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Post #9- Reason for Belief- Perception/Observation (video)

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Post #9- Reason for Belief- Perception/Observation (video)

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Definition: We believe what we have experiences and seen to be true and often to do not consider the fact that sometimes that is not the case.

Connection: Eye witness accounts have been proven to be inaccurate and wrong in many cases. So much so that the Innocence Project was started, here you can find all the information regarding the inaccuracy of eye witness accounts.

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Eyewitness misidentification is the greatest contributing factor to wrongful convictions proven by DNA testing, playing a role in more than 70% of convictions overturned through DNA testing nationwide.

When Witnesses Get It Wrong

In case after case, DNA has proven that eyewitness identification is frequently inaccurate. In the wrongful convictions where eyewitness misidentification played a role, the circumstances varied substantially. For example, the Innocence Project has worked on cases in which:

A witness made an identification in a "show-up" procedure (where witnesses are shown only the suspect at the scene of the crime or in another incriminating context) from the back of a police car hundreds of feet away from the suspect in a poorly lit parking lot in the middle of the night.

A witness in a rape case was shown a photo array where only the photo of the person that the police suspected was marked with an "R", while the rest were unmarked

Witnesses substantially changed their description of a perpetrator (including key information such as height, weight and presence of facial hair) after they learned more about a particular suspect.

Witnesses only made an identification after multiple photo arrays or lineups - and then made hesitant identifications (saying they "thought" the person "might be" the perpetrator, for example) - but at trial the jury was told the witnesses did not waver in identifying the suspect.

Decades of Solid Scientific Evidence Supports Reform

In October of 2014, the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), the nation's premier scientific entity, issued a groundbreaking report settling many long-debated areas of police practice. The report identified a set of reform procedures, which have been promoted by the Innocence Project since the inception of its work in this area of police practice.

In 1907, Hugo Munsterberg published On the Witness Stand, in which he questioned the reliability of eyewitness identification. When Yale Law professor Edwin Borchard studied 65 wrongful convictions for his pioneering 1932 book, Convicting the Innocent, he found that eyewitness misidentification was the leading contributing factor of wrongful convictions.

Research illustrates that the human mind is not like a tape recorder; we neither record events exactly as we see them, nor recall them like a tape that has been rewound. In eyewitness identifications, witness memory is impacted by a variety of factors that occur from the time of the crime onwards, and their memories can be easily contaminated.

Hundreds of scientific studies (particularly in the last three decades) have affirmed that eyewitness identification is often inaccurate and that it can be made more accurate by implementing specific identification reforms.

Reforms and Solutions

Several easy-to-adopt procedures have been shown to significantly decrease the number of misidentifications. In order to prevent additional additional wrongful convictions due to misidentification, the Innocence Project is collaborating with law enforcement and policymakers to adopt the following policies:

1. Blind/Blinded administration
Blind administration, where the officer administering the lineup is unaware of who the suspect is, can prevent suggestive statements or unconscious gestures or vocal cues that may influence the witness, thereby reducing the risk of a misidentification. For the small police agency with work force constraints, a method called the "folder shuffle" can be utilized to effectively blind the administrator.

2. Lineup composition
"Fillers" (the non-suspects included in a lineup) should resemble the eyewitness' description of the perpetrator. Further, the suspect should look similar to the fillers (for example, he should not be the only member of his race in the lineup, or the only one with facial hair). Eyewitnesses should also not view more than one identification procedure with the same suspect.

3. Instructions:
The person viewing the lineup should be told that the perpetrator may or may not be in the lineup and that the investigation will continue regardless of the lineup result. This reduces the pressure on the witness of feeling like they have to pick a perpetrator. The witness should also be told not to look to the administrator for guidance.

4. Confidence Statements:
Law enforcement should elicit and document a statement from an eyewitness articulating his or her level of confidence in the identification made at the time that the identification is made.

5. Recording:
Identification procedures should be videotaped and/or audiotaped whenever possible.

19 states have implemented these reforms through laws, court action and policy directives, while jurisdictions including Baltimore, Boston, Dallas, Minneapolis, Oklahoma City, Philadelphia, San Diego, San Francisco and Tucson have made eyewitness identification reform procedures part of their standard practice.

