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Making a Presentation at a Poster Session

Preparing for a Teaching Demonstration

Teaching a Class as a Guest Lecturer

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Leading a Q&A Session (Questions and Answers)

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Leading a Q&A Session (Questions and Answers)

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Your attitude is the key.

What is your current attitude towards Q&A?

What types of attitudes are there?

What are characteristics of an extraordinary Q&A?

An extraordinary Q&A session is a valuable opportunity to:

Reinforce your main message,

Build better rapport with your audience and

Evaluate your content and performance.

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A Skills you need to work effectively with other Cultures

For Discussion Purposes: Elaborate Pro-Actively

What does it mean to “elaborate”?

On a scale of between 1 and 6: How good are you at elaborating?

How many examples of elaboration can you use as a group?

In what situations can you use elaboration skills? Brainstorm. Be specific.

What are necessary skills or competencies related to elaboration?

Do you want to develop them? Why or Why not?

What are the possible benefits of becoming better at elaborating?

Are there any negative consequences for elaborating?

Do you or someone you know elaborate well?

What do good “elaborators” do differently?

Should children be encouraged to develop elaboration skills?

Discuss;

“Over-communicating” is a core concept in effective cross-cultural communication.

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Online kick-off orientation:

Meet the members Icebreaking. Speedy Self-Introductions and Active Listening Questions

What are your wildest expectations?

What are yout worst fears?

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Socializing at a Conference

Giving a mini-Presentation at an International Conference

Online Socializing

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Facilitate further discussion with these types of questions:

Q: What work does a (data scientist) do and what knowledge do they need?

Q: What specific work do you do as a (data scientist) and what specific knowledge do you need?

Q: How does the work (data scientists) do improve and protect the lives of people?

Q: How can the specific work/research you do eventually improve and/or protect the lives of people?

Q: What are some of the challenges that face (Data Scientists) today?

Q: What are some of the challenges that you face in completing your current research project?

Q: What does the future hold for (Data Scientists)?

Q: What does the future hold for you as a (Data Scientists)?

Q: What are some tips for those who would like to work in (Data Science)?

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Everyone has participated in a meaningful and substantive way and, more or less, equally.
Everyone listened carefully and respectfully to one another.
Everyone tried to support their answers with evidence.
Everyone used Accountable Talk Stems.
There was a team effort. Students took risks and dug for deep meaning.

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ACCOUNTABLE TALK STEMS

(S)State an opinion

I think/believe that ...

In my opinion ...

From my perspective ...

Based on ..., it seems that

After reading ..., I conclude that

(A)Agree, Disagree, Add on

I agree with you because …

That answer makes sense because …

I disagree with you because …

I have a different point of view ...

I would like to add on ...

This reminds me of …

To piggyback on what …. said

(Q)Ask Question

What do you mean by ...?

Why do you think that?

Will you explain that again?

I have a question about ...

I don’t quite understand. Can you explain it little bit more?

(P) Paraphrase or Restate your opinion

So what you are saying is that ...

In other words, you think …

I noticed that ...

If I understand you correctly, your opinion is that ...

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Zoom Lessons
Post Pandemic

Experts estimate the long term consequences of the pandemic are going to be huge. Change is coming, no doubt. How are our lives going to change after the pandemic is over? That’s the question.

Some tendencies to change are already here but are going to be boosted in the pandemic aftermath.

We cannot make definitive conclusions, but we can, at least, formulate some hypotheses.

Consider topics sch as:
hygiene, education, architecture and spaces, communication, supply chains, mobility, work, stress-relievers, fun/ joy, oblivion and loving-kindness.

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Using SIX HATS®:  Workshop participants can:

Improve their listening, speaking, reading and writing skills.

Develop problem solving, decision making, and leadership skills.

Develop confidence and independence..

Craft better questions.

Lead more focused and in depth discussions.

Organize team work more effectively.

What is SIX HATS®?

A framework created by Dr. Edward de Bono in which “Thinking” is visible, focused, in depth, and at higher levels of critical and creative thinking.

A strategy which can be used on a simple level, a concrete level or an abstract, sophisticated level.

How does SIX HATS® work?

