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More than 50 of the world’s leading cities are on track to help keep global temperature rises below 1.5° as per the Paris Agreement.

From mass tree-planting in Buenos Aires to new public transport networks in Mexico City, 54 cities are rolling out plans that will cut their greenhouse gas emissions.

The C40 report calculates that together the cities’ plans will prevent at least 1.9 gigatonnes of greenhouse gases being released into the atmosphere between 2020 and 2030, a reduction equivalent to 5x the U.K.'s annual emissions.
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/dec/11/paris-climate-agreement-54-cities-on-track-to-meet-targets

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Singapore is banning the sale of new diesel cars and taxis starting in 2025
diesel cars can still remain on the roads after 2025 - but no car manufacturers will be able to sell and register new diesel vehicles at that point.
The city also plans to install 60,000 EV charging stations by 2030, two-thirds of which will be in public car parks and the remainder on private premises.

https://www.instagram.com/p/CNXgidCsF5Y/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link
https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/singapore-won-t-allow-new-diesel-cars-and-cabs-from-2025-1.1572048

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Visit the link below and share your comments. Thank you!

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Visit the link below and share your comments. Thank you!

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1. What has the PYPX journey taught you? I learnt that cynthia is fun, group work sometime can be really fun
2. What insights do you hope the audience will get from your PYPX presentation? Learn about how to protect the ecosystem, and why is it important, and I hope they can take time to take action.

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1. What has the PYPX journey taught you?
Bunga is my partner too when mini exhibition in grade 5. She is unique, when I didn't have an idea, she gave me an idea that interesting. And I think she is a good partner. And I feel there is a good teamwork in this group.

2. What insights do you hope the audience will get from your PYPX presentation?
I hope on D-day we can present our presentation with good, they get a lot information about life on earth and how to protect the ecosystem.

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Amazingly Simple Graphic Design Software - Canva

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Amazingly Simple Graphic Design Software - Canva

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The Singaporean government created an annual plant planting program. In 1976,the use of your hand campaign had to be carried out. This campaign requires all students, parents, teacher, and the school to clean up the school environment every week. This campaign also reminds us how important tree planting is. This purpose, for make the city a more pleasant place. Also will make the country's economy stronger.

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Editor's Note - CNN's On the Road series brings you a greater insight into countries around the world. This time we travel to Singapore as the city-state marks 50 years of independence.

It's a small, dense, island nation where 100% of the population is urbanized. And yet, (CNN) - the city-state of Singapore is the greenest city in Asia, according to the Green City Index, and arguably has few competitors in the rest of the world.

As Singapore's population and economy grew, so did its green cover: it was about 36% in the 1980s and it now stands at 47%, according to the Center for Liveable cities. And while the word "green" can take on a variety of connotations, Singapore appears to encompass them all -- lush environments, renewable energy and future sustainability.

"We take steps to ensure our self-sufficiency," says Yvonne Soh, general manager of the Singapore Green Buildings Council. "In Singapore, we have a lot of initiatives to promote sustainability."

That's crucial, as the city-state lacks any form of natural resource. Half of the nation's water supplies are imported from neighboring Malaysia, with the rest sourced from desalinization plants, efficient catchment of rainwater and recycling of sewage.

Fuel is also imported to meet energy needs, making alternative energy a national priority. But greenery in the literal sense is also prioritized.

"If you build a new development, you have to replace the same greenery you replaced," says Yoh. Singapore is only country to incorporate green building requirements into its legislation, according to Soh.

"Environmental protection was not assumed to be at odds with economic development," says Khoo Teng Chye, Executive director of the Centre for Liveable Cities. "The government saw that it was an integral part of city planning," he says.

One initiative in place to ensure a more sustainable 'green' status throughout the country is the Building and Construction Authority's Green Mark Scheme -- a rating system introduced in 2005 to evaluate all buildings based on their environmental impact and performance.

"This makes sure buildings are green through-and-through," says Yoh. Today, there are more than 1,180 green mark buildings. The mark is awarded at four levels -- Certified, Gold, GoldPLUS, and Platinum.

"All buildings within the marina bay district are green-mark platinum," says Yoh. But this is now extending beyond the marina, with developers throughout Singapore now chasing after the highly regarded platinum status -- including UK architecture firm Foster and Partners, whose recent green complex on Beach road in downtown Singapore opened in-part this year with the rest due to open in 2016.

The importance of shelter

The Beach road project by Foster and Partners spans an entire city block and incorporates the Singaporean tradition of skyscrapers through its two towers containing residential and office space.

But the complex is setting new trends through a large undulating canopy that embodies a simple, yet innovative, concept -- shelter.

"The need was shelter and protection," says Jonathan Parr, a partner in the firm who led the project. In a hot, tropical climate like Singapore the need to cool and protect people from direct sunlight and shelter them from the rain ranks high on the list of priorities. "The rain is torrential," says Parr.

Through a series of arcs, the canopy is designed to scoop wind at its entrance and draw wind through the space as a means of natural ventilation.

Combined with solar panels for power, solar tubes for hot water, harvesting of rainwater and certain floor levels lined fully with green plants, the complex is green in every sense of the world.

"Singaporeans love nature and green spaces," says Yoh. This is reflected through the recent opening of a 15 mile stretch of hidden parkland containing an unused railway in 2014, known as the Green Corridor -- resembling New York's highline, which was a people-led movement to conserve the land.

Renewable energy sources and rainwater harvesting have also become standard on all buildings in Singapore, including the man-made supertrees in the gardens by the bay and the lotus-shaped ArtScience museum nearby.

"People are happiest when they're most connected to nature," says Chris Trott, Head of Sustainability at Foster and Partners, who believes setting schemes and legislation in this way can create awareness in the mind of both developers and the public.

"They're all aimed at a reduction in the use of energy and therefore reduction in carbon dioxide deposited into the atmosphere," says Trott.

Singapore pledged to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 16% below business as usual levels in 2020, under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.

With such demand -- and competition -- for sustainability, when it comes to this target there may be no competition at all.

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how did singapore become such a green city? - cnn

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How did Singapore become such a green city?

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Editor's Note - CNN's On the Road series brings you a greater insight into countries around the world. This time we travel to Singapore as the city-state marks 50 years of independence. It's a small, dense, island nation where 100% of the population is urbanized.

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By 2050, it is expected that 70% of the world population will live in urban areas. Yet the resulting pressure this places on natural resources can have detrimental effects on the environment, making our rapidly expanding cities un-liveable and polluted.

Singapore, however, is bucking this trend. An entirely urbanized island with over 5 million inhabitants in just 700 square km, it was named Asia's greenest city in 2016. Ever since declaring its independence in 1965, Singapore's strategy has been to create a garden city with abundant lush greenery and a clean environment to make life more pleasant for the people.

"By being clean and green, our aim has been to show that our country is well-run," says Mr. Khoo Teng Chye, executive director at the Centre for Liveable Cities (CLC) - a body created by the government to share knowledge with policy makers from other countries about how best to build environmentally friendly cities.

"We take the view that environmental protection is not at odds with economic development," Mr. Khoo explains. This commitment is evident in the Sustainable Singapore Blueprint's action plan. Unveiled in 2015, the plan outlines significant sustainability goals for the next two decades, including the goal of becoming a Zero Waste Nation. The aim is to harness technology to change how the city supplies everything from clean water to fresh air, energy, transportation, and housing.

Singapore's water strategy alone is enough to make almost every urban community around the world take note. Despite having scarce water resources, the government recognized that secure and reliable access to water would be integral to growth and economic vitality. The government's efforts to provide clean water in a robust and diversified way is known as the " Four National Taps."

Today, up to 40% of Singapore's water demand is met by NEWater, a process of purifying treated used water using advanced membrane technologies and UV disinfection. PUB, Singapore's national water agency, plans for NEWater and desalinated water to meet up to 85% of Singapore's water demand by 2060. Under the Active, Beautiful, Clean Waters programme, Singapore's waterbodies are also being transformed into naturalised rivers and lakes for recreational activities and to help conserve local biodiversity.

But while Singapore might be known for its water, it has a thriving green canopy as well: Singapore scores best on the Green View Index developed by MIT which measures the number of trees in different cities. Housing and business developments often include atriums, lushly landscaped walkways, green walls, and sky trellises. Buildings are designed from the ground up to maximize energy efficiency and reduce waste.

Having established itself as a global leader in sustainability, Singapore has turned into a hub for important international events (such as the World Cities Summit, Singapore International Water Week, Singapore International Energy Week and Green UrbanScape Asia) to bring together thought leaders to tackle critical urban environmental and water issues and share best practices. Sustainability guidelines have also been developed by the Singapore Tourism Board to help industry organisers reduce the carbon footprint of events. These include a broad range of options such as recyclable badges, lanyards made of sustainable materials, on-site recycling bins and using mobile platforms instead of printed materials.

Even meeting venues raise the bar on sustainability: In 2016 the expansive Singapore EXPO won the Best International Venue Award at the 10th Exhibition News (EN) awards and holds the Building and Construction Authority's Green Mark Platinum Standard. The Sands Expo ® and Convention Centre-one of the largest and most flexible locations in Asia-has pioneered environmentally friendly practices and is the first ISO 20121 certified property in Southeast Asia. It has staff dedicated to helping clients create sustainable meetings, offering post event reporting on energy and water consumption, providing sustainable food and helping to manage waste.

Planning a sustainable city requires a more holistic approach than simply being resource-efficient, explains Mr. Wong Heang Fine, group chief executive officer of Surbana Jurong, an urban infrastructure consultancy. "It is also about having ample social facilities and services for people, creating jobs within the community and providing transport connectivity."

His view is shared by Dr. Armin Bruck, president and CEO of Siemens in Singapore. "City leaders around the world are recognizing that they need to make their cities resilient; help their people, communities and institutions prepare for the stresses and acute shocks caused by rapid urbanization, globalization and climate change," says Dr. Armin. Siemens knows the approaches firsthand, having built seawater-cooled gas turbines used in the NEWater process, as well as power supply, signalling and train control systems for Singapore's first-ever driverless metro line.

Cities today have to couple growth with a measured plan for long-term sustainability, something Singapore has been successful in implementing. For cities to scale, it is clear that sustainability has to be a central tenet of the government's overall strategy. Asian cities, in particular, would do well to take a page from Singapore's sustainability book.

Subramanyan Kanakasabapathy, Regional Managing Director of Asia Pacific at CH2M, an environmental and engineering consultancy with its infrastructure hub in Singapore, sees this first-hand in his work. He says that, though water solutions should be customized according to a country's needs and capacity, Singapore can be an example from which Southeast Asian cities can "learn and leapfrog". "Singapore is a center of aspiration for every country in the region" he says. "Other countries look at Singapore and say 'if they can do it, why can't I?'"

CH2M addresses water solutions for the region by looking at what works in Singapore, and then customizing and localizing it for other Asian cities. This approach is indicative of how Singapore stands as both a model for the region and a strategic entry point to its market. The country creates water solutions that can be customized and emulated throughout the region, and has the home advantage to implement these solutions too.
This article was produced for Singapore Tourism Board by Quartz Creative, the in-house branded content arm of Quartz.

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By 2050, it is expected that 70% of the world population will live in urban areas. Yet the resulting pressure this places on natural resources can have detrimental effects on the environment, making our rapidly expanding cities un-liveable and polluted. Singapore, however, is bucking this trend.

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This year, Waste4Change is turning six! Check out our newest products & services for your responsible waste management solutions. Cheers to many more years!

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Waste-to-Energy is being explored as one of the alternatives to solid waste management despite its ongoing debate regarding its negative impacts

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pengelolaan sampah dengan teknologi modern

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Perusahaan yang Menyediakan Pengelolaan Sampah secara Bertanggung jawab

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This year, Waste4Change is turning six! Check out our newest products & services for your responsible waste management solutions. Cheers to many more years! Selengkapnya Waste-to-Energy is being explored as one of the alternatives to solid waste management despite its ongoing debate regarding its negative impacts Selengkapnya Cigarette butts is the world's most littered item.