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Eyewitness Misidentification - Innocence Project

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When Witnesses Get It Wrong In case after case, DNA has proven that eyewitness identification is frequently inaccurate. In the wrongful convictions where eyewitness misidentification played a role, the circumstances varied substantially.

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Post #8- Reason For Belief- Emotional Connection (image)

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Post #8- Reason For Belief- Emotional Connection (image)

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Defintion:We have a strong emotional connection to something and therefore are more susceptible to ideas and information because our emotions alter our judgement.

Connection: People who have lost loves ones often go to mediums to talk to them when they mourning. The medium tells the people about the loves one,and provides a believable lie.

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Post #7- Reason for Belief- Patternicity (video)

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Post #7- Reason for Belief- Patternicity (video)

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Defintion: Humans finding meaningful patterns where there aren't actually any.

Connection: Here is a video of " Faces in Strange Places" showing you how the mind sees faces not because these are faces but because we want to see faces.

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Thanks for watching! If any of these pics are from your video that you made, please notify me so that I can give you credit.

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Post #6- Red Flag-  Ancient Wisdom (article)

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Post #6- Red Flag-  Ancient Wisdom (article)

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Defintion: This is the reference to any ancient science, knowledge or ways of life.

Connection: This is a link to a business who practise Shiatsu Massage Therapy and claim that it is " t is based on the ancient wisdom of oriental medicine yet shares many similarities to western massage therapy."

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We are dedicated to providing the finest chiropractic services for you, your family and your beloved pets.

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Post #5 Red Flag- Confirmation Bias (article)

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Post #5 Red Flag- Confirmation Bias (article)

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Definition: People look for information to confirm what they already believe in, or want to believe in.

Connection: People who look to astrology to answer or predict their lives are usually victims of confirmation bias. The information given can be easily adapted to a number of peoples lives, but they see it as specific to theirs. This is an article about confirmation bias and the trap of astrology.

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Thomas Gilovich, a professor of psychology at Cornell University, is the author, with Lee Ross, of " The Wisest One in the Room: How You Can Benefit from Social Psychology's Most Powerful Insights."

Some of our most pronounced intellectual weaknesses are the by-product of our greatest intellectual strengths. Many perceptual illusions, for example, are the result of the brain's remarkable facility for organizing incoming sensations into meaningful units.

The widespread acceptance of astrological claims, although misguided in light of empirical evidence on the subject, can likewise be traced to one of the mind's most remarkable faculties. The brain's job is to make sense of the world, and it does so - easily, rapidly and generally accurately - by finding connections between things.

The brain's job is to make sense of the world, and it does so - easily, rapidly and generally accurately - by finding connections between things.

And those connections can be easy to find. If you know a bit about astrology and learn that a friend is a Libra, you may identify, automatically and effortlessly, parts of your friend's personality that are said to be characteristic of Libras. Most people have multifaceted personalities and Libras are thought to have a variety of traits, so some notable matches are inevitable.

This is the widely cited " confirmation bias" at work. To say "Jody is a Libra" is to state an implicit hypothesis that Jody has the traits of a Libra. The mind will then automatically examine that hypothesis by looking for evidence that it's true - by finding links between the characteristics of Jody and the traits thought to characterize Libras. Again, because there is a lot that can be said about both Jody and Libras, overlapping characteristics are rarely hard to find.

Sometimes, of course, people actively want to believe astrological claims and therefore look extra hard to find these links. In those cases, the confirmation bias is especially pronounced.

But this bias rears its head even when a person has no motivational stake in whether astrology is valid or not. Suppose someone gives you some primroses for your garden and says, "I think they need a lot of watering, but you should test that out." How would you do so? Chances are you would water them a lot and see how they do. What you probably wouldn't do is give half of them a lot of water and the other half much less in order to examine evidence both consistent and inconsistent with the hypothesis.

Critical thinking is all about conducting these more balanced inquiries. Without them, we believe in all sorts of things that aren't true.

Join Opinion on Facebook and follow updates on twitter.com/roomfordebate.