SIX HATS® provides a visual image that is easy to learn, remember and use

In Six Hats Thinking we deliberately put on one of the hats and hold our thinking to that style for the moment. We ask others to put on the same hat and work the topic from that point of view. Then we switch hats and work the topic collectively from another style of thinking. We can use the Six Hats model to clarify what other participants "seem to be saying". We can also use the model to ensure completeness in our thinking about an idea, problem or subject.

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Discussing Your Research with a Colleague

Explaining Progress in Your Research in a Lab Meeting

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Get the ball rolling
Keep the momentum going

More Questions
Switch to a new activity
Take shortcuts
Set deadlines
Use rule of thumb to decide quickly
Focus- Intensity

ability, agility, alertness, dynamism, endurance, intensity, potency, quickness, strength, urgency, vitality, action, activity

In general, how vigorous were you?

(Asking lots of questions and advocating strongly)

In general, how vigorous was the group?

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In general, how rigorous were you?

(Asking high-level questions and improving depth.)

Rigor extremely thorough
Higher Level Questions
Stay with the problem longer.
Plan for every possible situation
Take a breather, reconsiderUse many examples
Explore all avenues, consider the complexity of the issue.
Patience,

Deep interaction with the content
accuracy, conscientiousness, difficulty, exactitude, tenacity, thoroughness, trial, tribulation,

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The learning process includes:
listening
reading
asking questions
discussing
reflecting

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Module 1: Introducing Yourself and Your Research
Module 2: Explaining a Progress in Your Research in a Lab Meeting
Module 3: Discussing Your Research with a Colleague
Module 4: Making a Presentation at a Poster Session
Module 5: Giving a Presentation at an International Conference
Module 6: Socializing at a Conference
Module 7: Facilitating Group Discussions
Module 8: Teaching a Class as a Guest Lecturer
Module 9: Preparing for a Teaching Demonstration

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イングリッシュアカデミア

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UTokyo English Academiaは「東京大学 大学総合教育研究センター」が作成した、大学院生、研究者など英語で教える方を対象とした英語学習のためのeラーニングサービスです。

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1.2 Collect and Structure Your Information

（情報収集と構造化）

In order to help you introduce yourself and explain your research effectively in English, I'd like to propose two steps in preparation.
Firstly, collect relevant information. Secondly, structure the collected information.
Let's see these points step by step.

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イングリッシュアカデミア

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1.2 Collect and Structure Your Information （情報収集と構造化） In order to help you introduce yourself and explain your research effectively in English, I'd like to propose two steps in preparation. Firstly, collect relevant information. Secondly, structure the collected information. Let's see these points step by step.

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Group Discussion or Self-Reflection

How might you ....
find someone to introduce yourself to?

re-introduce yourself to someone?

Find out something new and important about one of your lab mates?

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Simple but powerful claim

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Reflection that is based on misunderstandings can be counter-productive.

Reflecting too much can lead to inactivity.

Definition or reflection and learning is basically the same.

Motivation is more important

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Reflection can solidify knowledge,

Reflection can help you find deeper insights.

Reflection can correct misunderstandings.

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新領域ビデオ制作プロジェクト GSFS Video Production Project

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ジェームズライスのフュージョンラボ / Fusion Lab with James Rice

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Reflection is a stepping stone to new inquiries.

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東京大学 東大 新領域創成科学研究科 新領域 学融合コミュニケーション 研究紹介 ビデオ制作

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新領域ビデオ制作プロジェクト GSFS Video Production Project

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東京大学大学院新領域創成科学研究科の学生による研究紹介ビデオ制作プロジェクトです。 This is a research introduction video production project by students of "Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo". 【新領域ビデオ制作プロジェクト／GSFS Video Production Project】 　https://gakuyugo-comm.edu.k.u-tokyo.ac.jp/home 【東京大学大学院新領域創成科学研究科／Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo】 　https://www.k.u-tokyo.ac.jp/

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Takeaways from your discussion.

How to do better "Six Hats" next time?

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What are some of the worst questions you have ever been asked?

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What are some of the worst questions you have ever been asked?

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What are the questions that you hope you never get asked?

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What are the questions that you hope you never get asked?

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Edward de Bono devised the six thinking hats in 1985 as a tool for discussion and individual thinking. The premise of the method is that the human brain can think in a number of ways and can be deliberately challenged.

Each hat is used for a limited time, as some will feel unnatural or uncomfortable to the user but will allow the individual to consider a problem or issue from a range of perspectives. The thinking hats are an excellent tool for developing students' ability to construct higher order questions.

