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Gone to the Dogs Questions:

1. Does the case of Oxana support Nature or Nurture? Give at least 2 examples to support their view.

In the Oxana's case, her parent's abandoned her at a really young age so she had to live with dogs, because of this she ended up ACTING like a dog so this would be nurture. Her case supports the idea of nurture because she learned how to act like a dog because of her environment, she practically spent her with dogs so she adapted to how dogs live.

1. Which language theory is supported by this view: B.F. Skinner or Noam Chomsky? What items form this case support this theory?

B.F. Skinner's theory is supported more because the children had to learn language while growing up to be able to use it later on. The children who werent exposed to language were unable to use it later on, showing that language isnt innate.

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Vygotsky: Learning impacts development
Theories of Adolescents

G. Stanley Hall: "Storm and Stress"

3 Key Aspects: Conflict with parents, mood disruptions, risky behavior (not everyone goes through this)

Margaret Mead: "Easy Transition"

No harsh and difficult but an easy move

Erikson: Identity vs. Role Confusion

James Marcia: Interviewed students ages 18-22 about their central aspects of identity.

Identitaty Diffusion: Sense of having no choices; unwilling to commit

Identity Foreclosure: Willing to commit to some things; conform to expectations of others

Identity Moratorium: Crisis; Ready for choices, but not sure

Identity Achievement: Commitment to an identity resolved crisis.

Future Trends

Adolescence lasting longer

1st marriages: Men=31, Women=28 (Early 30s)

Women outlive men by 3 years worldwide.

Physical Changes: Incidence of Dementia by age
Cognitive Changes (ADULTHOOD):
Cognition
Alzheimer's
Crystallized Intelligence
Fluid Intelligence
Death and Dying: KUBLER-ROSS

5 Stages of Grief

1. Denial

2. Anger

3. Bargaining

4. Depression

5. Acceptance

Gone to the Dogs Questions:

1. Does the case of Oxana support Nature or Nurture? Give at least 2 examples to support their view.

2. Which language theory is supported by this view: B.F. Skinner or Noam Chomsky? What items form this case support this theory?

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I can finish developmental notes

Social Development: Child-Rearing Practices
Authoritarian: Parents impose rules and expect obedience; "Don't interrupt." "Why?" "Because I said so"
Permissive: Submit to children's desires, make few demands, use little punishment
Authoritative: Both demanding a responsive; set rules, but explain reasons and encourage open discussion
Uninvolved/Detached: Limited time/energy; attachment issues+delinquency
Parenting Styles
Punishment: Immediate obedience, adult models aggression, avoid adult
Adolescence

Primary Sex Characteristics

Body Structures that make sexual reproduction possible

Male-1st ejaculation

Female-Menarche (First menstrual period)

Secondary Sex Characteristics

Nonreproductive sexual characteristics

Male-Voice deepens

Female-Breasts develop

Social Development

David Elkind: Imaginary audience (everyone's looking at me); Personal Fable (I'm vulnerable)

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I can research designs for projects.

Moral Development: Laurence Kohlberg
Preconventional Level (Bottom): Morality of self-interest: to avoid punishment or gain concrete awards
Conventional Level: Morality of law and social rules: to gain approval or avoid disapproval
Postconventional Level (Top): Morality of abstract principles: to affirm agreed-upon rights and personal ethical principles.

As moral development progresses, the focus of concern moves from the self to the wider social world.

Moral Development of WOMEN: Carol Gilligan

She believed Kohlberg's ideas were sexist, so she did her stages, mostly based on Kohlberg'

Level 1: Orientation of individual survival

Transition 1: Selfishness to Responsibility

Level 2: Goodness as Self-Sacrifice

Transition 2: Goodness to Truth

Level 3: Morality of Nonviolence
Infancy+Childhood: Sociocultural Development
Why Do Children Play?

Self-Teaching: By trial and error (Sensorimotor)

Symbolic Representation (Preoperational)

Piaget Says interaction with physical world...