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Together we defend the natural world, and stand for a green and peaceful future

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Trophy hunting is the shooting of big game animals such as rhinos, elephants, big cats and bears for one's pleasure. These animals are killed for their body parts to be -How Does it Work? displayed as ornaments Trophy Hunting Supports Conservation Work? to show off one's power and success of the hunt. It remains one of the most controversial topics in the conversation about wildlife: while some people are greatly concerned about the violation of animal rights, others claim that trophy hunting aids animal conservation efforts.
Trophy hunting is a commercial operation that involves consumers paying for hunting experiences, usually in Africa. Professional hunters usually lure these wild animals with bait and then collect their trophies (the animal's body parts) after shooting the animal. Canned hunting is another form of trophy hunting in which wild animals (usually lions) are raised in captivity to be shot by hunters.
The Case of Cecil the Lion
WWF recognises the possible economic benefits to animal conservation brought by trophy hunting, but only if it clearly demonstrates both community and conservation benefits and adheres to the minimum conservation standards outlined by their on trophy hunting regulations. One of the often quoted benefits of trophy hunting is that it can generate large sums of money which provide financial incentives to communities, landowners and authorities to protect the animals and use land for wildlife conservation instead of agriculture, for example.
You might also like: Hidden Gems: What are Halophyte Plants? Negative Impacts of Trophy Hunting
Despite the income generated by these rich hunters who pay exorbitant fees to bring home their "trophies," it is unclear whether this money really goes into supporting sustainable animal conservation projects due to a lack of monitoring bodies. Additionally, the hunting companies' contribution to local community development is minimal. According to an by the International Council for Game and Wildlife Conservation and the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, hunting companies contribute an estimated 3% of their earnings to local communities who are affected by hunting activities. Moreover, the trophy hunting industry does not have a huge economic impact on the local GDP compared to the tourism industry. The Humane Society International says that the hunting industry generates less than $132 million a year, about 0.03% of the studied regions' GDP, whereas the income generated from the overall tourism industry makes up between 2.8% and 5.1% of GDP (around $17 billion) in the eight studied countries. The income generated by trophy hunting pales in comparison to that of tourism and wildlife walkthroughs.

In July 2015 , Cecil the lion was shot dead by Walter Palmer, a dentist and trophy hunter, with an arrow in Zimbabwe. According to reports, Cecil was being lured with an elephant carcass, which allowed the professional hunters to injure him with arrows. Palmer then killed Cecil with a second arrow, but not before the lion suffered for 10-12 hours. The tragic death of Cecil enraged the international community since he was well-known among locals and was actually collared by scientists as part of a study. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service fined Palmer USD$3 000 and charged him with a year's probation. Sadly, Cecil's son, Xanda, was shot on a legal trophy hunt 2 years later.

Disruption to the ecosystem
Effectiveness of Banning Trophy Hunting
If the dominant male lion of a pride is killed, lionesses and cubs will become vulnerable to another lion that may take over the pride and kill all the juvenile lions of the previous leader . Not only does this endanger the comparatively weaker lions, it also disrupts the social structure and the survival chances of these groups. "Trophy hunters select the lions with the biggest manes because they make the most impressive trophies. These are also the strongest and fittest animals," says Eduardo Goncalves, founder of the Campaign To Ban Trophy Hunting . The killing of the strongest lions means that future generations will have a lower survival chance when facing harsh environmental changes since these adult lions cannot pass down their high-quality genes. Killing lionesses also exposes their cubs to the danger of starvation. Ultimately, the number of lions may drop, further pushing them near the brink of extinction if the situation continues.
What Can We Do To End Trophy Hunting?
Often, hunters use painful weapons like bows, arrows, handguns and muzzle-loaders to wound the animals, causing them to suffer excruciating pain before dying. These animals are separated from their groups which may result in immense stress to the remaining family members. Most importantly, trophy hunters hunt for human pleasure instead of conservational causes which is not justifiable.

Some countries such as South Africa and Kenya have imposed restrictions and a complete ban on trophy hunting respectively. Despite having banned trophy hunting completely since 1977, Kenya continues to show a stable growth in tourism alongside other regions that still allow trophy hunting activities, further demonstrating the unclear significance of trophy hunting in the context of overall tourism revenues. Another done in South Luangwa National Park in Zambia reported that there was an increase in the number of cubs born each year upon implementation of the ban. The number of adult male lions also grew significantly, from 116 lions in 2012 to 209 in 2015.

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What is Trophy Hunting? | Earth.Org - Past | Present | Future

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Trophy hunting is the shooting of big game animals such as rhinos, elephants, big cats and bears for one's pleasure. These animals are killed for their body parts to be - How Does it Work? displayed as ornaments Trophy Hunting Supports Conservation Work? to show off one's power and success of the hunt.

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KOMPAS.com - Teknologi lingkungan adalah sebuah konsep untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu. Di mana dalam pelaksanaannya mengacu pada faktor-faktor lingkungan.

Saat ini perkembangan teknologi semakin pesat, mulai dibidang pertanian, industri besar, dan industri skala rumah tangga.

Pemanfaatan teknologi yang tidak tepat dapat menyebabkan kerusakan lingkungan. Adanya teknologi tersebut bertujuan untuk memberikan kemudahan dan pemenuhan kebutuhan manusia.

Dikutip situs Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan (Kemenlhk), teknologi ramah lingkungan adalah teknologi yang dalam pembuatan dan penerapannya menggunakan bahan baku yang ramah lingkungan.

Proses yang efektif dan efisien dan mengeluarkan limbah yang minimal dapat mengurangi serta mencegah terjadinya pencemaran atau kerusakan lingkungan hidup.

Teknologi ramah lingkungan harus memenuhi persyaratan terhadap regulasi. Selain itu efisien dalam penggunaan sumber daya, baik itu air, energi, penggunaan bahan baku, dan bahan kimia.
Baca juga: Teknologi Ramah Lingkungan Pasok Air Minum untuk Pengungsi Rohingya
Contoh teknologi ramah lingkungan

Teknologi ramah lingkungan telah diterapkan dalam berbagai bidang, seperti di bidang energi dan industri, lingkungan, dan transportasi.
Aplikasi di bidang energi dan industri
Berikut sejumlah teknologi ramah lingkungan pada bidang energi dan industri:

Biogas merupakan jenis bahan bakar alternatif yang sudah digunakan sebagai bahan bakar bagi kebutuhan rumah tangga di Indonesia.

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teknologi ramah lingkungan: contoh dan fungsinya

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teknologi ramah lingkungan: contoh dan fungsinya

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teknologi ramah lingkungan: contoh dan fungsinya

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Teknologi Ramah Lingkungan: Contoh dan Fungsinya

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KOMPAS.com - Teknologi lingkungan adalah sebuah konsep untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu. Di mana dalam pelaksanaannya mengacu pada faktor-faktor lingkungan. Saat ini perkembangan teknologi semakin pesat, mulai dibidang pertanian, industri besar, dan industri skala rumah tangga. Pemanfaatan teknologi yang tidak tepat dapat menyebabkan kerusakan lingkungan. Adanya teknologi tersebut bertujuan untuk memberikan kemudahan dan pemenuhan kebutuhan manusia.

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Peraturan perundangan lingkungan hidup sangat penting untuk diketahui dan dipahami oleh pelaku bisnis dan pemegang kekuasaan di perusahaan. Munculnya Undang-undang mengenai Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup ( PPLH) menunjukkan betapa penegakan peraturan dan hukum lingkungan sudah semakin diperketat. Undang-undang tersebut mengamanatkan tanggung jawab yang besar, khususnya untuk diaplikasikan penerapannya dalam sebuah perusahaan. Tanpa pemahaman yang memadai tentang hak dan kewajiban yang diatur dalam peraturan perundangan tersebut, pelaku bisnis dan perusahaan dapat tersandung masalah pertanggungjawaban lingkungan ( environmental liability).

Salah satu peraturan yang dikeluarkan oleh pemerintah Indonesia adalah Undang-undang 32 tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup (PPLH). Peraturan ini mengatur regulasi yang komprehensif dan lebih ketat daripada peraturan sebelumnya yaitu undang-undang 23 tahun 1997. UU 32 tahun 2009 mengatur tidak hanya perdata tetapi juga kasus pidana jika merusak lingkungan. UU 32 tahun 2009 juga mengatur secara sistematis mengenai pengelolaan lingkungan mulai dari perencanaan, instrumen pengendalian, hingga sanksi hukum.

Peraturan lainnya yang merupakan turunan dari UU 32 tahun 2009 antara lain, Peraturan Pemerintah no. 27 tahun 2012 tentang Perizinan Lingkungan, PP 101 tahun 20014 tentang pengelolaan limbah B3, Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup no. 13 tahun 2013 tentang Audit Lingkungan Hidup, dll. Bahkan Undang-undang sektor yang baru telah seperti Undang-undang No 3 tahun 2014 tentang Perindustrian, sejalan dengan UU 32 tahun 2009 karena mengatur mengenai industri hijau.

Regulasi yang telah dibuat untuk kebaikan bersama ini hendaknya dapat dapat diimplementasikan secara tegas dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dan menjadi acuan pemerintah baik di tingkat pusat, Provinsi maupun Kabupaten/Kota serta sektor swasta agar kebijakan dan programnya sejalan dengan upaya pelestarian fungsi lingkungan.

Jika seluruh pelaku industri hanya mengutamakan keuntungan semata tanpa memberikan timbal balik kepada lingkungan dengan menjaga dan melindunginya, maka lambat laun lingkungan akan kehilangan daya dukung dan daya tampung sehingga lingkungan tidak lagi berperan dalam mendukung aktivitas manusia. Bencana lingkungan seperti banjir, erosi, polusi, pencemaran, intrusi air laut dan sebagainya akan menimpa lokasi yang abai terhadap masalah lingkungan.

Karena itu pengetahuan mengenai regulasi yang ada harus terus digaungkan agar dapat memperkuat kapasitas sumber daya manusia di sektor industri. Penguatan tersebutbermanfaat untuk menjalankan hak dan kewajiban, memberikan umpan balik yang berkaitan dengan perundangan; dan mengidentifikasi dan mengusulkan Perda lingkungan yang relevan untuk daerah tempat proses bisnis dilakukan.

Salah satu cara untuk memperdalam pengetahuan terkait peraturan perundangan lingkungan hidup dan tata cara pemenuhannya adalah dengan memberikan pelatihan kepada personel atau pemangku kepentingan di industri dalam bidang lingkungan. Synergy Solusi melalui Indonesia Environment and Energy memberikan pelatihan terkait PPLH dan tata cara pemenuhannya melalui pembelajaran tatap muka secara langsung maupun secara daring. Penyelenggaraan pelatihan ini merupakan salah satu bentuk pemberian solusi dari Synergy Solusi dalam membantu memberikan pemahaman yang lebih dalam terkait Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup. Selain itu, Synergy Solusi membantu perusahaan yang masih memiliki permasalahan di bidang pemenuhan peraturan perundangan lingkungan hidup melalui pendampingan konsultasi.

Klik di sini untuk konsultasi secara gratis bersama tenaga ahli kami

sumber: bangazul.com

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Apa Saja Peraturan Perundangan Lingkungan Hidup di Indonesia?

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Peraturan perundangan lingkungan hidup sangat penting untuk diketahui dan dipahami oleh pelaku bisnis dan pemegang kekuasaan di perusahaan. Munculnya Undang-undang mengenai Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup (PPLH) menunjukkan betapa penegakan peraturan dan hukum lingkungan sudah semakin diperketat. Undang-undang tersebut mengamanatkan tanggung jawab yang besar, khususnya untuk diaplikasikan penerapannya dalam sebuah perusahaan.

