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Separation of Propulsive and Adhesive Traction Stresses in locomoting Keratocytes.  (54975)(G1)       Strong, actomyosin-dependent and pinching traction as in steadily locomoting fish keratocytes revealed by traction imaging present a paradox, as only forces perpendicular to the direction of locomotion are apparent leaving the actual propulsive forces unresolved. Thus,when the keratocytes become transiently stuck by trailing edge and adopt a fibro-blast like morphology, where the tractions opposing locomotion are concentrated into the tail leaving the active pinching and propulsive tractions clearly visible. Thus, the research is about how the propulsive tractions driving locomotion are normally cancelled by adhesive tractions resisting locomotion, leaving only the equatorial tractions as a resultant, in which the propulsive and adhesive components of the traction pattern are clearly well separated through silicone rubber traction force method. Therefore, the traction pattern associated with cells undergoing sharp turns differs markedly from normal pinching traction pattern and accounted for by postulating an asymmetry in contractile activity of opposed lateral wings of the keratocytes.

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Separation of Propulsive and Adhesive Traction Stresses in locomoting Keratocytes.  (54975)(G1)       Strong, actomyosin-dependent and pinching traction as in steadily locomoting fish keratocytes revealed by traction imaging present a paradox, as only forces perpendicular to the direction of locomotion are apparent leaving the actual propulsive forces unresolved. Thus,when the keratocytes become transiently stuck by trailing edge and adopt a fibro-blast like morphology, where the tractions opposing locomotion are concentrated into the tail leaving the active pinching and propulsive tractions clearly visible. Thus, the research is about how the propulsive tractions driving locomotion are normally cancelled by adhesive tractions resisting locomotion, leaving only the equatorial tractions as a resultant, in which the propulsive and adhesive components of the traction pattern are clearly well separated through silicone rubber traction force method. Therefore, the traction pattern associated with cells undergoing sharp turns differs markedly from normal pinching traction pattern and accounted for by postulating an asymmetry in contractile activity of opposed lateral wings of the keratocytes.

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The study of the population obviously study distribution and variation,changes in genotype of the species among the different geographical area.

Then,it developed the problem statement how those geographical area either inter-population and intra-population affect those population genetics of this species.
The aim of this studies to assess fish diversity along investigate the genetics structure and evolutionary relationship.
This research could be carried out sequences which are genetic diversity that randomly chosen mtDNA sequences and the nucleotide diversity(homologous nucleotides).
As a result,the geographical area could be distributed to highly genetic diversity among this species.Small population were separated ,possibly by large geographical size of population in order to have a greater the studies of genetic structure of T.douronensis in Sarawak

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Transcriptome analyses and differential gene expression in a non-model fish species with alternative mating tactics 

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Transcriptome analyses and differential gene expression in a non-model fish species with alternative mating tactics 

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Transcriptome analyses and differential gene expression in a non-model fish species with alternative mating tactics (51469,G1)

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Transcriptome analyses and differential gene expression in a non-model fish species with alternative mating tactics (51469,G1)

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The significant of this research is to study the social dominance which are essential for the reproductive success of males in many species. In this research, the researchers using black-faced blenny (Tripterygion delaisi) to study the molecular signatures of male dimorphism and the gene expression.
During the reproductive season, the researchers found that some males changing theirs color and invest in nest making and defending a territory, whereas others do not change their color and ‘sneak’ reproductions when the females laying eggs. By using RNAseq, researchers profiled differential gene expression between the brains of territorial males, sneaker males and also the females.They found out that more genes were differentially expressed between the two male phenotypes than between the males and females. They also found that phenotypic plasticity is an important factor in differential gene expression than the sexual dimorphism. The territorial male overexpresses genes related to synaptic plasticity and the sneaker male overexpresses genes involved in differentiation and development. They conclude that the candidate genes for social dominance in the aspect of alternative mating strategies seem to be predominantly species-specific.

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A mechanical function of myosin II in cell motility (55111, G1)

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A mechanical function of myosin II in cell motility (55111, G1)

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Myosin II is vital for the cell motility, by contributing the amoeboid locomotion to the cell. The contractile forces generated by myosin II help in the detachment and retraction of the cell, allowing the locomotion of cell. However, the mechanism behind it is not yet discovered. Hence, the devise experiment is to find out the specific function of myosin II towards the amoeboid locomotion of the cell. Coverslip preparation and adhesivity assays is used to determine the speed of myosin II null mutant cells and wild-type cells. The substratum adhesivity is inversely proportional to the speed of myosin II null mutant cells. However, the substratum adhesivitydoes not affect much on the wild-type cells. This resultsuggested that myosin II is essential for amoeboid locomotion.

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Multixenobiotic resistance mechanism monitoring: standardization of fluorescence emmited by Rhodamine B (54658) G1

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Multixenobiotic resistance mechanism monitoring: standardization of fluorescence emmited by Rhodamine B (54658) G1

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Rhodamine B is a fluorescence probe use in the study of Multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) mechanism activity. The study of MXR mechanism is important in aquatic organisms so that they can adapt to contaminated environment by reducing the accumulation of xenobiotic out from the cells. However, there are still no standardize protocol to study the fluorescence emmited by Rhodamine B in Multixenobiotic resistance mechanism  available. The aim of this research is to find a standardize protocol in multixenobiotic resistance mechanism monitoring. The approach use is to examine the kinetic of  fluorescene decay present in gills and mussel Perna perna of aquatic organisms. The resulting mathematical model (RB=(28/ET) -1-Blank,r2=0.9945), allowed the quantitative determination of Rhodamine B intracellular accumulation (nmoles L-1). The results obtained from in situ assay demonstrate the usefulness of this approach as a quantitative method for measuring Rhodamine B in live tissues.

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The presence of direct current electric fields for the motility of cultured fish epidermal cells is significant since the electric fields will strongly stimulate stationary cells to become motile and serve as a persistent stimulus for cell locomotion in order to prevent the clumping of cells during the growth and proliferation of cells in vitro.

The aim of this experiment is to examine the motile behaviour and cytoskeletal structures of fish epidermal keratocytes in the presence and absence of direct current electric fields in order to understand the mechanical and electrical controls of tissue cell galvanotaxis , and directional tissue cell movement in general.