We have themed our thinking hats for an expedition and a summary of each expedition team member and some example question stems are available below. As a starting point you could ask your students to compose questions for one of the expedition team members using each of the hats.

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Teacher Update | Use the six thinking hats to generate questions | Encounter Edu

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Edward de Bono devised the six thinking hats in 1985 as a tool for discussion and individual thinking. The premise of the method is that the human brain can think in a number of ways and can be deliberately challenged. Each hat is used for a limited time, as some will feel unnatural or...

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This statement (quote) is important because …..

_____________ is trying to say/tell us …

This means …..

This shows us that …

This relates to …

The statement (quote) relates to my position because …. This is clear because …

Based on this statement (quote), I can conclude/infer that ……. Therefore, …

However ….

What _________________ means is …

For example, …

This statement (quote) reminds me of …

As a result of ________________ , (tell us what should happen next) This situation is similar to …

THINK ABOUT THESE QUESTIONS WHEN YOU ELABORATE:

1. Why do we care (about the quote you chose)?

2. So what?

3. How does the statement (quote) support your POD and Thesis?

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Definition
Pollution is the term used to describe toxins in our environment

Background-Context-Stakeholders
Industrial pollution has been regulated more than in the past but is still a huge problem for children and future generations.

Facts / Common Knowledge

There are 4 major types of pollution

Data / Statistic

Out of 30 students interviewed, 28 reported seeing garbage all over the schoolyard when they come back from the weekend

Line of Reasoning: Flow of Logic:

If A equals B, and B equals C, then A must equal C.  If the statements in your equation are true, then your conclusion must be true as well. Also works well for "if... then..." statementsIf every school in America agreed to stop producing paper-based fliers and went green with online fliers instead, we would reduce our carbon footprint by 30%

Example

For example, the weather in Florida never used to get below 30 degrees. Now, it is usual for them to experience temperatures in the teens!

Small Story/Anecdote

One time when I went swimming in the ocean, I couldn't paddle two feet without touching a piece of garbage floating around me

Quotes (Direct or indirect) from authorities or primary/secondary sources

Michael Osmond, Director of the Centers for Disease Control, reports, "Pollution spreading is an extremely critical issue that must be addressed by policy makers and the general public in order to get it under control."

Rhetorical Questioning:

Can the consequences of pollution be balanced with the needs of developing countries such as China?

A rhetorical question should not be simplistic or phrased so that the only answer is in favor of your opinion such as:

Don't you hate pollution? or Who would want to live in a world surrounded by heaps of garbage and poor quality air?

Response / Reaction / Opinion In my experience, many students find recycling to be an afterthought - not necessarily a critical issue.

Personal Appeal/ Empathy: Appeal to our human emotions; establish common ground that your audience can relate to.

We all want a cleaner world for our generation and for future generations. Everyone should have the right to be born into a clean world

Concession: Acknowledge opposing points of view and offer your rebuttal

While some people believe that pollution is only a problem for those living in major cities, they are inaccurate.  Pollution spreads far beyond the invisible boundaries that outline our cities and metropolitan areas.

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Jonas Edward Salk (/sɔːlk/; born Jonas Salk; October 28, 1914 – June 23, 1995) was an American virologist and medical researcher who developed one of the first successful polio vaccines.

"If all the insects were to disappear from the earth, within 50 years all life on earth would end. If all human beings disappeared from the earth, within 50 years all forms of life would flourish.” -Jonas Salk

There is hope in dreams, imagination, and in the courage of those who wish to make those dreams a reality.
I have had dreams and I have had nightmares, but I have conquered my nightmares because of my dreams.
The reward for work well done is the opportunity to do more.
Intuition will tell the thinking mind where to look next.
The worst tragedy that could have befallen me was my success. I knew right away that I was through - cast out.

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Can machines think?

Can robots be sentient?

What is science?

How does technology affect relationships?

What is the effect of technology on society?

What is intelligence?

What is the impact of modern technology?

Why are people so dumb?

Is tribalism good in modern society?

Is privacy a right?

What is empathy?

Do groups need a purpose?

Do individuals need a purpose?

Nature or nurture?

What good is studying philosophy?

What is a concept?

Why is there religion?

What is belief?

