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How to Build a Dyson Sphere - The Ultimate Megastructure

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Space Based Solar: Energy Beams from the Sky

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Quentin Cooper

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Quentin Cooper (born 1961, Grimsby) is a science journalist and facilitator, who presented BBC Radio 4's Material World from 2000 to 2013. He speaks at science festivals and lectures, and works regularly with science and educational organisations such as the Royal society and the British Council.

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Sources et liens utiles pour approfondir

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Sources et liens utiles pour approfondir

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Énergie renouvelables:
https://www.ifpenergiesnouvelles.fr/enjeux-et-prospective/decryptages

Éoliennes:
L'énergie éolienne : Qu'est-ce (e-monsite.com)

Pose d’eoliennes verticales en Bretagne & Nomandie - DIWATT

Biocarburants :
https://www.ecologie.gouv.fr/biocarburants

Panneaux photovoltaïques:
https://images.app.goo.gl/svHxWAnAdcFCx9RG8

https://www.greenmatch.co.uk/blog/2014/08/what-are-pv-panels

https://www.planete-energies.com/en/medias/close/how-does-photovoltaic-cell-work

Fusion nucléaire :
https://www.planete-energies.com/fr/medias/decryptages/qu-est-ce-que-la-fusion-nucleaire

https://www.cea.fr/comprendre/Pages/energies/nucleaire/essentiel-sur-la-fusion-nucleaire.aspx

https://www.irsn.fr/FR/connaissances/faq/Pages/Quelle-est-la-difference-entre-la-fusion-et-la-fission.aspx

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Schéma du fonctionnement d’un panneau photovoltaïque 

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Schéma du fonctionnement d’un panneau photovoltaïque 

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Please do these survey before listening the podcast

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Please do these survey before listening the podcast

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Here  is a link for a survey about renewables energies
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSduiglDHel76OgBYEHqBRjf3V7LTiEkaaxa9NaUpJ4VCKv3Vw/viewform?usp=sf_link

Here is the link to see what others answered
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1wkvMsaRn2fyzkPAxZuvLTTVwoF01KC0HWbb-54lsJI8/viewanalytics

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Bioenergy is the set of energies derived from the conversion of solar energy into biomass by biological processes, in other words by photosynthesis.

Bioenergy comes from solar energy stored by plants, in the form of wood, stems or grains, from which solid (wood pellets), liquid (ethanol, biodiesel) or gaseous (gas renewable natural) energy products can be obtained.

Bioenergy is considered a renewable energy because the sources of organic matter used are replaced, as is the case with wood in the forestry industry, for example, where trees are replanted.

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Biofuels are alternative fuels obtained from biomass (raw material of plant, animal or waste origin).

Biofuels are mainly used as additives or as a supplement to fossil fuels. Their addition makes these fossil fuels less harmful to the environment.

There are three generations of biofuels depending on the origin of the biomass used and the associated transformation processes. There are two major biofuel production sectors: the “gasoline” biofuels sector and that of “diesel” biofuels.

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Artificial leaf, is a silicon-based device that uses solar energy to split hydrogen and oxygen in water, thereby producing hydrogen energy in a clean way, leaving virtually no pollutants. This device reproduces photosynthesis to convert CO₂, sunlight and water into energy and oxygen.

The technology, which was designed to simulate the natural energy-generating process of photosynthesis used by plants, was first successfully developed by American chemist Daniel G. Nocera and colleagues in 2011.

The primary application of the artificial leaf is the clean production of hydrogen.

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Climate change is the global phenomenon of climate transformation characterized by the changes in the usual climate of the planet (regarding temperature, precipitation, and wind) that are especially caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases.

As a result of unbalancing the weather of Earth, the sustainability of the planet’s ecosystems is under threat, as well as the future of humankind and the stability of the global economy.

The cause of current climate change is largely human activity, like burning fossil fuels, like natural gas, oil, and coal.

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Fossil fuels are made from decomposing plants and animals. These fuels are found in the Earth’s crust and contain carbon and hydrogen, which can be burned for energy. Coal, crude oil, and natural gas are all considered fossil fuels because they were formed from the fossilized, buried remains of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago. Because of their origins, fossil fuels have a high carbon content.

—> Coal is a material usually found in sedimentary rock deposits where rock and dead plant and animal matter are piled up in layers. More than 50 percent of a piece of coal’s weight must be from fossilized plants.

—> Oil is originally found as a solid material between layers of sedimentary rock, like shale. This material is heated in order to produce the thick oil that can be used to make gasoline.

—> Natural gas is usually found in pockets above oil deposits. It can also be found in sedimentary rock layers that don’t contain oil. Natural gas is primarily made up of methane.

According to the National Academies of Sciences, 81 percent of the total energy used in the United States comes from coal, oil, and natural gas. This is the energy that is used to heat and provide electricity to homes and businesses and to run cars and factories.

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Renewable energy is a source of energy that renews itself quickly enough to be considered inexhaustible on a human time scale. Indeed, energy is said to be renewable when it comes from sources that nature constantly renews (as opposed to non-renewable energy whose stocks are running out). The natural sources used can be very different like the sun, the wind, the tides, the heat of the earth, the force of the water.

The most widely exploited renewable energies today are: hydro energy, wind energy and solar energy.

In addition, these renewables’ power consumption has been growing over the last year. They have provided 8% of the world’s electricity in 2017 and they now cover 1/3 of the power mix in Europe.

