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The invention of fire made it possible to cook food requiring less chewing ability needed. Success at hunting also meant that tooth size like large grinding molars could be reduced. Powerful jaws were no longer needed and so muscles became smaller and bones they attached to in the face became smaller. Canine teeth used to kill or injure by biting were replaced by spears and flint stone.

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Increased brain size led to the development of fire, tools and planning for hunting and gathering and the development of art.

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Difference in brain development between human and chimp

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Difference in brain development between human and chimp

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The human brain grows very slowly in homo sapiens only reaching maturity at about 25 years of age.

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This needed a larger brain. During the course of human history brain size tripled. Lucy had a brain size of about 450cm. Modern humans have a brain size of about 1350cm3. There is evidence to suggest that brain size has actually fallen in the last 20000 years which could be due to a smaller body mass, improved “wiring” or due to the growth of supporting communities so an individual does not have to depend on themselves so much. The climate seems to have affected growth of the brain because changes in the environment put pressure on individuals to adapt.

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When our human ancestors moved from being forest tree dwellers to living on grasslands, they had to compete with carnivores which had been adapted to that environment for millions of years. The carnivores had many advantages over us, examples include: better sense of smell, vision adapted for detecting movement, more acute hearing, built for speed and with teeth designed to hold and tear prey. In order to compete the early hominids had to think better.

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The lumbar spine has a curve which is not present in apes.

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Comparison of chimpanzee , Australopithecus and homo sapiens indicates that Lucy had legs made for bipedal gait.  Another  feature is the position of the foramen magnum

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Chimpanzees sway as they walk because their feet are spaced apart and they have to shift their centre of gravity over each foot with each step. Humans have an angle at the neck of the femur which brings the feet close together.

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For bipedal gait other skeletal structures need to change.

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In comparison to a chimpanzee the human foot has also developed arches which are rigid and pliable depending on the need.

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The imprints show typical bipedal foot development with a heel to toe movement and a large big toe parallel to the other toes.

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"Lucy” was discovered in 1974 in Ethiopia and belongs to genus Australopithecus and is a possible ancestor. She is about 1m tall and 3 million years old.She is probably among the earliest hominids to use bipedal gait. Fossilized footprints of  Australopithecus afarensis were discovered in 1976 at Laetoli in Tanzania and were made in volcanic ash 3.6 million years ago.