What don't we know?

What is reason?

What is being?

What is a good education?

What is cultural identity?

What is harmony?

What obligations do we have to future generations?

What are the differences between eastern and western philosophy?

How do our expectations affect reality?

What is Genius?

What is identity?

What is a nation?

What is progress?

What is civilization?

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Can machines think?

Can robots be sentient?

What is science?

How does technology affect relationships?

What is the effect of technology on society?

What is intelligence?

What is the impact of modern technology?

Why are people so dumb?

Is tribalism good in modern society?

Is privacy a right?

What is empathy?

Do groups need a purpose?

Do individuals need a purpose?

Nature or nurture?

What good is studying philosophy?

What is a concept?

Why is there religion?

What is belief?

What don't we know?

What is reason?

What is being?

What is a good education?

What is cultural identity?

What is harmony?

What obligations do we have to future generations?

What are the differences between eastern and western philosophy?

How do our expectations affect reality?

What is Genius?

What is identity?

What is a nation?

What is progress?

What is civilization?

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Humans are still evolving. ...

There's no such thing as time. ...

This is one of many universes. ...

We might be able to turn off ageing. ...

Enhanced humans are coming. ...

Everything is information. ...

Understanding consciousness is no longer an impossible dream. ...

Most of the universe is missing.

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In my lifetime
Before long
In the near future
In the next 5, 10 years
Over the next decade
By this time next year
By the end of the next decade

certain
probable
possible
unlikely
impossible

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Last week we asked readers for their predictions of life in 100 years time. Inspired by ten 100-year predictions made by American civil engineer John Elfreth Watkins in 1900, many of you wrote in with your vision of the world in 2112.

Many of the "strange, almost impossible" predictions made by Watkins came true. Here is what futurologists Ian Pearson (IP) and Patrick Tucker (PT) think of your ideas.

IP: Likelihood 10/10. We will need to feed 10 billion people and nature can't keep up with demand, so we will need much more ocean farming for fish. But algae farming is also on the way for renewable energy, and maybe even for growth of feedstock (raw materials) or resource extraction via GM seaweed or algae.

PT: Good chance. According to Dennis Bushnell, chief scientist at the Nasa Langley Research Center, saltwater algae that's been genetically modified to absorb more nitrogen from the air than conventional algae could free up to 68% of the fresh water that is now tied up in conventional agriculture. This water could go to thirsty populations.

IP: Likelihood 10/10. Transmission will be just as easy as other forms of brain augmentation. Picking up thoughts and relaying them to another brain will not be much harder than storing them on the net.

PT: Good chance. Synthetic telepathy sounds like something out of Hollywood but it is absolutely possible, so long as "communication" is understood to be electrical signals rather than words.

3. Thanks to DNA and robotic engineering, we will have created incredibly intelligent humans who are immortal (game_over)

IP: Likelihood 9/10. It is more likely that direct brain links using electronics will achieve this, but GM will help a lot by increasing longevity - keeping people alive until electronic immortality technology is freely available at reasonable cost.

PT: Good chance. The idea that breakthroughs in the field of genetics, biotechnology and artificial intelligence will expand human intelligence and allow our species to essentially defeat death is sometimes called the Singularity.

IP: Likelihood 8/10. There is already some weather control technology for mediating tornadoes, making it rain and so on, and thanks to climate change concerns, a huge amount of knowledge is being gleaned on how weather works. We will probably have technology to be able to control weather when we need to. It won't necessarily be cheap enough to use routinely and is more likely to be used to avoid severe damage in key areas.

PT: Good chance. We will certainly attempt to. A majority of scientists in the US support a federal programme to explore methods for engineering the Earth's climate (otherwise known as geoengineering). These technologies aim to protect against the worst effects of manmade climate change.

IP: Likelihood 8/10. The area seems worth keeping as a natural wilderness so I am hesitant here, but I do expect that pressure will eventually mean that some large areas will be used commercially for resources. It should be possible to do so without damaging nature there if the technology is good enough, and this will probably be a condition of exploration rights.

PT: Pretty close. Before there is a rush to develop Antarctica we will most likely see a full-scale rush to develop the Arctic. Whether the Arctic states tighten control over the region's resources, or find equitable and sustainable ways to share them will be a major political challenge in the decades ahead. Successful (if not necessarily sustainable) development of the Arctic portends well for the development of Antarctica.