Determining how the applied field stimulated motility could therefore be important in elucidating the electrical and biochemical events that are involved in the onset of tissue cell motility in other situations.

Summary- Electric current is required to stimulate cell locomation. However, electrically controlled are quickly paralyzed by a variety of calcium channel antagonists. So an influx of extracellular Ca+ is required to generate the motile activity of fish keratocytes.

Approved-Chemotaxis was used to quantify the galvanotactic locomotion of keratocytes.

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Silver nanospheres are cytotoxicity and genotoxic to fish cells (53256-G1)

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Silver nanospheres are cytotoxicity and genotoxic to fish cells (53256-G1)

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Nanoparticles used for commercial products and often deviate dramaticallyfrom the properties of bulk materials, often exhibiting mechanical, chemical, magnetics, electronic and optical properties. The applications are printable inks for flexible electronics, biomedical asays, drug delivery, colorants and paints. The purpose of the study was to investigate cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of metal nanoparticles used in commercial products and antifungal and antimicrobial effects on medeka fish. Silver nanoparticles are toxic to fish inducing death, changes in gene expressions and embryotoxicity, inducing chromosomal damage in cultured fish cells. These also exhibit toxic effectr that cause the clumping of the immune cells around the biomedical tracts. Approach of the silver nanoparticles are chemical and reagent such as KCl and crystals violet, cell culture using the medeka cell line, silver nanoparticles preparations which synthesized using single-pot redox chemical technology, characterizations of silver nanoparticles in tissue culture media on the size and dipersity to media conditions, cytotoxicity assay which cell treated with nanoparticles for 24 hour and reseeded at density of 600 cells and genotoxicity which measure the chromosomal aberations.

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Captivity results in disparate loss of gut microbial diversity in closely related hosts (50573, G

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Captivity results in disparate loss of gut microbial diversity in closely related hosts (50573, G

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The significance of bringing animals into captivity for breeding programmes is to breed them in controlled environment. This programme facilitate biodiversity and may save species from extinction.
The problem statement is that there is a concern that this programme may cause the loss of gut microbial diversity, which may contribute to the failures of reintroduced individuals.
The aim of this study to investigate the effects of captivity and captive birth on gut communities.
The experimental approach of the study is carried out by isolating whole DNA from faeces. Bacterial inventories were conducted by amplifying the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene using primers 515F and 806R, and paired-end sequencing on an Illumina MiSeq platform.
The conclusive remark of the study is that captivity can have disparate effects on the microbiomes of closely related hosts. Closely related species exhibit different responses to captivity in term of stress physiology and immune function.

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REMOVAL OF SYNTHETIC DYE BASIC VIOLET 3 BY IMMOBILISED CANDIDA TROPICALIS GROWN ON THE SUGARCANE BAGASSE EXTRACT MEDIUM(54556,)

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REMOVAL OF SYNTHETIC DYE BASIC VIOLET 3 BY IMMOBILISED CANDIDA TROPICALIS GROWN ON THE SUGARCANE BAGASSE EXTRACT MEDIUM(54556,)

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The significant of this study is the removal using the immobilised yeast cell which could lead to practical application for removal of colour from industrial wastewater. The removal of synthetic dye Basic Violet 3 using immobilised yeast Candida tropicalis grown on sugarcane bagasse extract medium. The problem statement of this study is the mechanism of dye removal using immobilised yeast cell was elucidated and bioaccumulation was found to be the predominant mechanism over the biosorption.The growth of the yeast was inhibited completely at higher dye concentration. The aim of this study is to screen the best immobilised matrix for bioremoval of Basic Violet 3 such as carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium alginate, agar and agarose was used in this study to show that they have highest dye removal efficiency in sodium alginate ummobilises bead. Second is to optimise the various immobilisation parameters such as matrix concentration, bead size and cell concentration on dye removal. Thirdly is to study the toxicity of dye as a function of initial dye concentration in order to determine whether the dye removal is biological feasible, there have many dye believe to be toxic,carcinogenic might be found as a result of microbial metabolism.The summary of this study is the bioaccumulation is likely to be predominant mechanism of Basic Violet 3 removal using immobilised growing C. tropicalis which was a metabolism dependent accumulation matrix and adsorption on metabolisation matrix.The immobilised growing C.tropicalis could be used for the removal of synthetic dye from industrial wastewater by using the sugarcane baggage extract , an inexpensive waste an as nutrient source is one of the attractive features.

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Reverse Transcriptase Template Switching: A SMART Approach for Full-Length cDNA Library Construction.
The significance of this study is to study how full length cDNA library can be generated in a faster and simple way besides applying the conventional cDNA library construction.
The problem statement of this study is to overcome several major shortcomings that have been encountered when applying the conventional cDNA library construction methods. For instance, majority of cDNA clones generated are not full-length. Besides, current library construction method for directional cloning suffer from their reliance on methylation.
The aim of this study is to generate full-length cDNA library which is more complete and speed up the collection of mRNA 5' end sequence which is currently very restricted in GenBank.
The study describes a simple cDNA library construction method known as SMART technology which can produce longer cDNA clones. Two intrinsic properties of MOLONEY murine leukemia virus(MMLV) reverse transcriptase: reverse transcription and template-switching allows the application of SMART technology which are simpler and faster than conventional cDNA library construction methods.
In conclusion, the construction of cDNA library that utilizes the template-switching activity of MMLV reverse transcriptase, or commonly known as SMART technology is more advantageous as it only requires less poly(A) RNA, is faster and less complex.

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Building phylogenetic trees from molecular data with MEGA (52489/G1)

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Building phylogenetic trees from molecular data with MEGA (52489/G1)

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The significant study of this research is to create a phylogenetic tree from molecular data such as DNA or protein sequences by using an integrated program.  A phylogenetic tree is important to estimate the relationship among taxa and their hypothetical common ancestors. However the problem is by using phylogenetic analysis, there requires complex process, time comsuming and high skills and experiences. This is because in the previous analysis there are several programs need to deal with and each program have its own file format which causes a lot of troublesomes. Therefore, this research is conducted to expand the originally purposes by involving the understanding relationships among sequences themselves without regard to the host species, determining the functions of genes that haven been studied experimentally and elucidating mechanisms that lead to microbial outbreaks among many others by using the advance program MEGA. MEGA5 (molecular evolutionary genetics analysis) is an integrated program using maximum likehood, evolutionary distance and maximum parsimony methods that can eliminating the need to interconvert file formats. Besides, this program also give beneficial to a novice to start create phylogenetic trees with a sequence of interest. There are four steps in order to build phylogenetics trees in a single MEGA program which is much straightforward process instead of undergo different analysis program. MEGA is available for us on PCs and Macs from www.megasoftware.net..