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Overhunting is an activity that results in a serious reduction of species population or harm to wildlife. It is otherwise defined as the relentless chase for wild or game animals to kill or catch them for economic or personal gains or food. In several parts of the world, people continue to depend on wildlife for many needs, and it is the act of killing, capturing or hunting down more animals than their populations can supply that contributes to overhunting.

In simple terms, overhunting could easily be called overexploitation of natural resources. It is a crime against that ought to be stopped without any further delay whatsoever. It is not just a threat to the survival of wildlife, but it is also a threat to the survival of life as a whole on this planet.

I ask people why they have deer heads on their walls. They always say because it's such a beautiful animal. There you go. I think my mother is attractive, but I have photographs of her.

~ Ellen DeGeneres

With an increase in population, the pressure of hunting has increased manifolds over the years. While recreational hunting could be stopped, excess hunting just for the sake of our demands is still very much alive and thriving. It has caused so much harm to nature, right from species endangerment to extinction that overhunting has to be controlled by all means.

Encyclopedia.com defines overhunting as

" Overhunting is any hunting activity that has an adverse impact on the total continuing population of a species. With the tremendous increase in the human population since the industrial revolution, there has been an ever-increasing use and, often, exploitation of many of the world's natural resources. "

Overhunting is as real and as scary as it truly sounds.

Because of the interconnectedness of the ecosystem, the long-term effect of taking these species from their natural environments is devastating as it threatens not only their survival but also the survival of other species. Let's have a close look at the specific causes of overhunting, its consequences and solutions to the problem.

Various Causes of Overhunting

1. Overpopulation

The increase of human populations across the world has significantly increased, thereby seeing a high number of people encroaching into wild areas that have extensively lead to poaching and mass hunting.

The increase in the number of people has also contributed to high demands for food and other raw materials only obtainable from wildlife. These are some of the most deliberate and continuous hunting activities that contribute to overhunting.

2. Cosmetic Products

As a matter of fact, most of our cosmetics are made from several animal products. While most of us do not pay enough attention to this fact, as long as we get the products in our hands, this fact is a major contributing factor that feeds the process of overhunting to a great extent.

With the increase in the population, it is quite natural that the demand for such products will also be increased manifolds. If the demand and the supply cannot be properly checked, then the impending doom on wildlife would arrive earlier than expected.

3. Overhunting For Food

Since the first time humans set foot on the planet, they've always hunted for food. Furthermore, some of the earliest archaeological paintings and cave paintings reveal the dependence of pre-historic men on hunting for food.

To date, men still hunt for food and together with the ever-increasing human population and environmental needs, people continue to engage even more on the activity, which has led to overhunting.

The continued growth of the human population means the need for more and more food that makes it difficult for some species to regenerate. What makes the matter worse is that it's now done by big businesses that engage in the activity on a very expansive scale.

4. Growing Demand For Animal Meat

Believe it or not, the luxurious restaurants, offering the most exotic and extravagant of menus, are the ones that contribute to the process of overhunting the most. The rising demand for shellfish and meats of several animals, such as crocodiles usually lead to overhunting.

The food industry in recent years has become one of the most major causes of overhunting. It cannot be stopped until we stop getting allured by exotic meats and animal products for our meals. Years ago, hunting for food was absolutely essential for the purpose of survival, but in recent times, it has become more of a luxury.

5. Tradition and Culture

Tribes and indigenous people hunted and killed to observe tradition and culture and for various beliefs. In the contemporary world, there are communities and tribes that still practice these activities. For instance, some ethnic groups living next to the oceans hunt turtles and use them to make soup, which is believed to make them stronger.

As a result, some turtle species are on the verge of extinction in Vietnam because of this superstitious practice. In Africa, the Maasai tribe hunts lions as a rite of passage to gain recognition for their bravery. Various ethnic groups across the world also involve in such practices by killing orangutans, gibbons, monkeys and whales on the basis of different traditional and religious beliefs.

Collectively, these practices have resulted in overhunting and the endangerment of species. Whale and Orangutan hunting in Japan and Borneo respectively have, for instance, endangered the species because of some of the long-held traditions, rituals and cultural practices.

6. Hunting For Fun or Sport

Hunting for sport or fun is a huge activity in various parts of the world. In some areas, the hunters are even awarded prizes or money for each animal hunted depending on the species. The practice is legal in some places like the hunting Safaris in Africa, while, in other cases, it is done illegally. Sometimes the people engaging in such practices do not understand the harm they are causing to wildlife.

The hunting and killing for fun or sport for animal species like lions, elephants and monkeys have considerably contributed to overhunting of such species. The hunting and shooting of birds is a quintessential fun activity that has impacted many bird species.

7. Hunting For Fur, Decoration and Other Economic Values

Animal species, in particular, are used to produce several raw materials for the manufacture of products such as clothes, body creams and lipsticks, among other artifacts. Some of the materials extracted from the animals also have very high economic value, and some people use them for decoration or to signify their power and superiority.

Consequently, more and more animals are hunted to fulfill the market demands for the animal's valuable materials such as fur, skin, bones, horns, teeth and fins, just to mention a few. The grey whale, for example, has been overhunted because its skin has a unique type of oil used in the manufacture of lipsticks and body creams.

The same is the case for the overhunting of tigers, polar bears and jaguars for their unique and high-quality fur. The American crocodile has also been overhunted for its skin which is used in the manufacture of leather shoes, bags and belts.

8. Increased Affordability

It is also a fact that in recent times, more and more people are able to afford the otherwise very expensive animal products. Because of this, too, the demand for animal products has increased to a very great extent. With greater affordability, the wildlife is being exploited far more than we would have expected.

9. Manufacture of Medicines

Not just that, many medicines, too, are manufactured from animal products. And with the advancement of the medical sciences, more and more advanced medicines and vaccines are being manufactured to keep us alive and kicking. Some of these medicines have animal products or even extracts from them. This is one of the major causes of overhunting.

Deadly Effects of Overhunting

1. Extinction and Endangering of Species

Since the 17 th century, excessive hunting is recorded as the third most notorious cause of animal extinction. The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) reports that overhunting is responsible for 23% of extinctions. Many humans are forcing animals into extinction by over-consuming them or killing them for economic gains.

Historically, overhunting is the cause of the extinction of giant lemurs and elephant birds in Madagascar, Miss Waldron's red colobus monkey in Ghana, moas in New Zealand, Alagoas curassow in north-eastern Brazil and giant kangaroos in Australia.

Of course, extinction of certain species is a major setback, but overhunting does not just cause extinction; it has also endangered a number of animal species like the American bison, the rhinoceros and many others as well. Both- endangering of species as well as species extinction, is highly detrimental for the ecological balance of the planet.

2. Disrupts Migration and Hibernation

Hunting is proven to interfere with the hibernation and migration of the animals. The reason for this is that when animals are hunted and killed during migration and hibernation, they develop a fear of being killed, which may eventually make them desist from migrating or hibernating.

3. It Affects the Interconnectedness of the Ecosystem

Overhunting not only affects the animals but also affects the entire biosphere. Consequently, it affects the interconnectedness of the ecosystem since the living organisms need each other together with their natural habit to survive.

In other words, hunting disturbs the natural order, and since every ecosystem is unique and different, the removal of a living creature from their natural environment results in an unbalanced ecosystem.

The dire consequences are the possibilities of overpopulation due to the incapability to keep one population at their natural levels or extinction due to lack of food.

4. It Affects the Food Chain

With reference to how overhunting affects the interconnectedness of the ecosystem, it also means other animals, trees, and plants are equally affected. As previously discussed, it causes either an increase or decline of a specific population within a habitat. When this happens, it directly impacts the natural habitat in it that gets rid of natural predation and population growth, which in turn disrupts the food chain.

5. Endangerment to the General Wildlife Population and Their Habitats

When hunters make way into the forests or other wild areas, they destroy the natural environments and add carbon footprint by emitting carbon dioxide from their vehicles. The campsites set up upon arrival at the desired hunting locations also commonly lead to lots of litter. The smoke emitted from the campfires also negatively affects both wildlife and their natural environments.

Possible Solutions to Overhunting

1. Enforcement of Stricter Laws

The most imperative way to curtail overhunting is the enforcement of more stringent laws, especially those barring activities such as illegal animal trade and poaching. Policies should also limit the manufacture of products from endangered animal extracts such as tigers, bears and whales. Enforcement of laws to regulate the consumption of game meat will similarly offer better strategies for managing hunting activities.

Laws can likewise be instituted to closely monitor and properly manage legal hunting for fun or as a sport to help conserve wilderness ecosystems. Once stricter laws can be enforced, the illegal poaching activities would definitely stop once and for all. With stricter laws in action, people would also be forced to look for more sustainable alternatives.

2. Awareness Creation

Social media, the internet, and other awareness creation platforms such as schools are vital resources for informing people about the repercussions of overhunting and the importance of desisting from the practice.

The documentation of the problems associated with overhunting wild meat should constitute the initial steps. Conservation campaigns and reporting on illegal hunting, as well as poaching, should then follow, particularly by putting special emphasis on the endangered species.

3. Support or Fund Conservation Agencies

We, as the custodians of planet earth, can help ameliorate the problem by supporting or funding conservation agencies such as the World Wildlife Fund, Wildlife Conservation Society, Oceana, Conservation International, and International Fund for Animal Welfare just to mention a few. Most of these agencies devote to protect natural and wildlife environments from any danger, including hunting.

4. Avoid Buying Products With Animal Parts

Again as the custodians of the planet, we can offer a solution to the problem by boycotting and avoiding the purchase of products with animal parts or those processed with raw materials obtained from endangered species.

Examples include leather coats, clothes with furs, beauty creams, make-ups, body oils, and pretty ornaments with parts made of shells or tusks of endangered creatures. If unsure about the raw materials used to make the product, there is no need to buy it.

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Causes, Effects and Solutions to Overhunting (Hunting of Species) - Conserve Energy Future

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Overhunting is an activity which results in serious reduction of species population or harm to wildlife. It is otherwise defined as the relentless chase for wild or game animals for the purpose of killing or catching them for economic or personal gains or for food.

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10 Animals Hunted (or Nearly Hunted) To Extinction

September 28, 2011
by Alex Czartoryski

Extinction brings up some pretty interesting evolutionary considerations. Estimates say that by mid 21st century 30% of species may be extinct. In the end, extinction will be the ultimate fate of all species- but how long it will take to get there will depend heavily on humanity's future courses of action.

Today's hunting regulations are very strict and the material in our hunter safety course help ensure that hunting activities are controlled and operated in an ethical way. From what kind of animals can be hunted, which season and how many, hunting regulation efforts are there to help preserve wildlife and habitats.

Here we'll look at some notable animals that have been hunted (or nearly) hunted to extinction.

1. Woolly Mammoths

The last of the Great Woolly Mammoth populations vanished near the end of the last Ice Age over 4,000 years ago. These incredible creatures carried tusks that could measure up to 15 feet long. And imagine- they are considered one of the smallest among their specie. The mammoth lived on birch and was hunted for meat and fur. The hunting of the last surviving woolly mammoths greatly contributed to their decline and extinction. With the decline in mammoths, birch forests, known for being high sunlight absorbers, multiplied and helped melt away the Ice Age, taking the woolly mammoth with it.

2. Caspian Tigers

Tigers were first put on the endangered specie list in the 1960's, but trophy hunting and fur trade has continued despite the heightened risk of extinction. The Caspian tiger specie had been pretty well wiped out at the beginning of the 20th century, when the Russian government was setting up rice and cotton fields in forests these tigers inhabited. The army was ordered to exterminate all tigers found near the Caspian sea. The Caspian tiger, a sub-specie of the Siberian tiger, went extinct sometime between 1954-1959 and while there have been a few reported sightings, one in the 1970s and another in 1997, these claims have never been confirmed.