Overcome egocentrism

Learning through first-hand experiences

Vygotsky says...Culture and Education!!!!

Delaying Immediate gratification

Practice self-regulation: learn to thing about own world

Lev Vygotsky: Social Development Theory
Social interaction + cognitive development
Learning-Development is enhanced with new tasks
Scaffolding or cognitive apprenticeship model
Zone of proximal developmen (ZPD) help with others

Vygotsky's View of Language

Primary method of communication between adults and children

Powerful tool of intellectual adaptation

Private speech (Talk to self) vs. Inner speech

Thoughts a result of language

Language Development

Critical Periods: windows of opportunity for learning a language; as early as 6 yrs old

Chomsky: Language Acquisition Deviation: Born with internal Mechanism

Whorf: Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis: Language determines who we think, recent research: language influences how we think

Social Development: Parent + Child Relationships

Critical Period: An optimal period shortly after birth when an organishm's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

Imprinting (Lorenz): The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.

Stranger Anxiety & Attachment: Fear of strangers beginning aroung 8 months; an emotional tie found in young children

Ainsworth: Attachment Styles

Secure vs. Insecure Attachment

Anxious-resistant insecure attachment

Rage at mom when she returns

Avoidant insecure attachment

May not notice mother is gone

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I can apply Erikson's theory to my reunion activity

Cognitive: Piaget
Social: Erikson
Basic Trust: A sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy

major task with each stage of life

responsive caregivers

Self-Concept: a sense of one's identity and personal worth
Psychosocial Development: Erikson's Stages

1. Trust vs. Mistrust: (Infancy 0-1/2 yrs) If needs are dependable met, infants develop a sense of basic trust.

2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt: (Toddler, 2-3 or 1-2) Toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities.

3. Initiative vs. Guilt: (Preschooler, 3-5 yrs) Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent.

4. Competence vs. Inferiority: (Elementary, 6-Puberty) Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior.

5. Identity vs. Role Confusion: (Adolescent Teens-20's) Teens work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are.

6. Intimacy vs. Isolation: (Young Adult, 20's-40's) Young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated.

7. Generativity vs. Stagnation: (Middle Adult, 40's-60's) Middle-aged discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose.

8. Integrity vs. Despair: (Late Adult, late 60's+) When reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure.

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Object Permanence:
Stranger Anxiety:
Baby Mathematics: Shown a numerically impossible outcome, infants stare longer
Ego-centrism: Inability of the preoperational child to take another's point of view
Theory of Mind: Ideas about your own and others mental states, feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict
Conservation: the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite the changes in the forms of objects

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I can understand developmental research designs.

At What Age Do We First...
Laugh: 2 mo
Pedal a tricycle: 2 yrs
Sit without support: 5-6 mo
Feel ashamed: 2 yrs
Walk unassisted: 11-13 mo.
Stand on one foot for 10 seonds: 4.5 yrs
Recognize and smile @ mom and dad: 4-5 mo
Kick ball forward: 20 mo
Think about things that cannot be seen: 12 mo
Make 2-word sentences: 20-22 mo

Station 6: A:11 B: 65
Station 5: A:15 B: 35
Station 7: A: 50 B: 16
Station 1: A: 90 B: 2
Station 3: A: 8 B: 10
Station 2: A: 75 B: 40
Station 4: A: 15 B: 40

Dissecting Research: Cross-sectional, logitudinal

Prenatal Development and The Newborn
Newborn Reflexes:
Rooting
Swallowing:
Babinski:
Moro "Startle" Reflex:
Grasping Reflex:
Stepping:
Swallowing:
Infancy+Childhood: Cognitive Development
Cognitive: All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
Schema: A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.
Piaget: Cognitive Development

Mental functioning depends on 2 biological processes:

Assimilation: Interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas (Cowboy boots)

Accommodation: Adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.