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Preliminary study on the dye removal efficacy of immobilized marine and freshwater microalgal beads from textile wastewater.(51012/53089 G1)

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Preliminary study on the dye removal efficacy of immobilized marine and freshwater microalgal beads from textile wastewater.(51012/53089 G1)

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The significant of this research is to study the removal efficiency of immobilized marine and freshwater micro algal from discharge of textile wastewater.

Next, the problem statement is that the textile of wastewater contain high amount of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) ,Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), alkalinity and total dissolved solids. As the result, it will cause health problems to humans as it contains toxic carcinogenic and mutagenic compounds that affect towards aquatic organism.

Besides that, the aim of this research is to investigate the potential of some marine (Chlorella marina, Isochrysis galbana, Tetraselmis sp. Dunaliella salina and Nannochloropsis sp.) and freshwater microalgal (Chlorella sp.)  cells in dye removal from textile wastewater.

Furthermore, this researcher used adsorption and encapsulation  method for immobilized marine. While for microalgal, they used biosorption,bioconversion,biogulation and bioremediation. They also used spectrophotometer analysis to determine the maximum absorbance wavelength of diluted untreated textile effluent.A part of that, the alginate beads (without microalgae) has been used as control in decolourisation.

Based on the treatment method result, stable condition is more effective in decolourisation process compared to shaking condition due to presence of oxygen.For the result that effect of different algal s.p, I.galbana is the most suitable for bioremediation and removing pollutant compared to Chaetoceros s.p and Tetraselmis s.p. due to size of cells.Alginate also is the most frequent polymer used for algal immobilization. They found an increase in algal biomass will increase the removal efficiency and shortened the retention.

In a conclusion, I.galbana is the best candidates among the six microalgae studied as it effectively remove synthetic dyes from textile effluent.

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Analysis of bacterial diversity in the intestine of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) based on 16S rDNA gene sequences (54476, G

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Analysis of bacterial diversity in the intestine of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) based on 16S rDNA gene sequences (54476, G

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Analysis of bacterial diversity in the intestine of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) based on 16S rDNA gene sequences (54476, G1)

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Analysis of bacterial diversity in the intestine of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) based on 16S rDNA gene sequences (54476, G1)

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- Han and his colleagues focused on the study of bacterial diversity in the gut content of pond-reared grass carp in comparison to such in pond water, sediment and ingested food. This identification of gastrointestinal microbiota helps in further understanding of the associations between the microbes and the host as these intestinal bacteria play important roles in participating in several important physiological function such as digestion, protection against disease and more. However, classic methods of cultivation are still having difficulties in analyzing the complexity of bacterial community. Hence, there is a need to develop molecular methods for microbial isolation. Since then, methods such as denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and temporal temperature-gradient electrophoresis were developed yet still having limited by several factors. In this research, 16S rDNA sequences were used as the clone libraries contain near-full-length 16S rDNA which will produce more precise sequence identification.

- Gel Cycle-Pure DNA kit (DNA extraction), Universal primers 27f and 1492r (16S rDNA library construction) and Blue/white selection (clone screening) were also used for the perfecting of such method used for identification

- Data obtained indicated that allochthonous gut microbes of grass carp were distinctly different from the corresponding environment microbes. It also suggested that Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the main inhabitants in the intestine of grass carp.

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A summary of ‘Gastrointestinal microbiota of wild and inbred individuals of two house mouse subspecies assessed using high-throughput parallel pyrosequencing’ by Kresinger et al. (2014). (53584, G1)

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A summary of ‘Gastrointestinal microbiota of wild and inbred individuals of two house mouse subspecies assessed using high-throughput parallel pyrosequencing’ by Kresinger et al. (2014). (53584, G1)

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The significance of this research was to provide an understanding on the effects of gastrointestinal tract microbiota (GTM) on the physiology and health of the host. It was expected to contribute to future biomedical research involving the association between GTM and host metabolism, immunity as well as neurology using mouse as the desired model organism.

The problem was, to what extent is the composition and variation of GTM in captive or inbred species as compared to the wild population.

The aim of this research was to compare the composition of GTM of captive or inbred mice to that of wild mice. Besides, this study aimed to determine the difference in the variation of GTM between captive or inbred mice and wild mice.

As the experimental approach, 454 pyrosequencing was applied to barcode 16S rDNA GTM for 30 wild house mice (Mus musculus) and inbred mice derived from 2 wild subspecies, M. m. musculus and M. m. domesticus. Then, Kreisinger et al. (2014) selected the sequenced individuals based on a 2 x 2 experimental design for 2 sets of experiments, 14 wild species versus 16 inbred species and   M. m. musculus versus versus M. m. domesticus. Alpha diversity, beta diversity and microbiota composition were then compared across the four groups.

The result of Kreisinger et al. (2014) experiment showed a low effect of genetic differentiation between M. m. musculus and M. m. domesticus on GTM structure. In detail, both wild and inbred populations were determined to have the same level of alpha and beta diversity but there were strong differentiation in the microbiota composition between both populations.

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Building phylogenetic trees from molecular data with MEGA

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Building phylogenetic trees from molecular data with MEGA

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Identification of conditions underlying production of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol in a recirculating system (54840, G1)

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Identification of conditions underlying production of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol in a recirculating system (54840, G1)

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Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) are semi-volatile terpenoid compounds produced as secondary metabolites by benthic and planktonic cyanobacteria, several genera of fungi and various actinomycetes. These off- flavour compound pose a heavy economic burden in aquaculture industry rendering fish unmarketable unless purified by purging with large quantities of clean water.

Identification of geosmin and MIB-producing cyanobacteria and an understanding of the conditions promoting their growth at preventing the proliferation of these organisms which these preventive measures have not been applied in circulating systems. The understanding of the organisms responsible for geosmin and MIB production and their environmental requirements is lacking.