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Halfway to net zero; Hydrogen as a fuel; Fagradalsfjall, Iceland's active volcan

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Halfway to net zero; Hydrogen as a fuel; Fagradalsfjall, Iceland's active volcan

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Hydrogen: A solution to future energy needs?

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Hydrogen: A solution to future energy needs?

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Wie Aland zu 100 Prozent erneuerbar werden will

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Wie Aland zu 100 Prozent erneuerbar werden will

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Wie Wasserstoff die Wirtschaft grün machen kann

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Wie Wasserstoff die Wirtschaft grün machen kann

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The future of renewable energy

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An electrical grid is a set of more or less available energy infrastructures making it possible to transport electrical energy from production centers to electricity consumers.Electrical grids vary in size and can cover whole countries or continents.

It is made up of electric lines operated at different voltage levels, interconnected in substations.  Substations allow electricity to be distributed and passed from one voltage to another using transformers.

A grid must also ensure the dynamic management of the production - transport - consumption assembly, implementing adjustments aimed at ensuring the stability of the assembly.

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A smart grid is an electricity distribution network that promotes the flow of information between suppliers and consumers in order to adjust the flow of electricity in real time and allow for more efficient management.

This type of smart grid uses computer techniques to optimize the production, distribution, consumption and possibly storage of energy in order to better coordinate all the meshes of the electricity network, from the producer to the consumer.  It improves the energy efficiency of the assembly by minimizing line losses and optimizing the yield of the means of production used, in relation to instantaneous consumption.

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An electronic engineer and a physicist, Carlos Henrique de Brito Cruz is a professor at the Gleb Wataghin Physics Institute of the State University of Campinas (Unicamp) and the current scientific director of FAPESP (Sao Paulo Research Foundation). FAPESP’s bioenergy program, BIOEN, aims to integrate comprehensive research on sugarcane and other plants that can be used as biofuel sources, focusing not just on biofuel technologies but also on the sugarcane plant itself, including genomics, plant breeding and farming technologies as well as social, economic and environmental impact studies.

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Daniel G. Nocera is the Patterson Rockwood Professor of Energy at Harvard University. His group pioneered studies of the basic mechanisms of energy conversion in biology and chemistry with primary focus in recent years on the generation of solar fuels. He has recently accomplished a solar fuels process that captures photosynthesis and constructed an artificial leaf, which uses sunlight to directly produce the solar fuels of hydrogen and oxygen from water with sunlight as the energy input.

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Clare P. Grey, is the Geoffrey Moorhouse-Gibson Professor of Chemistry at Cambridge University and the Associate Director of the Northeastern Chemical Energy Storage Center at Stony Brook University. Her research interests include the use of solid state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and diffraction methods to investigate structure and dynamics in materials for energy storage and conversion (batteries, supercapacitors and fuel cells) and in environmental chemistry.

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Professor of Energy Policy University of Sussex, and Research Director of UK Energy Research Centre, Jim Watson has 20 years’ research experience on a range of energy, climate change and innovation policy issues. His most recent research has focused on the uncertainties facing carbon capture and storage technologies, low carbon innovation in China, community energy in the UK, and the governance implications of sustainable infrastructure systems. He frequently advises UK government departments and other organisations.

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This BBC podcast, led by Quentin Cooper, relates a discussion between four scientists about the future of renewable energy.

The Forum podcast is also part of the Royal Society of Chemistry's Challenges in Chemical Renewable Energy. One of the biggest issues of our generation is to find a substitute for fossil fuels. Indeed, the reserves of fossil fuels are dwindling.

According to those scientists, we already have the technology, knowledge and all the renewable energies that we need to change it. These energies are coming from the sun, water, wind, bio fuels and earth heat.  But we don’t use them enough in our production of energy, which is a problem. Only 10% of the global energy that is produced comes from renewable energies. The main reasons for this very low percentage are costs, government policies, taxes and technical issues.

If we look at other countries, we realize that government policy plays an important role in this challenge. For example in Brazil 47% of the energy used is due to renewable energy. Out of that, 18% comes from sugar cane which is used for bio fuels and bio electricity. In Brazil, the government has raised awareness about the need of bio fuels and bio electricity through several new policies.

Concurrently, innovations should be made about nuclear fusion and artificial leafs. One of the members is convinced that there is not one unique solution for every country or region. According to them, the best answer is to find the most adapted renewable energy for each place. Some could use the ocean and some others the sun or the wind. Therefore the real solution is the combination of those energies.

Another challenge for the future will be to improve the storage of energy by developing better batteries. Additionally, scientists need to develop long time storage that could avoid the lack of energy when the renewable energy is not workable for a certain amount of time. Indeed, everyone understands that if we can store more energy, we’ll need to produce less. The problem is, there are some limitations to storage in a battery dictated by the mass and the number of electrons you can get in it. One method used by scientists is Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The principle is to use protons (here lithium protons) to figure out what is happening at the atomistic level in batteries in real time. This method allows scientists to know exactly what is going on in the different components of a battery, to see how they function and also how they fail to figure out where the improvements need to be made.

Another concern is the transmission of this energy. One of the ways to improve the transmission is to decentralize the energy producers and to adopt smart grids.

Yet, it is important to remind that the challenge is not only about technical improvement but also about economy! It is important to develop good ideas that will not engender waste of money and a gap in the benefits of people and companies. For example, how to clean solar panels in desert to make the most of their capacities. Therefore scientists also need to find investors for their new technologies.

According to one of the assembly member, the revolution of renewable energy will be done by young people talking together and trying to find alternative solutions. On top of that, less developed countries will play an important rule in the development of low-cost energies.