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Welcome to the Pinky Pig group blog! Our journey today is to experience the domesticated reproductive life of the pigs.

We start off with introduction to the history and the characteristics of the domesticated pigs. Followed by interesting facts on the gamete collection and how human intervene in swine (pig) reproduction.

Do not leave before you read the fun facts!
Have fun!🐷🐷🐷

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Productivity + Quality increase📈-> farmers income increase 🤑💰💲

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Database of livestock and its biodiversity within species and breeds
-> required for implementation of ARTs technique

eg.

disease resistant traits

reproduction traits

(Choudhary, et al., 2016)

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Pig, swine, hog - general terms without gender, age and size

Boar - male pig

Gilt - female pig has not given birth yet

Sow - female pig have farrowed

Piglet - baby pig

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Zoom in for a closer view of my guns.

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They are the smartest among all the domesticated animals.

Whether wild or domesticated, they run super fast (17 km/h).

Do not have sweat gland, white pig burn easily in sun -> roll in mud to keep cool

Most consumed meat

They are omnivores

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Biosecurity and Hygiene in Boar Collection

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COLLECTIS CIPQ - Automated semen collection system

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COLLECTIS CIPQ - Automated semen collection system

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Genus:Sus
Family:Suidae
Order:Artiodactyla
(Flink,2014)

Among first animal to be domesticated (Evin, Dobney and Cucchi, 2017).

First domesticated in the Near East around 8500 and 8000 cal BC (Caliebe, et al., 2017).

Originated from Eurasia wild boar (Sus scrofa)(Giuffra, et al., 2000).

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Among first animal to be domesticated  (Evin, Dobney and Cucchi, 2017). 
First domesticated in the Near East around 8500 and 8000 cal BC (Caliebe, et al., 2017).
Originates from Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) (Giuffra, et al., 2000).

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Among first animal to be domesticated  (Evin, Dobney and Cucchi, 2017). 
First domesticated in the Near East around 8500 and 8000 cal BC (Caliebe, et al., 2017).
Originates from Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) (Giuffra, et al., 2000).

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Involves the use of genes and genetic markers to generate selection of best breeding model.

Genetics markers are associated with target traits to present efficient selection of swine.

Conduct genetic evaluation based on various characteristics, such as market weight, meat thickness, etc.

Effective and efficient in genetic improvement of swine.

(Mathur and Liu, n.d.)

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Althouse, G.C., Levis, D.G. and Diehl, J., 2015. Semen collection, evaluation and processing in the boar. [e-journal] Available at: <10.13140/RG.2.1.2638.8640> [Accessed 30 August 2020].

Pig Improvement Company, 2017.  Boar Stud Management Guidelines. Available at: < https://www.pic.com/resources/test/> [1 September 2020].

Caliebe, A., Nebel, A., Makarewicz, C., Krawczak, M. and Krause-Kyora, B., 2017. Insight into early pig domestication provided by ancient DNA analysis. Scientific reports, [e-journal] 7.  https://doi.org/10.1038/srep44550.

Choudhary, K K., KAvya, K.M., Jerome, A. and Sharma, R.K., 2016. Adavances in reproductive technologies. Veterinary World, [e-journal] 9(4), pp. 388.395.  10.14202/vetworld.2016.388-395.

Coy, P., Martínez, E., Ruiz, S., Vázquez, J. M., Roca, J., and Matas, C., 1993. Sperm concentration influences fertilization and male pronuclear formation in vitro in pigs. Theriogenology, [e-journal] 40(3), pp. 539–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(93)90407-v

Evin, A., Dobney,K. and Cucchu, T., 2017. A history of pig domestication: New ways of exploring a complex process. In: M. Melletti, and E. Meijaard, eds. 2017. Ecology, Conservation and Management of Wild Pigs and Peccaries: Cambridge University Press, pp. 39–48.

Flink, L.G., 2014. Pig: Domestication. In: C. Smith, ed. 2014. Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. New York, NY: Springer New York, pp. 5938–5941.

Gadea, J., Coy, P., Matas, C., Romar, R. and Canovas, S., 2020. Reproductive technologies in swine. In: G. Pressice, ed. 2020. Reproductive technologies in animals. Cambridge: Academic Press. pp. 67 - 79.

Garrigus, W.P. and Holden, P.J., 2020. Livestock farming. [online] Available at: <https://www.britannica.com/> [Accessed 18 August 2020].

Geisert, R.D. and Lucy, M.C., 2018. Pig. Encyclopedia of Reproduction, [e-journal] 2, pp. 641–649. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809633-8.20520-7.

Giuffra, E., Kijas, J.M.H., Amarger, V., Carlborg, O., Jeon, J.T. and Andersson, L., 2000. The origin of the domestic pig: independent domestication and subsequent introgression.  Genetics, 154(4), pp. 1785-1791.