3. Thylacines (Tasmanian Tigers)
This is Benjamin, the last Tasmanian Tiger that died in Hobart zoo in 1938
In 1936, the largest carnivorous marsupial of the time, the thylacine - became extinct. With the head of a dog, the stripes of a cat and the pouch of a kangaroo this unique creature, better known as the Tasmanian tiger, just couldn't seem to make its place alongside humans (or dingoes apparently). Many farmers believed thylacines were responsible for attacking their livestock. Killing them was considered acceptable if not encouraged. One particular wool and textile supply company called Van Diemen's Land Company was in great part responsible for the eradication of the Tasmanian tiger.

They believed they were such a problem that they put bounties on thylacines starting in 1830. Between 1888-1909, the Tasmanian government was even paying to have thylacines exterminated. By 1936 the last known thylacine named "Benjamin," died at the Hobart zoo.

4. Dodos
This a very close replica of what the dodo looked like in the wild, created by Bill Munns
The dodo has been the proverbial bird that was always destined for doom. And when humans first arrived on the island of Mauritius, home of the dodo, "Dodo never had a chance". Dodos went extinct in the mid-to-late 17th century and their disappearance is directly attributable to human activity. These flightless birds evolved in a land that was isolated from predators so when humans first barged in, bringing with them a rumpus of new lifeforms like dogs, cats and bloodthirsty pigs, dodos were unaware of the grave danger that threatened their lives.

This oblivious fearlessness of other species coupled with their inability to fly made them very vulnerable and easy targets. Just a century after their species' discovery in 1581, this rare bird "went the way of the dodo" as they say.

5. Passenger Pigeons
This is Martha Washington, the last passenger pigeon, photographed shortly before her death in 1914
The Passenger Pigeon's story is a grim one. It was one of the most abundant birds in the world - but by the early 20th century, their specie had been hunted to extinction. Due to their abundance, (they would migrate in flocks of billions through the sky!) their meat was used to feed slaves and the poor and they were slaughtered, quite barbarically on a prodigious scale.

6. Polar Bears

Polar Bears have become endangered in large part because of global warming and climate change in the Arctic. Two thirds of the population of polar bears may vanish due to such a polar shift in weather conditions. Excessive hunting for their precious hides, meat, fat and flesh have also helped significantly reduce their numbers. Estimates by scientists researching polar bears and arctic habitat suggest there might be 20,000- 25,000 polar bears remaining.

6. Muskox

The muskox nearly became extinct because of over-hunting throughout the late 1900s until the 1930s. Fortunately, population recovery has taken place thanks to hunting regulations. Muskox are hunted for their hides, for food and for trophies- but they are run away from for their pungent musky smell. Like a friendly adrenaline snot warning, this smell gets emitted from a gland in their noses when getting ready to charge and attack. The smell also attracts females during mating season. Just a spritz of Eau de Muskox seems to drive the Muskoxettes wild!

7.Mediterranean Monk Seals

Fewer than 600 Mediterranean monk seals exist and they are one of world's most critically endangered marine mammals. Their decline can be attributed to industrial development and the establishment of resort areas along the Mediterranean Sea- but fisherman have also played their part in causing such low numbers. Illegal shooting occurs very frequently because seals are blamed for eating all the fish.

8. American Crocodiles
Image Source: National Geographic
Humans have long hunted crocodiles for their valuable skins used to make shoes, belts, bags and more. From the 1950s to the late 1960s excessive hunting rendered the American croc endangered. Recently, things took a turn for the better. In 2003 the nonprofit World Conservation Union reclassified the sharp-toothed reptile from 'endangered' to 'threatened'. This means there has been enough population recovery to sustain the croc population, however this does not make them fully immune to threats.

9. Flying Foxes
Image Source: Ryan Photographic www.ryanphotographic.com/pteropodidae.htm
The flying fox (a bat of the genus Pteropus) is the largest species of bat in the world, with a wingspan of up to 6 feet! Like many species native to the Pacific, it is threatened with extinction because it is over-hunted for its meat (which is considered a delicacy), medicinal purposes (pteropus meat is believed to help cure asthma) and just for sport.

10. Great White Sharks

Shark fin (the main ingredient in shark fin soup) is another prized delicacy which has unfortunately led to a serious decline in the number of great whites. Great white sharks are the largest predatory fish on Earth but these giant sea creatures are victims of "finning" by fisherman, essentially, stripping the fins from the shark then tossing them back in the water to die or be eaten alive. The practice has been declared illegal in several countries including Brazil, South Africa and the USA but it remains widespread and largely unmonitored.

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September 28, 2011 by Alex Czartoryski Extinction brings up some pretty interesting evolutionary considerations. Estimates say that by mid 21st century 30% of species may be extinct. In the end, extinction will be the ultimate fate of all species- but how long it will take to get there will depend heavily on humanity's future courses of action.

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Of all the threats facing the oceans today, overfishing takes the greatest toll on sea life - and people.

What is overfishing?

Overfishing is catching too many fish at once, so the breeding population becomes too depleted to recover. Overfishing often goes hand in hand with wasteful types of commercial fishing that haul in massive amounts of unwanted fish or other animals, which are then discarded.

As a result of prolonged and widespread overfishing, nearly a third of the world's assessed fisheries are now in deep trouble - and that's likely an underestimate, since many fisheries remain unstudied.

3 billion people worldwide depend on seafood as a protein source.

What are the effects of overfishing?

Overfishing endangers ocean ecosystems and the billions of people who rely on seafood as a key source of protein. Without sustainable management, our fisheries face collapse - and we face a food crisis.

What are the causes of overfishing?

Poor fishing management is the primary cause. Around the world, many fisheries are governed by rules that make the problem worse, or have no rules at all.

What's the solution to overfishing?

With smarter management systems, known as fishing rights, we can reverse the incentives that lead to overfishing. Under fishing rights, fishermen's interests are tied to the long-term health of a fishery. Their income improves along with the fish population.

Does it work?

Yes. In Belize, Denmark, Namibia, the United States and elsewhere, fishing rights have helped transform struggling fisheries. In the Gulf of Mexico, red snapper populations are three times what they were in 2007 when we helped reform that fishery. Over the next five years, we are working to ensure that sustainable fishing is firmly established in the U.S. and other countries.

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Overfishing: The most serious threat to our oceans

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Of all the threats facing the oceans today, overfishing takes the greatest toll on sea life and people. Find out why it's the biggest threat to our oceans.

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Most of the animal there, are more than 28,000 species of animals and plants threatened with extinction.

Habitat loss are not always caused by human action. Probably due to land clearing for agriculture, grazing and urbanization impacting 80 species that call forest home. About 15 billion trees are cut each years.

Investigation tell us that by protecting 50 percent of the world's land and oceans, plant and animal species can thrive

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Pollution is the introduction of harmful materials into the environment. These harmful materials are called pollutants. Pollutants can be natural, such as volcanic ash. They can also be created by human activity, such as trash or runoff produced by factories. Pollutants damage the quality of air, water, and land.

Many things that are useful to people produce pollution. Cars spew pollutants from their exhaust pipes. Burning coal to create electricity pollutes the air. Industries and homes generate garbage and sewage that can pollute the land and water. Pesticides-chemical poisons used to kill weeds and insects-seep into waterways and harm wildlife.

All living things-from one-celled microbes to blue whales-depend on Earth's supply of air and water. When these resources are polluted, all forms of life are threatened.

Pollution is a global problem. Although urban areas are usually more polluted than the countryside, pollution can spread to remote places where no people live. For example, pesticides and other chemicals have been found in the Antarctic ice sheet. In the middle of the northern Pacific Ocean, a huge collection of microscopic plastic particles forms what is known as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch.

Air and water currents carry pollution. Ocean currents and migrating fish carry marine pollutants far and wide. Winds can pick up radioactive material accidentally released from a nuclear reactor and scatter it around the world. Smoke from a factory in one country drifts into another country.

In the past, visitors to Big Bend National Park in the U.S. state of Texas could see 290 kilometers (180 miles) across the vast landscape. Now, coal-burning power plants in Texas and the neighboring state of Chihuahua, Mexico have spewed so much pollution into the air that visitors to Big Bend can sometimes see only 50 kilometers (30 miles).

The three major types of pollution are air pollution, water pollution, and land pollution.

Air Pollution
Sometimes, air pollution is visible. A person can see dark smoke pour from the exhaust pipes of large trucks or factories, for example. More often, however, air pollution is invisible.

Polluted air can be dangerous, even if the pollutants are invisible. It can make people's eyes burn and make them have difficulty breathing. It can also increase the risk of lung cancer.

Sometimes, air pollution kills quickly. In 1984, an accident at a pesticide plant in Bhopal, India, released a deadly gas into the air. At least 8,000 people died within days. Hundreds of thousands more were permanently injured.

Natural disasters can also cause air pollution to increase quickly. When volcanoes erupt, they eject volcanic ash and gases into the atmosphere. Volcanic ash can discolor the sky for months. After the eruption of the Indonesian volcano of Krakatoa in 1883, ash darkened the sky around the world. The dimmer sky caused fewer crops to be harvested as far away as Europe and North America. For years, meteorologists tracked what was known as the "equatorial smoke stream." In fact, this smoke stream was a jet stream, a wind high in Earth's atmosphere that Krakatoa's air pollution made visible.

Volcanic gases, such as sulfur dioxide, can kill nearby residents and make the soil infertile for years. Mount Vesuvius, a volcano in Italy, famously erupted in 79, killing hundreds of residents of the nearby towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum. Most victims of Vesuvius were not killed by lava or landslides caused by the eruption. They were choked, or asphyxiated, by deadly volcanic gases.

In 1986, a toxic cloud developed over Lake Nyos, Cameroon. Lake Nyos sits in the crater of a volcano. Though the volcano did not erupt, it did eject volcanic gases into the lake. The heated gases passed through the water of the lake and collected as a cloud that descended the slopes of the volcano and into nearby valleys. As the toxic cloud moved across the landscape, it killed birds and other organisms in their natural habitat. This air pollution also killed thousands of cattle and as many as 1,700 people.

Most air pollution is not natural, however. It comes from burning fossil fuels-coal, oil, and natural gas. When gasoline is burned to power cars and trucks, it produces carbon monoxide, a colorless, odorless gas. The gas is harmful in high concentrations, or amounts. City traffic produces highly concentrated carbon monoxide.

Cars and factories produce other common pollutants, including nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide, and hydrocarbons. These chemicals react with sunlight to produce smog, a thick fog or haze of air pollution. The smog is so thick in Linfen, China, that people can seldom see the sun. Smog can be brown or grayish blue, depending on which pollutants are in it.

Smog makes breathing difficult, especially for children and older adults. Some cities that suffer from extreme smog issue air pollution warnings. The government of Hong Kong, for example, will warn people not to go outside or engage in strenuous physical activity (such as running or swimming) when smog is very thick.

When air pollutants such as nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide mix with moisture, they change into acids. They then fall back to earth as acid rain. Wind often carries acid rain far from the pollution source. Pollutants produced by factories and power plants in Spain can fall as acid rain in Norway.

Acid rain can kill all the trees in a forest. It can also devastate lakes, streams, and other waterways. When lakes become acidic, fish can't survive. In Sweden, acid rain created thousands of "dead lakes," where fish no longer live.

Acid rain also wears away marble and other kinds of stone. It has erased the words on gravestones and damaged many historic buildings and monuments. The Taj Mahal, in Agra, India, was once gleaming white. Years of exposure to acid rain has left it pale.

