thickness of a membrane.

Connection to Nature of Science:

Fricke did not work alone, he acknowledged an associate that helped him in the biological part of his work and there most likely were others who contributed.

(Fricke)

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Danielli, J. F., & Davson, H. (1935). A contribution to the theory of permeability of thin films. Journal of Cellular Physiology . doi:10.1002/jcp.1030050409

DeVoe, I. W., Costerton, J. W., & MacLeod, R. A. (1971). Demonstration by freeze-etching of a single cleavage plane in the cell wall of a gram-negative bacterium. Journal of bacteriology, 106(2), 659-671.

Fricke, H. (1925). The       electric capacity of suspensions with special reference to blood. The Journal of general physiology, 9(2), 137-152.

Frye, L. D., & Edidin, M. (1970). The rapid intermixing of cell surface antigens after formation of mouse-human heterokaryons. Journal of cell science, 7(2), 319-335.

Gorter E, Grendel F. ON BIMOLECULAR LAYERS OF LIPOIDS ON THE CHROMOCYTES OF THE BLOOD. The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1925;41(4):439-443.