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@ Situational factor matter in our expression of emotions.
@Individual factors also matter as all individual doesn't react in the same way to a particular situation.

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1- Emotive images will be remembered better than those that have little emotional impact on an indiidual.
2- Amygdala is sensitive to varying degrees of emotional intensity to external stimuli and whether the level of emotional intensity enhances memory for the stimuli.

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1- LABORATORY EXPERIMENT
2- REPEATED MEASURE DESIGN
IV -Intensity of emotional arousal to each of the 96 scenes.
Participants arousal was measured by a 4 point rating scale which ranged from 0('not emotionally intense at all') to 3 ('extremely emotionally intense'.)

DV - There were 2 key measures :
1- Level of activation of amygdala measured by the fMRI scanner.
2- Measure of memory that was assessed after 3 weeks when they had to recognise the images.

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1-Series of 96 scenes were presented via an overhead projector and mirror while in the fMRI scanner.
2- Scenes were from " International Affective Picture System " stimuli set.
3- Average valence of scenes ranged from 1.17 (highly negative) to 5.44 ( neutral).
4- Order of scenes were randomised, each picture was presented exactly for 2.88 seconds. Interval was of 12.96 seconds where they viewed a fixation cross.
5- During the exposure time in order to control their head movement they were given a "bite bar".
That is a teeth impression which doesn't let the head move.
6- After watching the scene they were told to choose from 4 buttons with their right hand to indicate emotional arousal on a scale from 0(not emotionally intense at all) to 3(extremely emotionally intense).
7- The activity in the brain was collected by 1.5Tesla fMRI scanner.
8- 3 weeks after, participants were tested in an unexpected recognition test.
9- During this they viewed the previous 96 scenes and 48foils which were selected to match the previous scenes .
10- They were asked to report whether they remembered with certainity ('remember'), less familiar or forgotten.

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Ten right handed healthy female volunteers were scanned.
Females were chosen because it was thought they are more emotionally sensitive and show physiological reactions better than men.

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1- Amygdala activation is related to the subjective sense of emotional intensity and the participants' perceived arousal is associated with amygdala activation.
2- Follow-up memory task  indicate that memory performance was significantly improved for scenes that were rated highly emotionally tense. (i.e 3)
3- The intermediate and high degree of left amygdala activation was associated with remembering of the stimuli. If the left side of the amygdala is activated very less even if the individual presses the highly emotional button the stimuli will be forgotten.

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1- Emotional intensity of the scenes.
2- Recognition test of scenes all 96 scenes and 48 foils.
3- Certainity was rated as(1- remember, 2- know, 3- forgotten).
4- Brain scan/fMRI- to measure the activation of amygdala.

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1- Lacks ecological validity as :
@Brain scanners are unfamiliar environment, the participant might not behave naturally around them and the DV may have been affected.
@Participants emotional arousal is likely to have been lower than it would have been in real life situations.
2- There insufficient knowledge of the physiological basis of the fMRI signal to interpret the data confidently with respect to neural acitivity and how this maps into speicific behaviour.
3- Ten is a very small no.to interpret anything
3- Sample was righted handed female which introduces participant variable and can distort the outcomes of research reducing the validity.
@ Generalizibility will be a problem with the sample as females express themselves differently than males.
@ Healthy female were taken, unhealthy individuals have a difficulty in regularizing their emotions.
@ Right-handed is unlikely to matter but it could have some brain differences.

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1- Present study correlated well with the average ratings of emotional valence and arousal.
2-Emotional intensity was similar across the scenes. 29% of scenes were rated not emotionally at all.
3- There was a negative correlation between emotional intensity and valence -0.66.
4-There was a positive correlation between emotional intensity and arousal 0.68.
5-There was a positive correlation between emotional intensity and (left)amygdala activation.
6- Amygdala activation was significantly correlated with higher ratings of individually experienced emotional intensity.
7-42% of thescenes rated as 3 (extremely emotionally intense) were remembered.
8-The scenes which had higher emotional/intensity ratings were remembered more than those with a low emotional/intensity rating.

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fMRI is a neuroimaging procedure are used to study the living human brains and draw conclusions about relationship between behaviour and structure.
It measures the brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow.
LaBar & Phelps (1998) suggested:
1-emotional experiences are often better recalled than non-emotional ones .
2- Emotional arousal appears to increase the likelihood of memory consolidation during the storage stage of memory.

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1- The images were chosen from a standardized system so were known of emotional valence.
2- Individual variable was reduced by the fixed time of exposure and interval.
3- Participants were fixated on a cross during the interval that ensured that they all will look at the right place.
4- Head movement was minimised by using a bite bar formed with each participants mental impression.

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1- Standardised environment for all, given the same items to rate, equal level of time that each item was presented and the duration of intervals.
2- Internal validity is high as there are fewer confounding variables.
3- Use of fMRI provided vast amount of quantitative data relating to activation of amygdala.
4- Statistical analysis was easier to conduct.
5- Its hard for the participants to determine the demand characteristics and validity is increased.
6- Objective findings for each participant thus interpretation is not required.
7- Repeated measure design was used to compare the individuals against themselves.

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There exist a relationship between the amygdala activation and intensity of emotions.
2- More emotionally intense an image is better it will be remembered and recalled.
3- The level of arousal decides the strength of memory trace.
4- Left activation of the amygdala is during the encoding is predictive of the subsequent memory.