Governments have tried to prevent acid rain by limiting the amount of pollutants released into the air. In Europe and North America, they have had some success, but acid rain remains a major problem in the developing world, especially Asia.

Greenhouse gases are another source of air pollution. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane occur naturally in the atmosphere. In fact, they are necessary for life on Earth. They absorb sunlight reflected from Earth, preventing it from escaping into space. By trapping heat in the atmosphere, they keep Earth warm enough for people to live. This is called the greenhouse effect.

But human activities such as burning fossil fuels and destroying forests have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This has increased the greenhouse effect, and average temperatures across the globe are rising. The decade that began in the year 2000 was the warmest on record. This increase in worldwide average temperatures, caused in part by human activity, is called global warming.

Global warming is causing ice sheets and glaciers to melt. The melting ice is causing sea levels to rise at a rate of two millimeters (0.09 inches) per year. The rising seas will eventually flood low-lying coastal regions. Entire nations, such as the islands of Maldives, are threatened by this climate change.

Global warming also contributes to the phenomenon of ocean acidification. Ocean acidification is the process of ocean waters absorbing more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Fewer organisms can survive in warmer, less salty waters. The ocean food web is threatened as plants and animals such as coral fail to adapt to more acidic oceans.

Scientists have predicted that global warming will cause an increase in severe storms. It will also cause more droughts in some regions and more flooding in others.

The change in average temperatures is already shrinking some habitats, the regions where plants and animals naturally live. Polar bears hunt seals from sea ice in the Arctic. The melting ice is forcing polar bears to travel farther to find food, and their numbers are shrinking.

People and governments can respond quickly and effectively to reduce air pollution. Chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are a dangerous form of air pollution that governments worked to reduce in the 1980s and 1990s. CFCs are found in gases that cool refrigerators, in foam products, and in aerosol cans.

CFCs damage the ozone layer, a region in Earth's upper atmosphere. The ozone layer protects Earth by absorbing much of the sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation. When people are exposed to more ultraviolet radiation, they are more likely to develop skin cancer, eye diseases, and other illnesses.

In the 1980s, scientists noticed that the ozone layer over Antarctica was thinning. This is often called the "ozone hole." No one lives permanently in Antarctica. But Australia, the home of more than 22 million people, lies at the edge of the hole. In the 1990s, the Australian government began an effort to warn people of the dangers of too much sun. Many countries, including the United States, now severely limit the production of CFCs.

Water Pollution
Some polluted water looks muddy, smells bad, and has garbage floating in it. Some polluted water looks clean, but is filled with harmful chemicals you can't see or smell.

Polluted water is unsafe for drinking and swimming. Some people who drink polluted water are exposed to hazardous chemicals that may make them sick years later. Others consume bacteria and other tiny aquatic organisms that cause disease. The United Nations estimates that 4,000 children die every day from drinking dirty water.

Sometimes, polluted water harms people indirectly. They get sick because the fish that live in polluted water are unsafe to eat. They have too many pollutants in their flesh.

There are some natural sources of water pollution. Oil and natural gas, for example, can leak into oceans and lakes from natural underground sources. These sites are called petroleum seeps. The world's largest petroleum seep is the Coal Oil Point Seep, off the coast of the U.S. state of California. The Coal Oil Point Seep releases so much oil that tar balls wash up on nearby beaches. Tar balls are small, sticky pieces of pollution that eventually decompose in the ocean.

Human activity also contributes to water pollution. Chemicals and oils from factories are sometimes dumped or seep into waterways. These chemicals are called runoff. Chemicals in runoff can create a toxic environment for aquatic life. Runoff can also help create a fertile environment for cyanobacteria, also called blue-green algae. Cyanobacteria reproduce rapidly, creating a harmful algal bloom (HAB). Harmful algal blooms prevent organisms such as plants and fish from living in the ocean. They are associated with "dead zones" in the world's lakes and rivers, places where little life exists below surface water.

Mining and drilling can also contribute to water pollution. Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a major contributor to pollution of rivers and streams near coal mines. Acid helps miners remove coal from the surrounding rocks. The acid is washed into streams and rivers, where it reacts with rocks and sand. It releases chemical sulfur from the rocks and sand, creating a river rich in sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid is toxic to plants, fish, and other aquatic organisms. Sulfuric acid is also toxic to people, making rivers polluted by AMD dangerous sources of water for drinking and hygiene.

Oil spills are another source of water pollution. In April 2010, the Deepwater Horizon oil rig exploded in the Gulf of Mexico, causing oil to gush from the ocean floor. In the following months, hundreds of millions of gallons of oil spewed into the gulf waters. The spill produced large plumes of oil under the sea and an oil slick on the surface as large as 24,000 square kilometers (9,100 square miles). The oil slick coated wetlands in the U.S. states of Louisiana and Mississippi, killing marsh plants and aquatic organisms such as crabs and fish. Birds, such as pelicans, became coated in oil and were unable to fly or access food. More than two million animals died as a result of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.

Buried chemical waste can also pollute water supplies. For many years, people disposed of chemical wastes carelessly, not realizing its dangers. In the 1970s, people living in the Love Canal area in Niagara Falls, New York, suffered from extremely high rates of cancer and birth defects. It was discovered that a chemical waste dump had poisoned the area's water. In 1978, 800 families living in Love Canal had to abandon their homes.

If not disposed of properly, radioactive waste from nuclear power plants can escape into the environment. Radioactive waste can harm living things and pollute the water.

Sewage that has not been properly treated is a common source of water pollution. Many cities around the world have poor sewage systems and sewage treatment plants. Delhi, the capital of India, is home to more than 21 million people. More than half the sewage and other waste produced in the city are dumped into the Yamuna River. This pollution makes the river dangerous to use as a source of water for drinking or hygiene. It also reduces the river's fishery, resulting in less food for the local community.

A major source of water pollution is fertilizer used in agriculture. Fertilizer is material added to soil to make plants grow larger and faster. Fertilizers usually contain large amounts of the elements nitrogen and phosphorus, which help plants grow. Rainwater washes fertilizer into streams and lakes. There, the nitrogen and phosphorus cause cyanobacteria to form harmful algal blooms.

Rain washes other pollutants into streams and lakes. It picks up animal waste from cattle ranches. Cars drip oil onto the street, and rain carries it into storm drains, which lead to waterways such as rivers and seas. Rain sometimes washes chemical pesticides off of plants and into streams. Pesticides can also seep into groundwater, the water beneath the surface of the Earth.

Heat can pollute water. Power plants, for example, produce a huge amount of heat. Power plants are often located on rivers so they can use the water as a coolant. Cool water circulates through the plant, absorbing heat. The heated water is then returned to the river. Aquatic creatures are sensitive to changes in temperature. Some fish, for example, can only live in cold water. Warmer river temperatures prevent fish eggs from hatching. Warmer river water also contributes to harmful algal blooms.

Another type of water pollution is simple garbage. The Citarum River in Indonesia, for example, has so much garbage floating in it that you cannot see the water. Floating trash makes the river difficult to fish in. Aquatic animals such as fish and turtles mistake trash, such as plastic bags, for food. Plastic bags and twine can kill many ocean creatures. Chemical pollutants in trash can also pollute the water, making it toxic for fish and people who use the river as a source of drinking water. The fish that are caught in a polluted river often have high levels of chemical toxins in their flesh. People absorb these toxins as they eat the fish.

Garbage also fouls the ocean. Many plastic bottles and other pieces of trash are thrown overboard from boats. The wind blows trash out to sea. Ocean currents carry plastics and other floating trash to certain places on the globe, where it cannot escape. The largest of these areas, called the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, is in a remote part of the Pacific Ocean. According to some estimates, this garbage patch is the size of Texas. The trash is a threat to fish and seabirds, which mistake the plastic for food. Many of the plastics are covered with chemical pollutants.

Land Pollution
Many of the same pollutants that foul the water also harm the land. Mining sometimes leaves the soil contaminated with dangerous chemicals.

Pesticides and fertilizers from agricultural fields are blown by the wind. They can harm plants, animals, and sometimes people. Some fruits and vegetables absorb the pesticides that help them grow. When people consume the fruits and vegetables, the pesticides enter their bodies. Some pesticides can cause cancer and other diseases.

A pesticide called DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) was once commonly used to kill insects, especially mosquitoes. In many parts of the world, mosquitoes carry a disease called malaria, which kills a million people every year. Swiss chemist Paul Hermann Muller was awarded the Nobel Prize for his understanding of how DDT can control insects and other pests. DDT is responsible for reducing malaria in places such as Taiwan and Sri Lanka.

In 1962, American biologist Rachel Carson wrote a book called combat malaria.

Trash is another form of land pollution. Around the world, paper, cans, glass jars, plastic products, and junked cars and appliances mar the landscape. Litter makes it difficult for plants and other producers in the food web to create nutrients. Animals can die if they mistakenly eat plastic.

Garbage often contains dangerous pollutants such as oils, chemicals, and ink. These pollutants can leech into the soil and harm plants, animals, and people.

Inefficient garbage collection systems contribute to land pollution. Often, the garbage is picked up and brought to a dump, or landfill. Garbage is buried in landfills. Sometimes, communities produce so much garbage that their landfills are filling up. They are running out of places to dump their trash.

A massive landfill near Quezon City, Philippines, was the site of a land pollution tragedy in 2000. Hundreds of people lived on the slopes of the Quezon City landfill. These people made their living from recycling and selling items found in the landfill. However, the landfill was not secure. Heavy rains caused a trash landslide, killing 218 people.

Sometimes, landfills are not completely sealed off from the land around them. Pollutants from the landfill leak into the earth in which they are buried. Plants that grow in the earth may be contaminated, and the herbivores that eat the plants also become contaminated. So do the predators that consume the herbivores. This process, where a chemical builds up in each level of the food web, is called bioaccumulation.

Pollutants leaked from landfills also leak into local groundwater supplies. There, the aquatic food web (from microscopic algae to fish to predators such as sharks or eagles) can suffer from bioaccumulation of toxic chemicals.

Some communities do not have adequate garbage collection systems, and trash lines the side of roads. In other places, garbage washes up on beaches. Kamilo Beach, in the U.S. state of Hawai'i, is littered with plastic bags and bottles carried in by the tide. The trash is dangerous to ocean life and reduces economic activity in the area. Tourism is Hawai'i's largest industry. Polluted beaches discourage tourists from investing in the area's hotels, restaurants, and recreational activities.

Some cities incinerate, or burn, their garbage. Incinerating trash gets rid of it, but it can release dangerous heavy metals and chemicals into the air. So while trash incinerators can help with the problem of land pollution, they sometimes add to the problem of air pollution.

Reducing Pollution
Around the world, people and governments are making efforts to combat pollution. Recycling, for instance, is becoming more common. In recycling, trash is processed so its useful materials can be used again. Glass, Silent Spring, which discussed the dangers of DDT. She argued that it could contribute to cancer in humans. She also explained how it was destroying bird eggs, which caused the number of bald eagles, brown pelicans, and ospreys to drop. In 1972, the United States banned the use of DDT. Many other countries also banned it. But DDT didn't disappear entirely. Today, many governments support the use of DDT because it remains the most effective way to aluminum cans, and many types of plastic can be melted and reused. Paper can be broken down and turned into new paper.

Recycling reduces the amount of garbage that ends up in landfills, incinerators, and waterways. Austria and Switzerland have the highest recycling rates. These nations recycle between 50 and 60 percent of their garbage. The United States recycles about 30 percent of its garbage.

Governments can combat pollution by passing laws that limit the amount and types of chemicals factories and agribusinesses are allowed to use. The smoke from coal-burning power plants can be filtered. People and businesses that illegally dump pollutants into the land, water, and air can be fined for millions of dollars. Some government programs, such as the Superfund program in the United States, can force polluters to clean up the sites they polluted.