IP: Likelihood 8/10. This is very plausible. We are already seeing electronic currency that can be used anywhere, and this trend will continue. It is quite likely that there will be only a few regional currencies by the middle of the century and worldwide acceptance of a global electronic currency. This will gradually mean the others fall out of use and only one will left by the end of the century.

PT: Great try! The trend on this is actually more in the opposite direction. The internet is enabling new forms of bartering and value exchange. Local currencies are also now used by several hundred communities across the US and Europe. In other words, look for many more types of currency and exchange not fewer, in the coming decades.

IP: Likelihood 10/10. We can expect this as soon as 2050 for many people. By 2075 most people in the developed world will use machine augmentation of some sort for their brains and, by the end of the century, pretty much everyone will. If someone else does this you will have to compete.

PT: Good chance. Right now, medical nanorobots exist only in theory and nanotechnology is mostly a materials science. But it's a rapidly growing field. Nanorobots exist within the realm of possibility, but the question of when they will arrive is another matter

IP: Likelihood 10/10. This is likely by 2045-2050 and almost certain by 2100. It's widely predicted that we will achieve this. What difference it makes will depend on what other energy technologies we have. We might also see a growth in shale gas or massive solar energy facilities. I don't think that wind power will be around.

IP: Likelihood 8/10. This does look like a powerful trend, other languages don't stand a lot of chance. Minor languages are dying at a huge rate already and the other major ones are mostly in areas where everyone educated speaks at least one of the other three. Time frame could be this century.

IP: Likelihood 8/10. This seems inevitable to those of us in the West and is likely to mean different kinds of marriages being available to everyone. Gay people might pick different options from heterosexual people, but everyone will be allowed any option. Some regions will be highly resistant though because of strong religious influences, so it isn't certain.

IP: Likelihood 8/10. There are some indications already that California wants to split off and such pressures tend to build over time. It is hard to see this waiting until the end of the century. Maybe an East Coast cluster will want to break off too. Pressures come from the enormous differences in wealth generation capability, and people not wanting to fund others if they can avoid it.

IP: Likelihood 8/10. First space elevators will certainly be around, and although "cheap" is a relative term, it will certainly be a lot cheaper than conventional space development. It will create a strong acceleration in space development and tourism will be one important area, but I doubt the costs will be low enough for most people to try.

PT: Pretty close. At the very least, more couples are choosing advanced fertility techniques over old-fashioned conception. Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis, in which an artificially inseminated embryo is carefully selected among other inseminated embryos for desirability, is becoming increasingly common in fertility clinics. Using this technique, it's now possible to screen an embryo for about half of all congenital illnesses. Within the next decade, researchers will be able to screen for almost all congenital illnesses prior to embryo implantation.

PT: Pretty close. I cannot comment on the museums but the Earth is on the verge of a significant species extinction event. Protecting biodiversity in a time of increased resource consumption, overpopulation, and environmental degradation will require continued sacrifice on the part of local, often impoverished communities. Experts contend that incorporating local communities' economic interests into conservation plans will be essential to species protection in the next century.

IP: Likelihood 7/10. Desert greening is progressing so this is just about possible.

IP: Likelihood 6/10. I think we will certainly see some weaker forms of marriage that are designed to last a decade or two rather than a whole lifetime, but traditional marriage will still be an option. Increasing longevity is the key - if you marry at 20 and live to well over 100, that is far too long a commitment. People will want marriages that aren't necessarily forever, but don't bankrupt them when they end.

PT: Great try! However, I think that the trend is in the direction of more sovereign nations rather than fewer. In the coming years, corporations or wealthy private citizens will attempt to use earth-moving technologies to build their own semi-sovereign entities in international waters.

IP: Likelihood 7/10. Well, possible, but not as likely as some other trends.

You can continue to contribute to the debate on Twitter using the hashtag #100yearpredictions. Ian Pearson is a future technology consultant and conference speaker. Patrick Tucker is spokesperson for the World Future Society and deputy editor of The Futurist magazine.

The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites.

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Twenty top predictions for life 100 years from now

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Last week we asked readers for their predictions of life in 100 years time. Inspired by ten 100-year predictions made by American civil engineer John Elfreth Watkins in 1900, many of you wrote in with your vision of the world in 2112. Many of the "strange, almost impossible" predictions made by Watkins came true.