Irfan, T., 2013. General reproductive properties in pigs. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, [e-journal]  37, pp. 1-5. https://doi.org/10.3906/vet-1105-14.

Maes, D., Alfonso, L.R., To, R., Philip, V. and Ann, V.S., 2011. Artificial Insemination in Pigs. In: M. Manafi, ed. 2011. Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals. InTech.

Mathur, P. K. and Liu, Y., n.d. Markers Assisted Selection for the Canadian Swine Industry. [online] Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Swine Improvement. Available at: <https://www.ccsi.ca/Reports/Reports_2003/nsif_CCSI.pdf>

Morozumi, K., Shikano, T., Miyazaki, S. and Yanagimachi, R., 2006. Simultaneous removal of sperm plasma membrane and acrosome before intracytoplasmic sperm injection improves oocyte activation/embryonic development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, [e-journal] 103(47), pp.17661-17666. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0608183103

Mosman, C.T., 1991. Introduction to the livestock industry. [online] Available at: <https://www.uidaho.edu/> [Accessed 30 August 2020].

Ratchamak, R., Vongpralub, T., Boonkum, W. and Chankitisakul, V., 2019. Cryopreservation and quality of boar semen collected from bulk samples. Veterinarni Medicina, [e-journal] 64(5), pp.209-216. https://doi.org/10.17221/125/2018-VETMED.

Silva, C. G., Cunha, E. R., Blume, G. R., Malaquias, J. V., Báo, S.N. and Martins, C. N., 2015. Cryopreservation of boar sperm comparing different cryoprotectants associated in media based on powdered coconut water, lactose and trehalose. Cryobiology, [e-journal] 70(2), pp. 90 - 94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2015.01.001

Sjunnesson, Y., 2019. In vitro fertilisation in domestic mammals - a brief overview.  Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences, [e-journal] pp. 68-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/03009734.2019.1697911.

Soini, S., Ibarreta, D., Anastasiadou, V., Aymé, S., Braga, S., Cornel, M., Coviello, D.A., Evers-Kiebooms, G., Geraedts, J., Gianaroli, L. and Harper, J., 2006. The interface between assisted reproductive technologies and genetics: technical, social, ethical and legal issues. European Journal of Human Genetics, 14(5), pp.588-645.

Yong, H.Y., Pyo, B.S., Hong, J.Y., Kang, S.K., Lee, B.C., Lee, E.S. and Hwang, W.S., 2003. A modified method for ICSI in the pig: injection of head membrane‐damaged sperm using a 3–4 µm diameter injection pipette. Human Reproduction, [e-journal] 18(11), pp.2390-2396. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deg442

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Never wrestle with pigs. You both get dirty and the pig likes it. 

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Never wrestle with pigs. You both get dirty and the pig likes it. 

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I can make friends in a day but none of them compare to the smile you can give in a minute.

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I can make friends in a day but none of them compare to the smile you can give in a minute.

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Jump for joy for all the achievements we've made.

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Jump for joy for all the achievements we've made.

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Forget all your troubles and dance with me. 

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Forget all your troubles and dance with me. 

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When I have a camera in my hand, I know no fear.

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When I have a camera in my hand, I know no fear.

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Everyone needs love, but a little pig now and then won't hurt. 

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Everyone needs love, but a little pig now and then won't hurt. 

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IVF | Assisted Reproductive Technologies in Livestock Animals

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They are not just an animal to be served as food !!

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Three Little Pigs | CoComelon Nursery Rhymes & Kids Songs

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Read from left to right . Click on this audio before you journey through our blog!😁

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I eat 5 pound of feed each day on average.

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I eat 5 pound of feed each day on average.

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Thank you !! ·3· Please leave a good rating if you think I'm cute <3

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Thank you !! ·3· Please leave a good rating if you think I'm cute <3

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Might not be sustained due to inbreeding

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Infertility might transmitted to the offspring or create other health problem

(Soini et. al., 2006)

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Increase genetic progress.

Preservation of genetic diversity.

(Sjunnesson, 2019)

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The application of this technique may increase the quality of farm animal and their products

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Include artificial cervix (AC), slide arm, AC holder and dummy.

Slide arm wallow free back and forth movement during collection.

AC mimic sow's cervix and provide pressure to stimulate boar.

(Pig Improvement Company, 2017)

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High operation cost for the technique (equipment, laboratory and expert).

Increased frequency of management.

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Improve:

Labour condition

Productivity and quality of sperm

Disadvantage:

Does not separate ejaculate fraction

Some boar may not accept the automatic collection

(Ratchamak, et al., 2019)

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Genetic improvement increases the efficiency of the reproductive performance of the sow, which determines the profits and income of the farmers.