International agreements can also reduce pollution. The Kyoto Protocol, a United Nations agreement to limit the emission of greenhouse gases, has been signed by 191 countries. The United States, the world's second-largest producer of greenhouse gases, did not sign the agreement. Other countries, such as China, the world's largest producer of greenhouse gases, have not met their goals.

Still, many gains have been made. In 1969, the Cuyahoga River, in the U.S. state of Ohio, was so clogged with oil and trash that it caught on fire. The fire helped spur the Clean Water Act of 1972. This law limited what pollutants could be released into water and set standards for how clean water should be. Today, the Cuyahoga River is much cleaner. Fish have returned to regions of the river where they once could not survive.

But even as some rivers are becoming cleaner, others are becoming more polluted. As countries around the world become wealthier, some forms of pollution increase. Countries with growing economies usually need more power plants, which produce more pollutants.

Reducing pollution requires environmental, political, and economic leadership. Developed nations must work to reduce and recycle their materials, while developing nations must work to strengthen their economies without destroying the environment. Developed and developing countries must work together toward the common goal of protecting the environment for future use.

Fast Fact

How Long Does It Last?
Different materials decompose at different rates. How long does it take for these common types of trash to break down?

Fast Fact

Indoor Air Pollution
The air inside your house can be polluted. Air and carpet cleaners, insect sprays, and cigarettes are all sources of indoor air pollution.

Fast Fact

Light Pollution
Light pollution is the excess amount of light in the night sky. Light pollution, also called photopollution, is almost always found in urban areas. Light pollution can disrupt ecosystems by confusing the distinction between night and day. Nocturnal animals, those that are active at night, may venture out during the day, while diurnal animals, which are active during daylight hours, may remain active well into the night. Feeding and sleep patterns may be confused. Light pollution also indicates an excess use of energy.

The dark-sky movement is a campaign by people to reduce light pollution. This would reduce energy use, allow ecosystems to function more normally, and allow scientists and stargazers to observe the atmosphere.

Fast Fact

Noise Pollution
Noise pollution is the constant presence of loud, disruptive noises in an area. Usually, noise pollution is caused by construction or nearby transportation facilities, such as airports.

Noise pollution is unpleasant, and can be dangerous. Some songbirds, such as robins, are unable to communicate or find food in the presence of heavy noise pollution. The sound waves produced by some noise pollutants can disrupt the sonar used by marine animals to communicate or locate food.

Media Credits

The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited.

Illustrators

Mary Crooks, National Geographic Society

Editors

Jeannie Evers, Emdash Editing, Emdash Editing

Producer

National Geographic Society

other

Last Updated

October 19, 2023

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Pollution is the introduction of harmful materials into the environment. These harmful materials are called pollutants.

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1. Caring
- We want to take care of our environment
- We understand our partner feeling and needs
2. Risk-taker:
- We try to find a way to preserve our planet
- We take an action to preserve our planet
3. Inquirers
- We try to search more important information by reading articles, watching videos.
4. Communicator
-We share information and our knowledge
5. Reflective:
- Find way to be better
- Being responsible
6. Thinkers
- We solved problem and made ethical decisions
7. Knowledgeable
-We explore our topic
8. Open-Minded
-We listen to our partner idea
9. Balanced
- We give each other ideas to make a good information
10. Principled
- We speak the truth upon confession

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-Making video -Infografis/poster-Making music//
//-Planting -Recycle

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Making a music video and show it on the D-day

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There is a social enterprise, the name is Waste4Change

Waste4Change helps us to reduce organic waste in our environment.

There are other ways to reduce organic waste. By making eco enzyme or compost

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Is there anything we can do to make a better/balance ecosytem?
Yes,
And we have different role
1. Goverment Role
-Have the biggest impact on environtment
-Making rules
-Build organizatiion/event
-Planning
-Campaign
-Perform renewal of technology that is environmentally friendly
>Solar panel(Solar power)
>Wind turbine(Wind power)
>Hydroelectric power plant(Water power)

2. Community/organization
Example:
-WWF: Protect and restore species and their habitats, address global threats to the planet, help local communities protect natural resources.
-National geography Society: Help with research in every part of the globe. It help to educate us.
-Greenpeace: Protecting the environment and develop solutions for a green and peaceful future.
-Waste4change: A social enterprise that help you with waste management.
3. Individual/family/small group
-Recyle=
1.Around 35 per cent of trees are cut down to make paper.
2.Recycling paper requires 40 per cent less energy than making it from scratch.
3.Recycling(paper) causes 35 per cent less water pollution and 74 per cent less air pollution than making new paper.
4. Recycling reduce waste.
-Compost
1. Composting cleam the waste stream
2. Compost have a really good benefit for your plants.
-Planting
1. Trees/any other plants help reduce CO2 in the atmosphere
2. PLanting trees can reduce strees
3. It can affect the beauty in the environtment.
4. About 15 billion trees are cut each years.
-Use reusable stuff
1. By using reusable stuff you can reduce the amount of waste you make.
-Save energy
-Help animals by rescue/adopt
-Use fewer chemicals
-Stop overexploitation
-Donate
1. You can donate to organization like WWF or any organization that help protect our ecosystem.
-Raise awerness/campaign/promote
-Use/make eco-enzyme
-Use renewable energy

Learn from singapore:
-Singapore is the cleanest city in asia.
-The Singaporean government made a program of plant planting.

-There’s a campaign in 1976 that requires  students, parents, teacher to clean up the school environment every week.
-Since when singapore declaring it’s indenpendence this country has made strategy to create a garden city.
-Singaporean goverment made rules of making a green roof top.

Investigation say that if we protect atleast 50% of the world land and ocean, animal and plant can grow. We have to understand how the natural world works and how to help it.

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Human activities really affect on the ecosystem.

"Negative" human activities:

-Overexploitation=
>Pick or catch renewable energy(Such as animals,plants, etc) at a rate that we can called unsustainable/over
>Example of overexploitation:

#1. Overfishing: Catching too many fish at once/catching fish overly. Overfishing usually done because of poor fishing management. Overfishing caused extinction.

#2. Overhunting: Overhunting is one example of overexploitation. Overhunting is activity of hunting animals that reduce a serious amount of that species.
- Trophy hunting is the shooting of big game animals like elephants, rhinos and bears for one's enjoyment.
>Why human do hunting/fishing:
#1. Increase of human population
#2. Food
#3. Product(cosmetic product, carpet, ornaments, etc)

-Deforestation=

>Act of cut/fired the forest

>Deforestation can led to habitat loss and habitat loss can cause toward animals extinction

-Pollution=

> Introduction of damaging materials into the environment

>Burning garbage

>Industrial Waste

>Fossil fuel burning

>Using too much transportation
-Illegal poaching
>Act of catch, killed, trap, shoot animals illegally
>It can cause extinction too.

-etc

Example:
Deforestation-> habitat loss -> animals extinction -> affect the food chain -> afeect the balanceness of ecosystem.

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When human built their first settlement, the world around them on the land and in the sea was full of life. Wildlife still flourishes in astonishing numbers in precious place.

We will explore the planets in most important habitat, and celebrate the life that they still support. We have to understand how the natural world works and how to help it.

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Balance ecosystem? What is that??
Balance ecosystem is when there is a sustainable habitat.

What affects the ecosystem??
Animals and plants extinction will affect on the balance ecosystem.
Habitat loss(Some habitat loss caused by deforestation), deforestation, forest burning, overexploitation impact the animals and plants extinction. Then what happen if some species extinc?When one species extinc another species could be increase or reduce and that will affect the food chain. Food chain is .the order of eating and being eaten between living things. Human need to take action to help make a healthy environtment and balance ecosystem.

Why do we need a balance ecosystem and environtment?
To provide human needs, people need healthy environtment and balance ecosystem.

How do forest and plant affect the ecosystem?
1. Forest is home for most animals and plants.
2. Trees help soaking up carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.
3.  Some food that we eat comes from plants.

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-Changing wetlands and forests to cropland, polluting, and hunting led to the animals extinction
-Some extinction is natural.

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The truth is, scientists don't know how many species of plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria exist on Earth. The most recent estimate put that number at 2 billion, and that will most likely change at some point.

One thing we do know: The western black rhinoceros, the Tasmanian tiger, and the woolly mammoth are among the creatures whose populations at one point dwindled to zero, and it's possible that species extinction is happening a thousand times more quickly because of humans.

Extinction happens when environmental factors or evolutionary problems cause a species to die out. The disappearance of species from Earth is ongoing, and rates have varied over time. A quarter of mammals is at risk of extinction, according to IUCN Red List estimates.

To some extent, extinction is natural. Changes to habitats and poor reproductive trends are among the factors that can make a species' death rate higher than its birth rate for long enough that eventually, none are left.

Humans also cause other species to become extinct by hunting, overharvesting, introducing invasive species to the wild, polluting, and changing wetlands and forests to croplands and urban areas. Even the rapid growth of the human population is causing extinction by ruining natural habitats.

Among the most famous species driven to extinction by humans is the dodo, a bird that primarily lived in the island nation of Mauritius and was popularized by its appearance in Lewis Carroll's book "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland." Dodos were first mentioned by Dutch sailors in the late 16th century and last seen in 1662 after having been hunted to extinction. Passenger pigeons, billions of which frequently blanketed North American skies when Europeans arrived on the continent, went extinct when the last one died at the Cincinnati Zoo in 1914.

Six mass extinctions

Fossils show that there have been five previous periods of history when an unusually high number of extinctions occurred in what are known as mass extinctions. Most of the Earth's species went extinct roughly 266 million to 252 million years ago in the Permian extinction.

Those losses, however, also paved the way for dinosaurs to evolve into existence, as mass extinctions create a chance for new species to emerge. Dinosaurs met their end about 65 million years ago in another mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period. A large crater off of Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula suggests that an asteroid most likely struck there. Scientists believe that volcanic eruptions in India caused global warming that also may have contributed to the mass extinction.

Scientists are debating whether Earth is now in the midst of a sixth mass extinction. If so, it may be the fastest one ever with a rate of 1,000 to 10,000 times the baseline extinction rate of one to five species per year. Humans are largely responsible for the striking trend. Scientists believe that pollution, land clearing, and overfishing might drive half of the planet's existing land and marine species to extinction by 2100.

Slowly increasing surface temperatures caused by heightened levels of greenhouse gases likely will cause many species to move toward the Earth's poles and higher up into the mountains to stay in habitats with the same climates. But not all species will be able to adapt quickly enough to stave off extinction and many are expected to perish.

What can we do about it?

Using fewer fossil fuels by lowering the thermostat, driving less frequently, and recycling is one good way to slow the rate of extinctions. Eating less meat and avoiding products, like ivory, that are made from threatened species also can make a difference. At home, securing garbage in locked cans, reducing water usage, and refraining from using herbicides and pesticides can protect local wildlife.

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The truth is, scientists don't know how many species of plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria exist on Earth. The most recent estimate put that number at 2 billion, and that will most likely change at some point.

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-Animals and plant really affect on making good/healthy ecosystem
-Healthy ecosystem purify our enivirontment
-A healthy ecosystem is slowly becoming a "bad"ecosystem when some speciest are becoming endangered

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Importance of the Endangered Species Act - Endangered Species Coalition

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The Endangered Species Act (ESA), passed in 1973, was enacted to halt the rapid loss of plant and animal life. Frequently referred to as the "crown jewel" of our nation's environmental laws, the ESA has been responsible for saving many...

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-Overharvesting/overexploitation can lead to an imbalance in ecosystems
-Humans rely on ecosystems to supply human needs
-Animal extinctions may rob humans medical growth

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While extinction of animal species is part of the natural process of evolution, the expansion of the human species has led to significant increases in the extinction rate. Because humans share ecosystems with endangered species, our quality of life and our survival is linked to them. Habitat destruction, climate change, resource depletion and other factors have increased the extinction rate by a factor of 1,000, putting substantial pressure on thousands of the most vulnerable creatures on the planet.