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“The person who says he knows what he thinks but cannot express it

usually does not know what he thinks.”

— Mortimer Adler

The famous Nobel winning physicist Richard Feynman understood the difference between knowing something and knowing the name of something and it’s one of the most important reasons for his success.

Two Types of Knowledge

There are two types of knowledge and most of us focus on the wrong one.

The first type of knowledge focuses on knowing the name of something.

The second focuses on knowing something (understanding what you actually know and don’t know about it).

These are not the same thing.

Consider your preliminary answers to the following Critical Thinking questions, conduct research (google) and take some notes:

(Practice using concepts such as Sunk Costs or Opportunity Costs)

Purpose of the concept:

Significance of the concept:

Major Conclusions of the concept:

Implications/ Consequences of the concept:

Line of Reasoning of the concept:

Supporting Facts and Information needed to defend the concept’s value:

Related Concepts:

What is the most important idea that you want us to remember about this concept?

What real world examples will you use to elaborate? What other types of elaboration will you use?

What are the ENDURING UNDERSTANDINGS from the literature?

What are the ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS related to this concept?

What are the GUIDING QUESTIONS related to this concept?

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Leading concerns about the future of digital life

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Leading concerns about the future of digital life

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BY KATHLEEN STANSBERRY, JANNA ANDERSON AND LEE RAINIE

The comments in the following section are a sharp contrast to the utopian visions of equity and advancement described above. Whereas some see the future of the internet as a great equalizer, others warn that technology can just as easily be used for control and exploitation.

Inequality on the rise: The growing divide between haves and have-nots

The majority of respondents to this study are in agreement that digital life is likely to improve the lives of people at the top of the socioeconomic ladder over the next few decades. A large share of those who predicted that internet use will produce change for the worse for most individuals over the next 50 years expressed concerns that an extension of current trends will lead to a widening economic divide that leaves the majority in the dust of the privileged class.

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Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech

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The year 1969 was a pivot point in culture, science and technology. On Jan. 30, the Beatles played their last show. On July 20, the world watched in awe as Neil Armstrong and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin become the first humans to walk on the moon. Less than a month later, nearly half a million music fans overran a muddy field near Woodstock, New York, for what Rolling Stone calls the "greatest rock festival ever."

But the 1969 event that had the greatest global impact on future generations occurred with little fanfare on Oct. 29, when a team of UCLA graduate students led by professor Leonard Kleinrock connected computer-to-computer with a team at the Stanford Research Institute. It was the first host-to-host communication of ARPANET, the early packet-switching network that was the precursor to today's multibillion-host internet.

Heading into the network's 50th anniversary, Pew Research Center and Elon University's Imagining the Internet Center asked hundreds of technology experts, including Kleinrock and fellow internet pioneers, how individuals' lives might be affected by the evolution of the internet over the next 50 years. Overall, 530 technology pioneers, innovators, developers, business and policy leaders, researchers and activists in the nonscientific canvassing responded to this query:
The year 2019 will mark the 50th anniversary of the first host-to-host internet connection. Please think about the next 50 years. Where will the internet and digital life be a half century from now? Please tell us how you think connected technology, platforms and applications will be integrated into people's lives. You can tackle any dimension of this question that matters to you. You might consider focusing on questions like this: What changes do you expect to see in the digital world's platform companies? What changes do you expect to see in the apps and features that will ride on the internet? How will digital tools be integrated into everyday life? What will be entirely new? What will evolve and be recognizable from today's internet? What new rules, laws or innovations in its engineering over the intervening years will change the character of today's internet? Considering what you just wrote about your expectations for the next 50 years, how will individuals' lives be affected by the changes you foresee?
Some 72% of these respondents say there would be change for the better, 25% say there would be change for the worse and 3% believe there would be no significant change.

This is a non-scientific canvassing based on a non-random sample. Thus, the results are not projectable to any population other than the individuals expressing their points of view in this sample. The respondents' remarks reflect their personal positions and are not the positions of their employers.

The optimists responding to the better-worse-no change question expressed hope that in the next 50 years digital advances will lead to longer lifespans, greater leisure, more equitable distributions of wealth and power and other possibilities to enhance human well-being. At the same time, nearly all of these experts' written predictions included warnings about the possibilities of greater surveillance and data-abuse practices by corporations and governments, porous security for digitally connected systems and the prospect of greater economic inequality and digital divides unless policy solutions push societies in different directions.