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Achieve the favorable characteristics and healthy litters.

Overcome infertility in females and males.

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Moral issues on cyropreservation of oocyte and sperm cells.

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🐷Tan Jia Hao
🐷Emi Yamamoto
🐷Tiong Wei Ping
🐷Kevin Beh Kai Yee
🐷Shum Sheng Jie

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Oocyte and embryo are very sensitive to cold shock

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Gloves

preferably polyvinyl

latex -> toxic to semen

Mesh filter

Filter out gel portion of semen gel -> coagulate into semi solid mass

Interferes with harvesting of spermatozoa, semen evaluation and processing

Massage

Evacuate preputial fluid and aids in stimulating pelvic trusting.

Apply pressure

Imitate pressure applied by corkscrew shape of sow vagina.

(Maes, et al., 2011; Althouse, Levis and Diehl, 2015).

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-injecting  pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) and  human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to induce ovulation
-CUT OPEN
-flush oviduct with phosphate buffered saline to extract oocyte
(Coy,et al., 1993)

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Remove:

Diluent,

Cryoprotectant,

ecapitating factors.

To:

Select motile sperm cells,

Select mature sperm cells.

(Gadea, 2020)

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1. Washing and dilution of semen.

2. Sperm migration

3. Selective washing

(Gadea, 2020)

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Semen collection room  -> quiet & non-slippery

Pre-warmed collection container (insulated thermos/ styrofoam cup) to 38°C.

Cover container with gauze/mesh filter.

Allow boar to mount on dummy

Massage penis through prepuce

Penis extended out of sheath.

Sperm collection initiated with uniform pressure to spiral end of penis with gloved hand so penis cannot rotate.

Boar cease trusting and start ejaculation.

Pre-sperm and post sperm -> clear watery fluid-> discard -> discard -> no sperm and high bacterial count.

Sperm rich fraction->chalky appearance-> collect.

Collection container should be placed in warm water

Semen should be extended in 15 minutes                    (Maes, et al., 2011; Althouse, Levis and Diehl, 2015).

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Our opinions on the effects of this approach

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Our opinions on the effects of this approach

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Important factors for the success of fertilization

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Important factors for the success of fertilization

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sperm immobilization

plasma membrane disruption (removal of plasma membrane and acrosome)

(Morozumi, et. al., 2006)

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Step 3: Injection and mixing injected spermatozoa with ooplasm

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Step 3: Injection and mixing injected spermatozoa with ooplasm

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Oocyte immobilized with holding pipette, polar body position at 6 or 12 o'clock.

Aspiration of cytoplasmic materials with the sperm inside the injection pipette repeatedly.

(Yong, et. al., 2003)

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Polyestrous (>1 estrus in a year)

Polytocous (multiple offspring)

(Geisert and Lucy, 2018)

2.3 farrowing per year

Producing 9.5 to 12.5 piglets per litter

average 3 litter -> productivity wanes -> sent to slaughter -> age 24-30 months                          (Irfan, 2013)

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Head: small and long face. A short and wrinkled indicates possible health problems.

Legs and Hock: strong and straight without swelling or visible wounds.

Body: long and not too fat.

Hip: tight and big hips.

Stomach: no hanging stomach.

Skin and hair: smooth without cracks and coarse hair.

Eye and nose: bright eyes with no tears and gum. nose should have no mucus, wrinkles and deformity.

(Mosman, 1991)

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Fertilization by injection of a single sperm into the egg

(Yong, et. al., 2003)

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Damage caused by cryo in swine sperm is more serious

Cryopreservation

Dilution of sem*n in Beltsville Thawing Solution

Centrifugation of semen and removal of supernatant

Addition of cooling extender and freezing solution

Place in cryoprotectant solution

Freeze them

Store in liquid nitrogen

(Silva, et al., 2015)

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-Fertilization in artificial environment that mimic oviductal environment
-success rate not >45% due to polyspermy
(Gadea, et al,2020)

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Step 2: Aspiration into the injection pipette completely

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Step 2: Aspiration into the injection pipette completely

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(Yong, et. al., 2003)

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-Collection of fresh ovaries from slaughterhouse
-Selection of cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC)
-maturation of COC for 40 - 44 hours in maturation medium
(Gadea, et al,2020)

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To explain fundamental mechanism of fertilization in animals.

To solve infertility problem cause by male factor.

(Yong, et. al., 2003)

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May damage the tail of spermatozoa.

Methods: scoring, crushing, vigorous swiping, several piezo pulsesor repeated aspiration in and out of the injection pipette.

May cause disruption of plasma membrane.

(Yong, et. al., 2003)

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Sus scrofa domesticus