One example of how the depletion of a species affected humans is what occurred after the American bison nearly vanished in the 19th century. Originally, the bison was a common animal on the central plains, with an estimated population of 15 million, and the Native Americans of the region depended on the animal for food, leather, fur and many other goods vital to a nomadic lifestyle. By 1890, however, there were only a few thousand bison left in America. Tribal hunters were able to kill more of the animals with the aid of firearms, and in some cases the United States government encouraged the widespread slaughter of bison herds. The vanishing species forced tribes dependent on the animal to move to new lands in search of food, and eventually those tribes could no longer support themselves and had to deal with the United States government for survival.

Another species under threat that humans rely on is the common honeybee. Bees are responsible for pollinating more than 250,000 species of plants. However, a malady known as "colony collapse disorder" has wiped out entire populations of the insect, and scientists have yet to discover its true cause. Dwindling bee populations have already forced some growers to import colonies to their fields in order to keep yields up, and continued losses could threaten the supply of crops like almonds, apples and cucumbers. Of the different varieties of crops humans rely upon for food worldwide, 87 rely on pollinators, mainly honeybees, while only 28 different crops could survive without such assistance.

Some species serve as buffers between humans and pathogens that could prove extremely dangerous. The common opossum is resistant to the parasites that cause Lyme disease, but human development and other factors have seen their numbers dwindle in the United States. Other species that have moved in to fill their ecological niche have less resistance to the disease, and as a result, the incidence of Lyme disease among humans in these regions has increased. In some areas of the United States, the incidents of Lyme disease has increased by about 30 percent in the past 20 years. Scientists have also discovered links between the incidence of West Nile virus and hantavirus and local reductions in biodiversity.

Animal extinctions may also rob humans of valuable medical advancements. Many different species have unique bodily processes that can offer insight into curing human disease. The toxins produced by dart-poison frogs in the rain forest, for example, have yielded invaluable information about how alkaloid compounds behave in living organisms. Scientists also study bears for clues about how they recycle blood toxins during hibernation to find potential solutions to kidney disorders. Each species that vanishes may hold the key to any number of medical breakthroughs, and the loss of these resources could prove a terrible blow to humans.

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How Do the Extinctions of Other Creatures Affect Humans Directly?

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While extinction of animal species is part of the natural process of evolution, the expansion of the human species has led to significant increases in the extinction rate. Because humans share ecosystems with endangered species, our quality of life and our survival is linked to them.

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-There are some activities that people think that it can solve problem but it doesn't and otherwise it making our environment more bad

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-Smoking bad for our body and also  bad for  the environtment.
-There is some part in a cigarette that is called cellulose acetate and cellulose acetate(use to make cigarette filters)take 10 years to decompose

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Suara.com - Bukan Hanya Tubuh, Rokok Juga Bikin Lingkungan tak Sehat Lho!
Bukan hanya menganggu kesehatan tubuh secara umum, ternyata rokok juga menghasilkan limbah yang tak ramah lingkungan.

Demikian benang merah yang terangkum dalam acara bertajuk 'Puntung Rokok Kecil Berdampak Besar' di @America Pacific Place Jakarta, pada Rabu, (18/9/2019).

"Tidak banyak orang menyadari bahwa limbah puntung rokok tergolong limbah berbahaya dan beracun karena dapat mencemari lingkungan dan membahayakan kelangsungan hidup manusia. Ini setara dengan limbah pabrik dan harus didaur ulang secara khusus," kata pegiat Gerakan Muda FCTC, Rama Tantra Solikin dalam acara tersebut.

Baca Juga: Cairan Rokok Elektrik Berperisa Resmi Dilarang di New York

Lebih lanjut, Rama menjelaskan bahwa puntung rokok disusun dari bahan sejenis kapas plastik yaitu selulosa asetat. Butuh waktu satu sampai lima tahun sampai senyawa kimia selulosa dapat terurai di tanah dan butuh 10 tahun terurai jika sudah terkena air laut.

Sayangnya, masih banyak masyarakat yang menganggap rokok atau perilaku merokok sebagai hal yang biasa.

"Karena itu kami dari Gerakan Muda FCTC Indonesia & Lentera Anak bersama 36 organisasi dan komunitas menginisiasi kampanye #PilihBicara, mengajak masyarakat khususnya anak muda agar bicara menyampaikan keprihatinan, kepedulian, pengalaman dan harapan tentang permasalahan rokok di Indonesia," tutup Rama.

Suara dan aspirasi soal buruknya rokok untuk kesehatan dan lingkungan dan apapun itu unek-uneknya dapat dikirimkan dalam bentuk video, tulisan, ataupun karya lainnya yang akan dikumpulkan baik secara online maupun offline dalam platform pilihbicara.org.

Baca Juga: Rokok Bikin Risiko Anak Stunting Meningkat, Ini Penjelasan Pakar

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Bukan Hanya Tubuh, Rokok Juga Bikin Lingkungan tak Sehat Lho!

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Suara.com - Bukan Hanya Tubuh, Rokok Juga Bikin Lingkungan tak Sehat Lho! Bukan hanya menganggu kesehatan tubuh secara umum, ternyata rokok juga menghasilkan limbah yang tak ramah lingkungan. Demikian benang merah yang terangkum dalam acara bertajuk 'Puntung Rokok Kecil Berdampak Besar' di @America Pacific Place Jakarta, pada Rabu, (18/9/2019).

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-Compost
-Choose to buy and use the "Reusable" one/avoid single-use stuff (as many as possible)
-Recycle
-Use fewer chemicals
-Walk/bike more
-Save energy (Try to start by using LED)
-Save water (Start by turn off the tap while you use the soap)

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Unfortunately, humans have not been very good stewards of the Earth over the years. To protect the environment and preserve the planet for our children and future generations, we all need to take proactive steps toward cleaner living habits.

Most of the damage to our environment stems from consumption: what we consume, how much we consume and how often.

Whether it's gas, food, clothing, cars, furniture, water, toys, electronics, knick-knacks or other goods, we are all consumers. The key is not to stop consuming, but to start being mindful of our consumption habits and how each purchase or action affects the ecosystem.

The good news is that it's often not too difficult, expensive, or inconvenient to become more environmentally friendly. It can even be a fun challenge to implement among your family or coworkers. And though small changes at the individual level may seem trivial, just think how much cleaner the planet would be if everyone adopted even a few of the following behavior modifications.

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12 Ways You Can Protect the Environment | Green Mountain Energy

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Protect the environment with renewable energy & these other helpful tips to protect the planet and keep it green and healthy for years and generations to come.

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-Forest provide habitat for plants and animals.
- Forests are home to 80% of the world’s terrestrial biodiversity(include plants, animals, fungi and bacteria).
-Trees soaking up carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.
-The Amazon lost at least 17% of its forest cover in the last half century due to human activity.

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Eco enzyme or garbage enzyme is a multipurpose liquid that is produced from the fermentation of organic waste. Some of the function of this product include mopping liquid, kitchen cleaner, fruit and vegetable cleaner, insect repellent and plant fertilizer. The disinfectant property inside an eco enzyme is due to the alcohol and/or acetic acid content in this liquid. Alcohol (ethanol) and/or acetic acid are produced by the metabolic process of bacteria that are naturally present on fruit or vegetable scraps. Anaerobic respiration, or also known as fermentation, is underwent by the bacteria to obtain energy from carbohydrate in an anaerobic (without oxygen) condition and with alcohol or acetic acid (depending on the type of microorganism) as the byproduct. Yeast and some types of bacterium produce alcohol through fermentation, whereas most bacteria produce acetic acid. This fermentation process is a result of enzyme activities of the microorganisms. In the making of eco enzyme, either alcohol, acetic acid, or both is produced, depending on the type of microorganisms that are present on the fruit or vegetable scrap. Both substance has a disinfectant property.

Converting organic waste into eco enzyme is important for reducing the amount of organic waste piling up in landfills. A study by Sustainable Waste Indonesia found that as much as 60% of the total waste produced in Indonesia is organic waste (CNN Indonesia, 2018). Unfortunately, out of the total waste produced (organic and non-organic), only 7.5% are processed. The rest of the waste are piled, burned, ignored and as much as 69% are transported to landfills (KLHK, 2017). This is problematic because the capacity of landfills are limited. For instance, it is predicted that TPA (landfill) Bantar Gebang can no longer operate by 2021 due to overcapacity (Dinas LH DKI).

Organic waste that are piled up in landfill produces harmful gases to the environment and to the health of the people living around the landfill. At landfills, organic waste go through anaerobic decomposition process that produces methane, a greenhouse gas that has capacity to trap heat 30 times more effective than carbon dioxide. This harmful anaerobic process often occurs to organic waste that are kept away from oxygen in-between non-organic waste (e.g. food waste wrapped inside plastic). Moreover, methane may also threaten the health of people who live around the landfill by replacing oxygen content in the air. Environmental and health issue that arise due to organic waste in landfills must be managed with by reducing the amount of organic waste produced, as well as by processing the produced organic waste, such as through producing eco enzyme.

What are the benefits of eco enzyme?

As a disinfectant, eco enzyme can replace most cleaning liquids for multiple household products, even to purify air from airborne bacteria, due to its ability to kill bacteria and fungus. Other than to reduce the usage of chemical based cleaning liquids, eco enzyme also has its own economic value because it reduces the expense from buying commercial cleaning products. Furthermore, the nutritions that are contained inside the fruit and vegetable residue from processing an eco enzyme can be utilised as festilizers.

Enzyme activities inside an eco enzyme can also be utilized. During a fermentation process, the enzymes of microorganisms are active to process the energy source. Arun and Sivashanmugam (2015) found that eco enzyme contain amylase, protease and lipase activity that can be utilised to treat dairy waste, in which it contains carbohydrate, protein and fat to be broken down by those enzymes.
The following are some of the benefits of eco enzyme:
How to make eco enzyme?
Ingredients and equipment Instruction

Measure water, fruit or vegetable scrap and brown sugar with 10:3:1 respectively (e.g. 10 gram of brown sugar, 30 gram of fruit/vegetable scrap, 100 gram of water). Adjust with the available waste or the container.

Chop the fruit or vegetable scrap into small pieces.

Mix all ingredients into a plastic container and stir. Plastic material is preferred to avoid the container from exploding when gasses built up.

Close the container until it is airtight.

Leave for 3 months at a sheltered space.

During the early stage of fermentation, open the container approximately every once a week to release the trapped gasses and prevents the container from exploding.

After 3 months, a successful eco enzyme will have a dark brown colour with vinegary smell. If the liquid is black, add more sugar to continue the fermentation process. Just ignore if worms and insects are present because it will be broken down through the process.

Filter the liquid from the organic waste residue dan keep in any container for later use.

The organic waste residue can be used as fertilizers.

What types of waste can be used to make eco enzyme?

Ensure you only use raw fruits and vegetable scrap to be processed in producing eco enzyme. Fermentation that produces alcohol and acetate acid with disinfectant property only applies to plant based materials due to its carbohydrate (sugar) content. Decomposition and fermentation process of meat is different from plant. Meat can decompose quickly and release pathogens at unregulated temperature. If you want to produce eco enzyme, or if you want your organic waste to be processed by a waste management agent, make sure to sort your fruit and vegetable scraps from other organic and non-organic waste.

Want your waste to be collected by Waste4Change?