In short, these experts argue the future is up for grabs and some argue key decisions need to be made soon. The main themes in these hundreds of experts' comments are outlined in this table.

HOPEFUL VISIONS
OF 2069
Living longer and feeling better
Internet-enabled technology will help people live longer and healthier lives. Scientific advances will continue to blur the line between human and machine.

WORRISOME VISIONS
OF 2069
Widening divides
The divide between haves and have-nots will grow as a privileged few hoard the economic, health and educational benefits of digital expansion.

"There is no
planet B"
The future of humanity is inextricably connected to the future of the natural world. Without drastic measures to reduce environmental degradation, the very existence of human life in 50 years is in question.

Among the experts making the case that choices made now could affect whether the future turns out well or not was Erik Brynjolfsson, director of the MIT Initiative on the Digital Economy and author of "Machine, Platform, Crowd: Harnessing Our Digital Future." He wrote, "I don't think the right framing is 'will the outcome be good, or bad?' but rather it must be 'how will we shape the outcome, which is currently indeterminate?' I'm hopeful that we will make the right choices, but only if we realize that the good outcomes are not at all inevitable."

Others echoed this point. David Bray, executive director for the People-Centered Internet coalition, commented, "There will be a series of disruptions to our current way of living and whether we, as humans, navigate them successfully for the benefit of all or, unfortunately, just a few, remains to be seen.... What we are seeing is an increasing affordability and availability of technologies that only were available to large nation-states 20 years ago. The commercial sector now outpaces the technology development of nation-states, which means groups can have advanced disruptive technologies that can be used for good or bad [and] that can massively impact global events. This trend will continue and will challenge the absorptive capacity of societies to keep up with such technology developments. No longer do we have five to 10 years to assess the impact of a technology and then incorporate norms, laws, etc. Now we have to operate on a six-month or three-month time horizon which, when combined with the media's tendency to dramatically oversimplify news and reduce complications in narratives about what is occurring, risks oversimplifying for the public the issues at hand, polarizing different groups and creating an ever-increasing number of 'wedge issues' in societies."

Esther Dyson, entrepreneur, former journalist, founding chair at ICANN and founder of Wellville, wrote, "The impact of the internet is not entirely inherent in the technology; it depends on what we do with it. It's so powerful that it has given us the opportunity to satisfy many of our short-term desires instantly; we need to learn how to think longer-term. So far we have mostly done a bad job of that: Individuals are addicted to short-term pleasures such as likes and other acknowledgments (to say nothing of drugs and instantly available, online-ordered pleasures), to finding friends rather than building friendships (and marriages); businesses to boosting quarterly profits and to recruiting 'stars' rather than investing in their own people; nonprofits to running programs rather than building institutions; and politicians to votes and power. Do we have the collective wisdom to educate the next generation to do better despite our own poor example?"

Susan Etlinger, an industry analyst for Altimeter Group and expert in data, analytics and digital strategy, commented, "In 50 years, what we know as our internet will be largely obsolete. Rather than organizing information in the form of URLs, apps and websites, our digital interactions will be conversational, haptic and embedded in the world we live in (even, to some extent, in ourselves). As a result, the distinction between the physical and digital worlds will largely fall away. Prosthetics, imaging, disease and pathogen detection, and brain science (identifying, understanding and perhaps even modifying the workings of the brain) will all see advances far beyond what we can imagine today. Our ability to understand weather and the natural world at scale will be immensely powerful, driven by advances in machine intelligence and networking. Yet all of these innovations will mean little if the algorithms and technology used to develop them are not applied with the same attention to human consequences as they are to innovation. Even today, the 'Minority Report' notion of 'pre-crime' is crudely possible using predictive policing technology, yet it is just one example of how embedded bias can perpetuate and actually intensify injustice. This is also true in education, health care, our financial system, politics and really every system that uses data to generate predictions about the world and the future. This is not at all to say that we should retreat, but rather that we should embrace the opportunity intelligent technologies give us - to see and better understand our biases so we can optimize for the world we want, rather than a more efficient version of the world we already have. We've already seen this capability weaponized in the political sphere; the decisions we make now will set a precedent for whether we are able to use intelligent technologies justly and ethically, or whether in 50 years we have consigned ourselves to a permanent state of information (and literal) warfare."