The aim of the study is that to identify the conditions that are stable in the production of geosmin and MIB in term of their concentration and their culture medium or water that derived from the recirculating system.

The approaches taken is that the two bacterial strains of the streptomycetes family were isolated  from the aerobic, organic-rich, drum filter and nitrifying trickling filter.

Geosmin and MIB could be detected at all sampling dates in the fish basin water with higher concentrations of MIB than geosmin. According to the observation, the MIB production was higher than geosmin production upon incubation of both isolates in either culture medium. To conclude,  the aerobic, organic-rich conditions stimulates the growth of actinomycetes and subsequent production of geosmin and MIB in the system.

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Geosmin degradation by seasonal biofilm from a biological treatment facility (54581)  (G1)

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Geosmin degradation by seasonal biofilm from a biological treatment facility (54581)  (G1)

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The significance of this study could facilitate geosmin bioremediation in polluted habitats and advances the knowledge on microbial degradation of geosmin itself.

The investigation is on the removal of geosmin directly by biofilm from a biological treatment unit on practical water plant.

This study is to evaluate the biodegradation of geosmin by microorganisms in biofilm from the biological treatment plant.

The research approached by the geosmin standard, analytical methods, analysis of geosmin degradation by biofilm and geosmin removal confirmed when the mixed dusty odor compounds were used as sole carbon and energy source. Next,  PCR based on the DGGE  data revealed the bacterial diversity in the biofilm from Lake Kaumigaura while the significant change in bacterial communities occured from day 1 to day 2 revealed by PCA.

Totally,  the water temperature and the natural geosmin concentration are the main factors for initial geosmin degradation by winter biofilm. The enzymes activity of geosmin- degrading bacteria in the biofilm probably decrease in low water temperature. However,  geosmin degradation by whole year's biofilm expressed the similar trend.

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Title :Fluorescence in situ Hybridization and Catalyzed Reporter Deposition for the Identification of Marine Bacteria

Significance of this research is helps in detection of small marine bacteria with low ribosome content which are not or slightly detectable with monolabel probes. Researchers faced difficulties in using Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) to the environmental samples other than from highly eutrophic systems. Since most bacteria in aquatic habitats are small, starving or slow growing, signal intensities of hybridized bacterioplankton cells were frequently below the limit of detection or lost in high background fluorescence. So, the aim of this research is to increase sensitivity of FISH; developing and explore a novel FISH protocol based on Catalyzed Reporter Deposition (CARD) and FISH with Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP). This can be done by modification of permeabilization and preparation procedure including staining protocols for FISH with HRP-labeled oligonucleotide probes and CARD. In conclusion the small marine bacteria with low ribosome content which are slight or not detectable with monolabel probes can be quantified by enhancing the FISH sensitivity.

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Piscine Mycobacteriosis treatment by using Enrofloxacin

Piscine Mycobacteriosis is a disease that can be found on aquarium fish skin that including weight loss, skeletal deformities, equalibrium abnormalities, and chronic skin and fin lesions that can be happen due to poor tank handling to opportunistic infections.

The significance of this experiment is to treat the fish disease (mycobacterial).

The problem of this experiment are to treat this type of disease are difficult to cure. Various medical therapies has describe that, mycobacterial are complicated to cure.

Based on this experiment, aquarium management need to be done first. Water of the aquarium need to be clean from chlorine and metals, water temperature must be at 75°F (24°C). Ammonia, pH maintain at 7.0, and ammonia and nitrites maintained. Three fish from a single aquarium from pet shop used for study. Fish A, B and C were acting normal at the beginning, but at the 3th day fish C start to develop a lesion on its mouth and its start to stop eating while fish A and B still look healthy.

Due to this problem, a treatment using enrofloxacin injection was used. Each fish treated with 0.1 ml of diluted (0.23 mg) administered intraperitoneally (IP) by using 30-gauge needle inserted to the anal vent for three time a week. After 2-4weeks over next 3 months, the fish need to rechecked and the skin lesions improved. But the other fish in the same tank start to have the disease and its because of other organisms. So, due to this problem, it is known that its difficult to treat this disease unleast to improved also the tank management

As a summary, tank management are important for fish healt and the injection of enrofloxacin still need to be done as a side defend from mycobacteria disease and this injectable therapy should be investigate more for better results

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Title: Rapid evolution of avirulence genes in rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae

The significance of the study is to study the evolutionary patterns of the Avr-genes in the pathogens in order to reduce the threatens the stability of rice production worldwide.

The problem statement is the genes of the fungus M.oryzae is highly variable and often can overcome resistant cultivars within a few years of their initial deployment in the field
.
The aim of the study is to utilize appropriate resistant cultivars that have major resistance genes against the rice blast which is the viable ways of controlling the rice diseases which is infected by ascomycete fungus Magnaporthe oryzae.

The experimental approaches of this study are observed the frequent copy number variation, high levels of nucleotide diversity, and high non-synonymous to synonymous diversity, and high non synonymous to synonymous ratios (high Ka/Ks, indicating positive selection)  at these R-gene loci

In conclusion, the study of 6 Avr-genes in 62 Magnaporthe oryzae strains, a prevalence of presence/absence polymorphisms is observed, which may be crucial for the infestants to escape from the immune systems of the hosts. This may partly be explained with diverse repeated sequences. Relatively high rate of nonsynonymous replacements are discovered and some of the polymorphisms have been proved responsible for the alteration of the gene function SNP of Avr-genes could be used to distinguish genetic groups between different strains.

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52377 51452- Indentification of multixenobiotic resistance mechanism in primary cultured epidermal cells from Oncorchynchus mykiss and the effects of environmental complex mixture on its activity

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52377 51452- Indentification of multixenobiotic resistance mechanism in primary cultured epidermal cells from Oncorchynchus mykiss and the effects of environmental complex mixture on its activity

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In nature, the fish can survive in the polluted environment. This is because of the mutixenobiotic resistance (MXR) mechanism found in the fish. P-glycoprotein is important to this xenobiotic reflux mechanism.However, this mechanism on the epidermis of fish is not well known. Hence, this research, primary culture of epidermis of rainbow trout was used to investigate whether MXR mechanism is functional in the epidermis of fish. Fluorescence mdr1 substrate romaine 123 was used to indicate the function P-glycoprotein in the xenobiotic efflux mechanism. The expression of P-glycoprotein was found to be in accordance with the level of contaminant in the environment. This study conclude that MXR mechanism was found in the trout epidermal cells which can be stimulated by environmental contaminant.

