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How is energy transformed and matter utilized by living things?-Plants use energy from sunlight to make sugar and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water. The process by which carbon dioxide and water are converted to sugar and oxygen using sunlight is referred to as photosynthesis. This is an endergonic reaction, meaning energy is required by the reaction. Specifically, energy is required to put the carbon dioxide and the water molecules together to form sugar. Sun provides the energy needed to drive photosynthesis, and some of the energy used to make the sugar is stored in the sugar molecule.
What role do photosynthesis and cellular respiration play in the recycling of carbon?-While photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide and releases oxygen, cellular respiration requires oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. It is the released oxygen that is used by us and most other organisms for cellular respiration. ... The carboncycle is the pathways through which carbon is recycled in the biosphere.

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How are photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration related to one another in the biosphere?-Photosynthesis makes the glucose that is used in cellular respiration to make ATP. The glucose is then turned back into carbon dioxide, which is used in photosynthesis. While water is broken down to form oxygen during photosynthesis, in cellular respiration oxygen is combined with hydrogen to form water.
What role does photosynthesis play in altering Earth's atmosphere?-Photosynthesis plays an important role in the environment for several reasons as it helps clean the air because plants use the carbon dioxide in the air for photosynthesis, the plants produce oxygen as a by-product which all humans and animals need to live and it also makes plants grow, providing food for animals that feed on plants.
Respiration is the process of releasing energy from the breakdown of glucose. Respiration takes place in every living cell, all of the time and all cells need to respire in order to produce the energy that they require.Aerobic means “with air”. This type of respiration needs oxygen for it to occur so it is called aerobic respiration. The word equation for aerobic respiration is:
Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
The chemical equation is:

C6H12O6 + 6O2   6CO2 + 6H2O + 2900 kJ/mol
Anaerobic means without air (“an” means without).  Sometimes there is not enough oxygen around for animals and plants to respire, but they still need energy to survive.  Instead they carry out respiration in the absence of oxygen to produce the energy they require this is called anaerobic respiration.The word and chemical equation for anaerobic respiration in is:

Glucose    Lactic acid + Energy
C6H12O6  2C3H6O3 + 120 kJ/mol

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A bio molecule or biological molecule is any molecule that is present in living organisms, including large macro molecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids, as well as small molecules such as primary metabolites, secondary metabolites, and natural products. Biomolecules consists mainly of carbon and hydrogen with nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur, and phosphorus. Biomolecules are very large molecules of many atoms, that are covalently bound together.
Minerals supply the elements (e.g., nitrogen, N; phosphorus, P; sulfur, S) required to form these compounds. Chemical bonds are broken between oxygen (O) and carbon(C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen, and sulfur, and new bonds are formed in products that include gaseous oxygen (O2) and organic compounds. More energy is required to break the bonds between oxygen and other elements (e.g., in water, nitrate, and sulfate) than is released when new bonds form in the products. This difference in bond energy accounts for a large part of the light energy stored as chemical energy in the organic products formed during photosynthesis.

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http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/art-90132/The-amount-of-energy-at-each-trophic-level-decreases-as

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The energy in most ecosystems flows through the food chain. In terrestrial ecosystems and most marine ecosystems, the energy flow starts in green plants that harvest some of the sun’s energy. The plants are then consumed by animals, bacteria and other creatures, which are themselves eaten by other creatures.
Autotrophs are plants that make their own food. Heterotrophs cannot fix carbon from an inorganic source
herbivores eat plants, omnivores eat a variety of things and carnivores eat meat
decomposer is an organism, especially a soil bacterium, fungus, or invertebrate, that decomposes organic material.
The amount of energy at each trophic level decreases as it moves through an ecosystem.
As little as 10 percent of the energy at any trophic level is transferred to the next level

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cellular respiration-a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP, and then release waste products.
Products of Photosynthesis = Reactants of Cellular Respiration -Most of the steps of cellular respiration take place in the mitochondria. Oxygen and glucose are both reactants in the process of cellular respiration. The main productof cellular respiration is ATP; waste products include carbon dioxide and water.
CO2 emissions- carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide in the atmosphere, produced by vehicles and industrial processes

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law of conservation of matter-a fundamental principle of classical physics that matter cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system
law of conservation of energy-The principle that energy can neither be created nor be destroyed, now part of the first law of thermodynamics.
law of conservation of mass-mass in an isolated system is neither created nor destroyed by chemical reactions or physical transformations
-energy is equal to matter because einstein showed us that matter is just frozen energy

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-inputs:carbon dioxide, water, light
Outputs:carbohydrates, heat, oxygen
-the chemical formula is 6co2+6h2o+light energy=c6h12o6+6o2
-chloroplast absorbs sunlight and use it in conjunction with water and carbon dioxide to produce food for the plant
-in light dependent cycle energy from sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll and converted into chemical energy in the form of electron carrier molecules
-in calvin cycle carbon atoms are fixed and used to build three carbon sugars. this process is fueled by ATP and NADPH from light reactions
-light energy is converted to chemical energy when a photo chemically excited special chlorophyll molecule of the photosynthetic reaction center loses an electron, undergoing an oxidation reaction