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Thomas Gilovich, a professor of psychology at Cornell University, is the author, with Lee Ross, of " The Wisest One in the Room: How You Can Benefit from Social Psychology's Most Powerful Insights." Some of our most pronounced intellectual weaknesses are the by-product of our greatest intellectual strengths.

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Post #4 Red Flag- Confusion with Correlation and Causation(image)

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Post #4 Red Flag- Confusion with Correlation and Causation(image)

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Defintion: People get confused with what actually caused something what what they think caused it.

Connection: Many people believe that the MMR Vaccination given to children is what caused many children to have autism. However, recent scientific evidence has proven this to be false.

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Definition: There is an unseen and unexplainable energy that you receive when you use the product.

Connection: Himalayan salt Lamps have become very popular and claim to take away the negative ions in the air and replace them with positive ions, increasing the energy levels.

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Definition: The term "all natural" means thats nothing was added and it was created by the earth and it thus considered better, healthier and safer.

Connection: Here an an example of a very unhealthy snack that contains the word All Natural, giving the illusion that it is good to eat. In this article a woman has filed a law suit against the company for using the term.

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(NaturalNews) Many major food manufacturers have been on a kick to jump on the "all natural" bandwagon, with all sorts of processed food products now claiming to be healthy and free of artificial and synthetic ingredients. However, one such company, Frito-Lay, is the subject of a new class action lawsuit that pegs the company for illegally marketing its snack products, which are loaded with genetically-modified (GM) ingredients, as being natural.

Represented by Milberg LLP of Los Angeles, Calif., Julie Gengo of Richmond, Calif., recently filed a class action lawsuit against Frito-Lay alleging that its snack products are fraudulently labeled. Frito-Lay Sun Chips and Tostitos products are made with GM vegetable oils and potentially even GM corn, but they are both labeled as being "All Natural." But GMOs are not all-natural ingredients, and are, in fact, admittedly synthetic, which makes any product that contains them unnatural.

Named in the lawsuit are Tostitos Restaurant Style Tortilla Chips, Tostitos Bite Size Rounds Tortilla Chips, Tostitos Crispy Rounds Tortilla Chips, Tostitos Multigrain Tortilla Chips, Tostitos Scoops Tortilla Chips, Tostitos Restaurant Style with a Hint of Lime Tortilla Chips, Tostitos Artisan Recipes Fire-Roasted Chipotle Tortilla Chips, Sun Chips Original Flavored Multigrain Snacks, Sun Chips Garden Salsa Flavored Multigrain Snacks, Sun Chips French Onion Flavored Multigrain Snacks, and Sun Chips Harvest Cheddar Flavored Multigrain Snacks.

"Each of the products that are the subject of this action contain corn and vegetable oil as their main ingredients. But the corn and vegetable oils (including corn, soybean, and canola oils) are made from genetically modified plants and organisms," says the lawsuit. "Monsanto Company defines GMO on its website as food with a genetic makeup altered to exhibit traits that are not naturally theirs."

The lawsuit alleges Frito-Lay's marketing practices violate two California Business & Professions Codes, a California Consumers Legal Remedies Act, and the federal Magnuson - Moss Act, as well as constitute a breach of express warranty. It includes as a plaintiff anyone who has ever purchased a Frito-Lay product labeled "All Natural."

You can view a copy of the lawsuit here ( http://www.courthousenews.com/2011/12/15/Frito.pdf).

If you are interested in joining the lawsuit, or filing one of your own, Milberg LLP invites all potential litigants to fill out a GMO claim evaluation
( http://cases.milberg.com/genetically-modified-organisms/).
Sources for this article include: http://www.courthousenews.com/2011/12/15/Frito.pdf

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Woman files class action lawsuit against Frito-Lay for marketing genetically-modified snacks as 'all natural'

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naturalnews.com (NaturalNews) Many major food manufacturers have been on a kick to jump on the "all natural" bandwagon, with all sorts of processed food products now claiming to be healthy and free of artificial and synthetic ingredients. However, one such company, Frito-Lay, is the subject of a new class action lawsuit that pegs the company...

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By Kristie Dodd, working individually