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CULTURED BRANCHIAL EPITHELIA FROM FRESHWATER FISH GILLS.

The particular journal is about  research on cultured branchial ephithelia from freshwater fish gills.The complex three-dimensional morphology of the gill,together with its poor viability under in vitro conditions of perfusion and incubation ,have proved a formidable barrier to understanding the mechanisms of branchial ion transport in freshwater fish.The main significance of the study was to adapt the primary culture approach of Part et al.(1993) to allow the growth of sheets of gill pavement cells from fresh water trout on such permeable inserts.The problem statement of this research are on electrical ,structural and permeability properties of the  preparation under both symmetrical and asymmetrical condition.The aim of this research is to study  the cultured epithelium on passive electrical and flux properties of the fish gill.The research approach of this research is using an EVOM epithelial voltohmmeter with STX-2 (chop stick electrode) used to monitor transepithelial resistance  and transepithelial potential (TEP).The electrodes can be moved quickly without disturbing the cultured membranes.Another approach used is Na+ and K+ concentration and measured using Eppendorf flame photometer,Cl- concentration by coulometric titration (Radiometer CMT-10) radioactivity by scintillation counting (Packard Tricarb 1900 CA) and total ammonia concetration (TAmm)by enzymatic Mondzac method using Sigma  kit. As a conclusion ,the cultured gill ephitelium may serve as a model for fresh water fish gill but the potential has not been realized.The present study indicates that the cultured epithelium duplicates the passive electrical and flux properties of the intact gill well,but the information on the active ion transport properties was not provided. In the presence of the pavement cell ,the present preparation offers useful tool to study the pavement cell function in isolation,but does not illuminate  the function of multiple cell types in branchial epithelium in vivo.The meet the main objective of this research it is necessary to incorporate chloride cells into the cultured epithelium.

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Spotted Barb (Puntius binotatus) is one of Indonesia's endemic fish and research on cultivation on it has never been done. In order to study the development of Spotted Barb (P. binotatus) eggs, a research was conducted in the Laboratory of Technical Development in Indonesia. The significance of the experiment is to observe the time taken for all the developmental stages require to form morula, blastula, gastrula and organogenesis. Research on cultivation of Spotted Barb (Puntius binotatus) that have been done is to improve the system and cultivation techniques. In this experiment, to determine the development of Spotted Barb (P. binotatus) eggs from fertilized eggs to become larvae,the fish was spawning after election of a mature parent fish gonads. Fish that had spawned was placed in aquarium and the eggs were observed to form the larvae under a dissecting microscope with a 1000 magnifications. From the results, the fish requires 24 hours under medium temperature 25-27 °C. Developmental stages of Spotted Barb eggs for morula is 2 hours 23 minutes after fertilization, blastula is 6 hours after fertilization, gastrula is 7 hours after fertilization and organogenesis is 9 hours after fertilization. From my opinion, in maintaining the stability of environmental diversity the exotic species which is rare to found was expanded. This will increase the number of the fish.

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Spotted Barb (Puntius binotatus) is one of Indonesia's endemic fish and research on cultivation on it has never been done. In order to study the development of Spotted Barb (P. binotatus) eggs, a research was conducted in the Laboratory of Technical Development in Indonesia. The significance of the experiment is to observe the time taken for all the developmental stages require to form morula, blastula, gastrula and organogenesis. Research on cultivation of Spotted Barb (Puntius binotatus) that have been done is to improve the system and cultivation techniques. In this experiment, to determine the development of Spotted Barb (P. binotatus) eggs from fertilized eggs to become larvae,the fish was spawning after election of a mature parent fish gonads. Fish that had spawned was placed in aquarium and the eggs were observed to form the larvae under a dissecting microscope with a 1000 magnifications. From the results, the fish requires 24 hours under medium temperature 25-27 °C. Developmental stages of Spotted Barb eggs for morula is 2 hours 23 minutes after fertilization, blastula is 6 hours after fertilization, gastrula is 7 hours after fertilization and organogenesis is 9 hours after fertilization. From my opinion, in maintaining the stability of environmental diversity the exotic species which is rare to found was expanded. This will increase the number of the fish.

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50853 and 50384-Development of Spotted Barb (Puntius   binotatus)  Eggs. 

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50853 and 50384-Development of Spotted Barb (Puntius   binotatus)  Eggs. 

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Spotted Barb (Puntius binotatus) is one of Indonesia's endemic fish and research on cultivation on it has never been done. In order to study the development of Spotted Barb (P. binotatus) eggs, a research was conducted in the Laboratory of Technical Development in Indonesia. The significance of the experiment is to observe the time taken for all the developmental stages require to form morula, blastula, gastrula and organogenesis. Research on cultivation of Spotted Barb (Puntius binotatus) that have been done is to improve the system and cultivation techniques. In this experiment, to determine the development of Spotted Barb (P. binotatus) eggs from fertilized eggs to become larvae,the fish was spawning after election of a mature parent fish gonads. Fish that had spawned was placed in aquarium and the eggs were observed to form the larvae under a dissecting microscope with a 1000 magnifications. From the results, the fish requires 24 hours under medium temperature 25-27 °C. Developmental stages of Spotted Barb eggs for morula is 2 hours 23 minutes after fertilization, blastula is 6 hours after fertilization, gastrula is 7 hours after fertilization and organogenesis is 9 hours after fertilization. From my opinion, in maintaining the stability of environmental diversity the exotic species which is rare to found was expanded. This will increase the number of the fish.

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Genome-wide identification of whole ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in the intertidal copepod Tigriopus 

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Genome-wide identification of whole ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in the intertidal copepod Tigriopus 

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50742, 50449 (G1
The significance of this research is ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transported provide a better understanding of the comparative evolution of essential gene family resources in arthropods, including the crustacean copepods. ABC transporter are present in all organisms; from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. It uses ATP hydrolysis to transport substrates such as amino acids, peptides, vitamins, sugar, lipids, sterols, hormones and metal ions.