Lindsey Andersen, an activist at the intersection of human rights and technology for Freedom House and Internews, now doing graduate research at Princeton University, commented, "The net benefits for people, in access to government services, information and quality of life, will outweigh the net losses. That said, as with any major advancement, there will be winners and losers. The losses will likely come in the form of jobs, autonomy and even freedom. But, perhaps for the first time, we are in a position to mitigate these losses because we can predict them. And if we begin solving the problems we have with technology today, it will help address the problems of the future."

Alex Halavais, an associate professor of social technologies at Arizona State University, wrote, "The development and diffusion of new technologies have had a net-positive effect on our society over time. Certainly, there have been several near-cataclysmic events over the last two 50-year cycles, and we are currently undergoing the slow-moving technologically motivated disaster of the anthropocene. But over time these technologies have helped to enable more freedom than oppression, more abundance than deprivation and more creation than destruction. I would bet on that future."

Fiona Kerr, industry professor of neural and systems complexity at the University of Adelaide, commented, "People love bright, shiny things. We adopt them quickly and then work out the disadvantages, slowly, often prioritizing on litigious risk. The internet has been a wonderful summary of the best and worst of human development and adoption - making us a strange mixture of connected and disconnected, informed and funneled, engaged and isolated, as we learn to design and use multipurpose platforms shaped for an attention economy."

Joly MacFie, president of the Internet Society's New York Chapter, said, "We are still in digital society's adolescence. Maturity will bring ubiquity, understanding, utility, security and robustness."

Randy Marchany, chief information security officer at Virginia Tech and director of Virginia Tech's IT Security Laboratory, said, "The human-machine interface will be where I think we'll see the biggest change. In the beginning, keyboard-based devices were the primary way of communicating with a computer. Today, natural-language devices (Watson, Alexa, Siri) are becoming the norm. The younger generations are using more and more conversational methods to communicate with their devices. Descendants of the Google Glass-style devices displaying info using augmented reality techniques will become the normal way of accessing and inputting information. I suspect that governments will find themselves at odds with the corporations that collect this data. For example, if Facebook can influence an election, does a government fear it, partner with it, or take it over completely? Technology will create societal disruptions a la previous 'industrial revolutions' as older technologies and their jobs disappear, and the workforce needs to be trained in the new technologies. This disruption will cause fundamental changes in governments, attitudes and way of life. There will be a polarization of views between the new tech and old tech worlds. How we deal with this polarization will determine whether the transition is peaceful or not."

Richard Forno, of the Center for Cybersecurity and Cybersecurity Graduate Program at the University of Maryland-Baltimore County, wrote, "A few thoughts: 1) I see the future internet as more commercialized and locked-down in response to corporate/government interests over IP controls, cybersecurity and perhaps public discourse - to include enacting national borders in cyberspace. 2) Continued Balkanization of the future internet as people embrace various new tech - which Internet of Things platform will they use? Which 'smart'-whatever platform will become dominant? Will we have many separate ecosystems with as-yet undefined lifespans and/or vendor support cycles that lead to forced upgrades? What problems will that pose? 3) Current questions raised over how internet tech like social media, mobile devices, everything-on-demand impacts society may well set the stage for radical rethinking about what the future internet will look like - and I suspect it'll be far removed from the romantic 'informational equality' of the 1990s and early 2000s. The bottom line: The future internet will reflect future humankind. Humans are a chaotic and fallible species - so how we will develop/embrace future tech within our global society is not something easily predicted other than to say it will reflect contemporary views, mores and interests."

John McNutt, a professor in the school of public policy and administration at the University of Delaware, responded, "Not every technology is a good idea, and every advance should be carefully considered in terms of its consequence. On balance, technology has made much human progress possible. This is likely to continue. We will always have false starts and bad ideas. People will misuse technology, sometimes in horrific ways. In the end, human progress is based on creating a future underpinned by knowledge, not ignorance."

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Experts Optimistic About the Next 50 Years of Digital Life

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Fifty years after the first computer network was connected, most experts say digital life will mostly change things for the better in coming decades. But they say this will require reforms toward better cooperation and security, basic rights and economic fairness.