If you do not have the time or the facility to process your own organic waste, you can still do it with Waste4Change. Give your waste to Waste4Change through the residential, commercial or individual waste collection service. This service is available for collecting waste in residential areas and businesses (e.g. Restaurants, industries, etc) and individuals where the collected organic waste will be processed in Rumah Pengomposan Waste4Change . See the following link for further information about the waste collection service: https://waste4change.com/blog/collect/ .

References:

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Eco-Enzyme: Multipurpose Liquid from Organic Waste - Waste4Change

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Eco enzyme or garbage enzyme is a multipurpose liquid that is produced from the fermentation of organic waste. Some of the function of this product include mopping liquid, kitchen cleaner, fruit and vegetable cleaner, insect repellent and plant fertilizer. The disinfectant property inside an eco enzyme is due to the alcohol and/or acetic acid content in this liquid.

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-Deforestation is the act of cutting down the forests.
-When trees are cut down, less oxygen is released into the atmosphere.
-The forest are cut down or fired so, people can make a place for farming.
-People also do deforestation if they want to make new place for building/house.
-In some country people not just cutting the trees but fired and burn the forest, that affect on the animals too.
-Deforestation may afeect on the global warming, habitat loss and erosion.

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Trees and other green plants produce oxygen, the gas needed by humans and other animals to live. When trees are cut down, less oxygen is released into the atmosphere.

Trees also capture carbon dioxide, one of the gases that contribute to a problem known as global warming. When they are burned, trees release carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere.

Erosion

Deforestation on steep mountain hillsides can lead to erosion. The land can get worn away because the trees are not there to hold the soil together. Heavy rains in such areas can wash the land down the slopes in disastrous landslides that destroy fields, homes, and human lives.

Habitat Loss

Many forests are peaceful, quiet places where people can rest or play. When trees are cut down, this recreational use of forests is lost.

Forests are home to an enormous range of living things. When an area is deforested, many plants and animals are killed. Others lose their habitats. Some types of living things become extinct because of deforestation, especially those that live in tropical rainforests. The traditional way of life for rainforest peoples can be greatly affected by deforestation.

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Deforestation is the clearing, or cutting down, of forests. The word is normally used to describe the actions of humans in removing forests from the planet, rather than...

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-Around 35 per cent of trees are cut down to make paper.
-Recycling paper requires 40 per cent less energy than making it from scratch.
-Recycling causes 35 per cent less water pollution and 74 per cent less air pollution than making new paper

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Asked by: Gearoid Fogerty, Tipperary

Around 35 per cent of all trees cut down are used to make paper - that's 160,000km² of forest chopped down every year. But trees are a renewable resource and only nine per cent of the trees used for paper come from ancient forests. Recycling paper reduces the demand for trees and so fewer will be planted. And although recycling paper requires 40 per cent less energy than making it from scratch, modern paper mills normally generate their energy from burning waste wood whereas recycling plants often rely on electricity from fossil fuels. So that's the case against.

In favour of recycling is the fact that paper mills use toxic compounds such as toluene, methanol and formaldehyde. A report by the US Environmental Protection Agency states that paper mills are among the worst polluters of any industry in the US. Recycling causes 35 per cent less water pollution and 74 per cent less air pollution than making new paper. Recycling a tonne of newspaper also eliminates 3m³ of landfill. As paper decomposes in the ground it produces methane, which is a powerful greenhouse gas. On balance it seems that recycling paper is still much better than producing it from fresh pulp.
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Is recycling paper bad for the environment?

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Asked by: Gearoid Fogerty, Tipperary Around 35 per cent of all trees cut down are used to make paper - that's 160,000km² of forest chopped down every year. But trees are a renewable resource and only nine per cent of the trees used for paper come from ancient forests.

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Human Impacts on the Environment | National Geographic Society

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Humans impact the physical environment in many ways: overpopulation, pollution, burning fossil fuels, and deforestation. Changes like these have triggered climate change, soil erosion, poor air quality, and undrinkable water. These negative impacts can affect human behavior and can prompt mass migrations or battles over clean water.

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Ecosystem goods and services (EGS) are fundamental to human activity. Farmers, foresters, fishers and many others harvest nature's bounty, while others make a living transforming and selling these goods. Ecosystem services provide social and health benefits such as education or recreation opportunities-for example, the enjoyment that we get from taking a walk in the woods or parks. Natural ecosystem structures and functions produce goods and services that benefit people- ecosystems produce the air we breathe, filter the water we drink, and recycle the nutrients that allow all things to grow.

Impacts from human activity on land and in the water can influence ecosystems profoundly. Climate change, ocean acidification, permafrost melting, habitat loss, eutrophication, stormwater runoff, air pollution, contaminants, and invasive species are among many problems facing ecosystems. The cumulative effects of these problems, as well as numerous other pressures, can have serious impacts on ecosystem functions and the provision of EGS. Understanding the contributions that these services make to the well-being of those who benefit from them-the beneficiaries-is important for informed decision-making. Similarly, information on the availability or degradation of EGS is needed to properly assess and design policy responses to address ecosystem conservation, restoration and sustainable use (Figure 1.1).
Figure 1.1: Measuring Ecosystem Goods and Services conceptual framework
Human Activity and the Environment 2013: Measuring ecosystem goods and services in Canada reports on the results achieved during a two year project to find and develop information on ecosystem goods and services. The report is organized as follows: Section 2: Ecosystem accounting reviews concepts relevant to the development of experimental ecosystem accounts and case studies presented in the report. Section 3: Ecosystems and their goods and services at the national level presents initial broad scale results. Section 4: Thousand Islands National Park case study brings together some of the concepts presented in previous sections, showing how ecosystem accounting can be used in local area case studies. Section 5: Moving forward-a research agenda highlights selected topics that could be developed further to provide a better account of the status and trends of ecosystems and their goods and services over time. Section 6: Appendices provides more detailed information on some of the above topics.

This report presents preliminary results from an interdepartmental project on Measuring Ecosystem Goods and Services (MEGS). The objective of MEGS was to scope out the requirements for producing and analyzing comprehensive statistics on ecosystems and their goods and services. The focus was to build the infrastructure, develop, test and apply classifications, quality measures and valuation methods to further the development of ecosystem accounts (Textbox 1).

Textbox 1: Measuring Ecosystem Goods and Services (MEGS)-the project:

In 2011, Statistics Canada received federal funding to develop experimental ecosystem accounts with the specific objective of supporting policy needs related to the valuation of ecosystem goods and services.

The MEGS project was a collaborative effort between several partner federal departments: Statistics Canada and Environment Canada-the project co-leads-as well as Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Parks Canada and Policy Horizons Canada. The objectives were to research, consolidate data and build knowledge on ecosystems in Canada; to study alternatives for assessing and tracking ecosystem quality; and to assemble the information required to support the process of valuation. These objectives were accomplished by creating spatial standards and classifications, standardizing existing spatial data, developing pilot ecosystem accounts, and investigating methods for valuation of ecosystem goods and services.

The MEGS project developed a statistical infrastructure to support the study of ecosystems, consolidated some existing data and established methods that will pave the way for future work in this area. A major output is the MEGS geodatabase, which integrates various datasets to represent land cover and land use in Canada. Initial priority was given to spatial time series data that were available nationally, although some emphasis was placed on acquiring and integrating lower level datasets where they were more appropriate. Coarse national datasets may not be appropriate in regional and local scale analysis, such as the case study on the Thousand Islands National Park presented in this report, which used higher resolution data for its land cover analysis. Progress has also been achieved in developing quality measures and advancing knowledge on monetary and non-monetary valuation.

The project team is monitoring the development of the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA): Experimental Ecosystem Accounting, which will become a guidance manual for ecosystem accounts once finalized and adopted. Results presented in this report are part of an experimental accounting exercise that is compatible with SEEA's objectives and guidelines.

Accounting for EGS is a relatively new, but growing, field of inquiry. Major challenges related to defining goods and services, understanding and tracking the biophysical properties and structures that produce the good and services, measuring where goods and services are generated and used, and valuing the services, are recognized by environmental accountants, ecologists and economists alike. However, a high degree of interjurisdictional and interdisciplinary collaboration exists to develop common standards, definitions, tools, methods and classifications, including ongoing work within the framework of the United Nations System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (UN SEEA).

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Ecosystem goods and services (EGS) are fundamental to human activity. Farmers, foresters, fishers and many others harvest nature's bounty, while others make a living transforming and selling these goods. Ecosystem services provide social and health benefits such as education or recreation opportunities-for example, the enjoyment that we get from taking a walk in the woods or parks.

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1. Social Skills
- We try to be more active when we talk about social problem.
2. Research Skills
-We search something that is confuse us
-We try to read and understand. Not just read it.
3. Thinking Skills
- We think about how to solve problem and we also think about how to manage our self
4. Communication Skills
- We understand each other
5. Self-Management Skills
- We try to build our time well and punctual

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1. Confidence
-We confidently share our ideas
2. Appreciation/Tolerance/Respect
-We don't bully each other
-Respect other ideas
-We want to work with each other
3. Commitment
- We made a commitment to be a good teamwork
4. Cooperation
-We discuss together
-share our ideas to each other
5. Curiosity
-We ask questions
-We search/browse about our topic
6. Independence
-We make our action together with some idea from mentor but we make the lyric and music by our self
7. Empathy
- We understand our team feeling
8. Enthusiasm
- We are obsessed with what we want to achieve
9. Integrity
- We strive to be honest and have a strong character
10. Creativity
- We try to make interesting action

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1. Connection
2. Causation
3. Responsibility

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1. Environment
2. Relationship
3. Sustainability
4. Ecosystem
5. Food chain
6. Symbiosis
7. Recycle
8. Deforestation

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1.  human beings and animals depend on trees
2. Relationship between plants animals and humans
3. Recycle and buy sustainable products.
4. Planting and protetcting the animals and plant
1. https://www.mbgnet.net/pfg/cycles/qa/12.htm
https://www.treepeople.org/22-benefits-of-trees/
5. https://www.ukessays.com/essays/sociology/the-relationship-between-humans-animals-and-plants-sociology-essay.php#:~:text=Human%2C%20animals%20and%20plants%20are,probably%20we%20cannot%20live%20anymore.&text=Therefore%2C%20we%20as%20a%20human,grow%20up%20with%20us%20together.
https://www.worldwildlife.org/habitats/forest-habitat
6. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/12-things-we-should-all-do-to-protect-endangered-species_b_58bd9c87e4b0abcb02ce2067
https://share.america.gov/top-10-ways-save-wildlife/
https://www.tourmyindia.com/blog/reasons-to-save-wildlife/

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1. What happen if there is no tree
2. what percentage of living things will become extinct, when the trees are cut down
3. Where is a safe place to save the animal
4. Benefit of trees
5. How plants, human and animals conneted/why we need each other
6. How to save endangered animals, plants and make a better environtment(our action as human to make a better environtment)

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Human activities impact the environment and the environment affect on how people lives

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Made with Seesaw - Student Driven Digital Portfolios. Free for teachers!

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List down possible actions

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Paraphrase relevant information

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Paraphrase relevant information

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Paraphrase relevant information

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1. The interdependence of species living in ecosystems (connection)
2. Human activities and the impacts on the ecosystems (causation)
3. Strategies to protect and restore the ecosystems (responsibility)

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Reflect on the journey of your PYPX

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Discuss the points that you agree about what matters to your group and list them down.

- Which country has the highest percentage of forest?
- How to safe living things from the extinction?
- How planting the trees effects our environment?
- Why trees important?
- Where is a safe place to save the animal?

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Made with Seesaw - Student Driven Digital Portfolios. Free for teachers!

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List down possible guest speakers to be invited/interviewed

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Put the resources you use to research

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An inquiry into rights and responsibilities in the struggle to share finite resources with other people and with other living things; communities and the relationships within and between them; access to equal opportunities; peace and conflict resolution.

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Human activities contribute to the sustainability of life on land and the biodiversity of the ecosystems