However, ABC transported have eight subfamilies which contributes to other evolutionary path in the animal taxa. This research allows the assessment of the eight subfamilies of ABC gene named from A to H which subsequently correlates to the phylogenetic relationship of T. japonicus.

Thus, this research focuses on analyzing the evolutionary placement of ABC genes, in-depth phylogenetic analysis conducted for each subfamily. This allows evaluation of evolutionary distance of each ABC transporter across different family.

Experimental approaches used to annotate each subfamily. Full length ABC sequence derived from in-silico analysis and RACE method. It regulates the sequencing of ABC genes of T. japonicus.

As a conclusion, this analysis provides new insight into diversity of the entire ABC subfamily in copepod, T. japonicus.

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"Investigation of the Multixenobiotic Resistance Mechanism in the Freshwater Fishes Western Mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, and Bluegill Sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus" - 52394 (G1)

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"Investigation of the Multixenobiotic Resistance Mechanism in the Freshwater Fishes Western Mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, and Bluegill Sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus" - 52394 (G1)

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The significance of the study was to look into the phenomenon of multi-drug resistance (MDR), referred to as multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) in aquatic organisms that is essential for the survival of freshwater fishes as their defense mechanism against contaminants and potentially toxic compounds.

The problem statement of the study was that freshwater fishes are at risk of being exposed to various contaminants and potentially toxic compounds through their environment.

The aim of the study was to investigate the MXR mechanism in freshwater fishes, particularly western mosquitofish and bluegill sunfish.

The experimental approach of the study was done by the evaluation of the potential of various compounds (such as P-glycoprotein, Pgp) to modulate the MXR system by inducing or inhibiting the MXR system, in the two species of freshwater fishes mentioned earlier, which are measured through the accumulation and efflux of a model Pgp fluorescent substrate, rhodamine B (RB)

The conclusive remarks of the study was that a known mammalian inhibitor and inducer did not significantly modulate the MXR mechanism. The MXR system is not fully characterized in aquatic species thus further studies are needed to evaluate the importance of this system compared with other detoxification mechanism in fish.

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VARIABILTY OF FILTRATION AND FOOD ASSIMILATION RATES, RESPIRATORY ACTIVITY AND MULTIXENOBIOTIC RESISTANCE(MXR) MECHANISM IN THE MUSSEL Perna perna UNDER LEAD INFLUENCE -54693 (G1)

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VARIABILTY OF FILTRATION AND FOOD ASSIMILATION RATES, RESPIRATORY ACTIVITY AND MULTIXENOBIOTIC RESISTANCE(MXR) MECHANISM IN THE MUSSEL Perna perna UNDER LEAD INFLUENCE -54693 (G1)

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The cresent research for new coastal sites for farming is utmost important for economic development. Thus, analysis of environmental quality has to be done for the establishment of new areas for multiculture. In this journal, establishment of methodologies for program assessment and environmental monitoring are important to the studies of physiological and biochemical studies of mussel Perna perna,which is the common mytilide that is grown in Brazilian seacoast. The growing of mussel Perna perna in Southern Brazil is utmost significant as it ranked first in mussel producing countries.
There are two approaches used in this case study, that is physiological and biochemical approaches. Physiological measurement of Perna perna activity is analysed by evaluating statistics analysis for filtration rates,lead assimilation and overall respiratory activity over a period of time. This approach allows the evaluation of effects caused by lead poisoning. Whereas, the biochemical approach is conducted by evaluating standard gill fragments using rhodamine B accumulation in the mechanism of multixenobiotic resistance(MXR) and it's quantified under fluorescence optical microscopy.
From the analysis, it shows that there is high filtration rates and low assimilation rates for mussels maintenance in a lead-poisoned environment. This is then increase sedimentation rate of suspended material in pellet-shaped feces which than promote the accumulation of organic matter in sea bottom with a consequent decrease of local animal diversity and and increase in bacterial proliferation. Less rhodamine B accumulation under influence of lead which induces the expression of  MXR mechanism in mussels Perna perna.

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Development of a cell line from primary cultures of rainbow trout,  Oncorhynchus mykiss(walbaum),  gills

Cell line from primary cultures of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), gills have been developed because cell lines from lungs have been proven valuable for studying the diseases,  toxicology and physiology of mammalian respiratory organ ,therefore gills have been used as it can developed a few lines for similar studies. In this report,  it describe the preparation of primary cell cultures from the rainbow trout gill and the development from these cultures of an epithelial cell line,  RT gill-W1.

Aim of the research is to do culture that included organ culture,  cell suspensions and primary cultures but not cell lines by in vitro technique.  Collagenase was used to prepare primary cell cultures from rainbow trout, Oncorhynchys mykiss and although it is difficult to subcultivate,  one primary culture can led to the development of a cell line,  RT gill W1.

In order to get the cell line, we need to do the primary culture first by removing the gill filaments from the rainbow trout. The cultures enrinched in primary lamella fragments were achieved by plating the loose pellet into Nunc petri dishes. Gills preparations also were plated onto tissue culture polystyrene coated with different attachment and spreading factors,  as recommended.  Laminin,  collagen I,  collagen IV and basement membrane being used. After primary culture,  subcultivation were made as early as 3 weeks and as late as 15 months after primary culture preparation. The results of the primary culture show that the confluent monolayers been developed from the gill suspensions and within 24h,  spread cells which were generally round in shape,  were present singly and in groups or colonies.

Gill cell cultures developed from suspensions enrinched in single cells. One day after plating, groups or colonies of attached,  round cells were evident and after 2 weeks, two types of polygonal cells predominated which cell with regular outlines and cell with a regular shape and distinct cell borders. From among different surfaces coatings,  only collagen IV enhanced greater attachement,  spreading and monolayer development. Penicillin and streptomycin being used in order to maintain the confluent monolayers in medium. Then,  the primary cultures were subcultivated in order to develop a gill cell line.  Cobblestone-shaped epithelial cells have been formed and proliferated very slowly and become confluent over a year. Subcultivation was easier with primary cultures that had been initiated from gill fragments or maintained for some months and after eight passages,  mycoplasma was detected.

Therefore, both of them were reported that they be able to proliferate to form confluent monolayers within a weeks. RT gill W1 appear to be a continous or immortal cell line.  This population of cells might more easily undergo spontaneous immortalization or contain more preexisting immortalized cells than other primary cultures. Inasmuch as mycoplasma appear to have had a role in neoplastically transforming some mammalian cell lines and mycoplasma possibly had a role in immortalizing RT gill W1.

To summarize,  rainbow trout gill primary cultures and the RT gill W1 cell line can be used in the future as a tool to study gill diseases.  And an example of this could be to study the attachment and action of gill pathogens,  such as those involved in bacterial gill disease. Proliferative gill disease,  which involves abnormal proliferation of gill epithelia also could be amenable to in vitro study.

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Developing a Cell Culture System from Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus, L.) Ovarian Tissue in Egypt (53654/G1)

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Developing a Cell Culture System from Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus, L.) Ovarian Tissue in Egypt (53654/G1)

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The significance of this research is to assist in the development of method of curing treatments and diagnosis of diseases in fish culture industry through fish cell line establishment.
The problem statement is that the cultured fish cell lines required the correct essential supplement and temperature for a induced cell proliferation.
The aim of this research is to develop a cell culture system from Nile Tilapia (O. Niloticus) ovarian tissue and establish fish cell lines for fish culture.
The experimental approaches of this research was donein vitro by experimenting on the Leibovitz- 15 culture media supplemented with FBS ( Foetal Bovine Serum), Mininum essential media (MEM) and RBMI provided with temperature of 16, 27 and 30 celcius each.
In conclusion,  Leibovitz- 15 culture media supplemented with FBS ( Foetal Bovine Serum) provided with temperature ranging 27-30 celcius induced the cell proliferation of the fish cell. Therefore, it is possible for different method of curing treatments and disease diagnosis on fish to be developed.

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RNA sequencing read depth requirement for optimal transcriptome coverage in Hevea brasiliensis (51606, G1

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RNA sequencing read depth requirement for optimal transcriptome coverage in Hevea brasiliensis (51606, G1

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De novo transcriptomes assembly allows the creation of transcriptomes without the aid of a reference genome. The concerns of assembling de novo transcriptomes is determining the amount of read sequences required to ensure a comprehensive coverage of genes expressed in a particular sample. The use of Illumina paired-end RNA-Seq reads from Hevea brasiliensis bark to devise a transcript mapping approach is determined and described for the estimation of the read amount needed for deep transcriptomes. A procedure, the “ transcript mapping saturation test”,is devised to estimate the amount of RNA-Seq reads needed for deep coverage of transcriptomes. Based on the result obtained, it can be concluded that 5-8 GB reads are required to be generated for Hevea de novo assembly in order to achieve around 90% transcript coverage with optimised k-mers and transcript N50 length. The principle behind this methodology may also be applied to other non-model plants, or with reads from other second generation sequencing platforms.

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Preliminary study on the dye removal efficacy of immobilized marine and freshwater mucroalgal beads from textile wastewater. (46514/46512 G1

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Preliminary study on the dye removal efficacy of immobilized marine and freshwater mucroalgal beads from textile wastewater. (46514/46512 G1

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This significance of the research id to understand the ability of immobilized marine and freshwater microalgal beads to degrade the textile wastewater.
As we know, textile industry wastewater are characterised with high amount of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solid (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), alkalinity and total dissolved solids. It causes the textile wastewater become difficult to degrade. Hence, these wastewater cause problems to human health, because they have toxic, carcinogenic and even mutagenic compounds that lose a serious hazard to aquatic organisms. The problem statement of this research was to define the percentage of the immobilized marine microalgae and freshwater microalgal in romiving dye from textile wastewater.
The objective of the study was to investigate the potential of immobilized marine microalgae (Chlorella marina, Isochrysis galbana, Tetraselmis sp. Dunaliella salina and Nannochloropsis sp.) and freshwater microalgal (Chlorella sp.) in removing dye from textile wastewater.
In this research, biosorption was used as the method in degradation of waste from industrial. Biosorption is one of the most innovative technologies to remove contaminants from the aqueous solution and wastewater. This method is easy to use, cost effective and devoid of technical problems.
In conclusion, among the algal species tested, the highest colour removal was noticed in Isochrysis galbana (55%) followed by freshwater Chlorella sp. (43%).

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Use of green fluorescent protein (GFP) to study the invasion pathways of Edwardsiella tarda in in vivo and in vitro fish models. (53591-G1)

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Use of green fluorescent protein (GFP) to study the invasion pathways of Edwardsiella tarda in in vivo and in vitro fish models. (53591-G1)

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Edwardsiella tarda is a fish pathogen that causes systemic infections in many food and ornamental fish.

This research shows that the fluorescent proteins (green fluorescent protein-pGFPuv and blur fluorescent protein- pBFP2) are useful tool for investigating bacterial host cell infection and shows the interactions between E. tarda and its host. In this study, two fish models, epithelioma papillosum of carp (EPC) and blue gourami. This is used to study the invasion pathway of E. tarda in vitro and in vivo.

Through this study, it shows that necrosis of tissue happen in body muscle and liver of fish. Also, fluorescent bacteria in fish were infected with pGFPuv but not with pBFP2.

From this study, it shows the usefullness of fluorescent proteins in tracking fish pathogen, E. tarda in vivo and in vitro.

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Transcriptome Analysis of Crucian Crap,an Important Aquaculture and Hypoxia-Tolerant Species (50819)

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Transcriptome Analysis of Crucian Crap,an Important Aquaculture and Hypoxia-Tolerant Species (50819)

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Crucian crap species consider as an important aquaculture species because crucian crap can endure months with anoxia at low temperature during winter. This species also being used as model organism in order to study molecular mechanism in genome evolution and physiological adaptation.

The genomic and transcriptomics data available for this species still insufficient.

This research carried out in order to analyse transcriptome of Crucian crap and characterise it that will provide a valuable genomic resource.

In order to carry out this research, we performed de novo transcriptosme sequencing of four cDNA libraries that represent brain,muscle,liver and kidney. Apart from that,this research also carried out using microsatellite and SNP marker in order to study regarding Crucian crap molecular selection and breeding.

At the end of this research,we found that this gene revealed more in brain,up-regulated in muscle and down-regulated in liver whereby we had identified 11296 microsatellite and 5784 SNP markers for crucian crap molecular selection and breeding.

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Developmental of a simple cuture method for the tissues containminated with microorgarnisms and application to establishment of a fish cell line by Akimoto, Takaoka and Sorimachi. (52839

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Developmental of a simple cuture method for the tissues containminated with microorgarnisms and application to establishment of a fish cell line by Akimoto, Takaoka and Sorimachi. (52839

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The significance of the experiment is test out effects of environmental hormones (endocrine distrupters) or dioxin in fish cell line, as fish is one of the best animal to test out or investigate of these compounds.

The problem statement is fish cell lines are difficult to develop as it always associate with contamination of microorganisms.

The aim of the experiment is to develop of a simple culture method for the tissues contaminated with microorganisms and application to establishment of a fish cell line.

In this particular approach, the tissues (scale) removed from the goldfish (Carassius auratus), were pretreated with low concentration of sodium hypochlorite solution (NaClO), as higher concentration might direct damage to the cells. The purpose of treating the tissues in this solution is act as the antimicrobial solution to prevent the growth of the microorganism and also fungi. Next, it is treated with 70% ethanol and then with 0.3% of sodium hypochlorite solution and cultured in vitro in the condition of having 0.5% CO₂ (Akimoto, Takaoka & Sorimachi. 2000.)

According to Akimoto, Takaoka and Sorimachi (2000), from the result of the experiment shown the doubling time of the fish cell line is 24h. GAKS cell lines have been tested for the cytotoxic compound on fish cells. Hence, it means that the GAKS cells are very useful as a preliminary tool for the assesment of chemical risks to aquatic environment and also used  to detect the pollutants. Thus, the GAKS cell line woukld be a good model system to investigate the biochemical functions of fish cells.

Reference:

K. Akimoto., T. Takaoka., & K. Sorimachi. (2000). Development of a Simple Culture Method for the Tissues Contaminated with Microorganisms and Application to Establishment of a Fish Cell        line. Zoological Science. 17, 61-63.

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Social learning and acquired recognition of a predator by a marine fish (54970, G1)

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Social learning and acquired recognition of a predator by a marine fish (54970, G1)

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The significance of this experiment is predation are known to influence the distribution of behavioural traits among prey individuals, populations and communities over both evolutionary and ecological time scales.

The problem statement is chemosensory assessment of predation risk is widespread among fish species as visual cues are often limited in aquatic systems. Learning predator identities through social learning is beneficial to naive individuals as it eliminates the need for direct interaction with a potential threat.

This study aim to investigate whether Acanthochromis polyacanthus has a chemical alarm cue and whether this species could transmit the recognition of a natural predator of odour, black barred rock cod, Cephalopholis boenak, to conspecifics.

A polyacanthus were found to decrease their distance from shelter when the conspecific skin extract was injected. There was no change in behaviour in response to the X.helleri skin extract or saltwater controls.

The behavioural response of A.polyacanthus to the odour of C.boenak was examined, with no significant differences in distance from shelter observed.

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Establishment, characterization, and viral susceptibility of two cell lines derived from goldfish Carassius auratus muscle and swim bladder (50340)

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Establishment, characterization, and viral susceptibility of two cell lines derived from goldfish Carassius auratus muscle and swim bladder (50340)

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Goldfish Carassius auratus are common aquarium fish which have a significant economic and research value in terms of it's worth to fisheries as baitfish and it's ability to adopt to a range of habitats.

The problem statement of producing goldfish Carassius auratus for worldwide use was the exposure of this species to diseases and pathogens infection. Goldfish Virus Type 1 (GFV1), goldfish Virus Type 2 (GFV2), and herpes-type viruses are some viruses that cause disease in goldfish.

The aim and focus of this experiment was the establishment, characterization, and viral susceptibility of two cell lines derived from goldfish Carassius auratus muscle and swim bladder.

There are many experimental approaches during this experiment. The first one is the primary culture of muscle and swim bladder tissue from 4 juvenile goldfish Carassius auratus. Then, further characterization of the species was being done by growth studies, cell-plating efficiency, and cryopreservation of cells. Next, the cells of the goldfish Carassius auratus was karyotyped and it's ribosomal RNA (rRNA) was also analysed. After analysing it's rRNA, viral suspeptibility was ready to be tested.

Results from the experiment in terms of cell morphology, growth characteristics, plating efficiency, cryopreservation, chromosomal analysis, sequence analysis of 16S and 18S rRNA, and viral susceptibily can be obtained.

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Predicting developmental processes from evolutionary patterns: a molecular phylogeny of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) and its relatives. (52260, 48675)

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Predicting developmental processes from evolutionary patterns: a molecular phylogeny of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) and its relatives. (52260, 48675)

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The significance of the experiment is to understand the proximate and ultimate factors leading to increased biological diversity.

The problem statement of this research is that most work in development biology is exclusively concerned with elucidating development processess in a small number of model systems, which are then assumed to be representative of much larger number of species.

The aim of the experiment is to study the biology of cyprinid fishes within a comparative evolutionary framework and to use the genetic variation contained in species other than zebrafish itself to facilitate the study of zebrafish development.

DNA-based phylogeny for the zebrafish and 20 of its close relatives are use. The molecular phylogeny is based on homologous regions of the large 16S and small 12S mitochondrial ribosomal RNA genes.

In conclusion, evolution of vertebrae and somite number and somatogenesis can be traced based on the evolutionary relationships among zebrafish and its relatives.

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52824 g1 Development of Spotted Barb (Puntius binotatus) 

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52824 g1 Development of Spotted Barb (Puntius binotatus) 

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The cultivation of Puntius binotatus has high economic value as it is one of the endemic fish in Indonesia. The research on Puntius binotatus ,however, has never done before. The aim of the study is to determine the development of spotted barb (P. binotatus) eggs from fertilized egg to become larvae. Wild Spotted barb are grown indoor and made to spawn artificially. The eggs were observed under 1000 magnification of dissecting microscope. In conclusion, embryogenesis of Puntius binotatus requires 24 hours in 25-27°C, compare to Koi Carp which require 75 hours to hatch.