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The penguins gathering in a group to travel. 

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The penguins gathering in a group to travel. 

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Social behavior is very beneficial for many species, it increases survival, enhances fitness of a group and progression of brain development. It consists of a set of interactions among individuals of the same species that leads to adaptation . Social behavior helps species adapt to their life as they learn and experiment ways to survive longer and later then reproduce. For example, animals feeding together like a herd of wildebeest, schools of fish, flocks of birds, etc. This shows that animals adapted to predators and found a way to make feeding easier. An example for humans is us building houses, making food, producing products that help our everyday life and lots more. This represents social behavior among humans because it shows that we made stuff so we were able to survive and adapt to the earth. Overall social behavior has so many benefits and it is the reason we are living at the moment.

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Social behavior is defined as interactions among individuals, normally within the same species, that are usually beneficial to one or more of the individuals. It is believed that social behavior evolved because it was beneficial to those who engaged in it, which means that these individuals were more likely to survive and reproduce. Social behavior serves many purposes and is exhibited by an extraordinary wide variety of animals, including invertebrates, fish, birds, and mammals. Thus, social behavior is not only displayed by animals possessing well-developed brains and nervous systems.

Benefits of Social Behavior

Social behavior seems to provide many benefits to those who practice it. Studies have shown that many animals are more successful in finding food if they search as a group. This is especially true if food resources are clumped together only in certain places. If more individuals are cooperating in the search, there is a greater chance one of them will find the clump of food. In some cases, foraging in a group makes it easier to capture a prey. Dolphins are known to surround a school of fish and to take turns darting into the center to eat the fish that are trapped in the middle. Many carnivores will band together when they try to capture large prey. For examples, wolves

will hunt together when hunting moose, and lions will hunt together when hunting large prey such as wildebeests. When these animals are hunting much smaller prey, they will often hunt singly.

Many animals live in social groups partly for protection. Although one baboon might not be able to fight off a leopard, a troop of baboons often is able to do so. In addition, with more individuals cooperating together, some can serve as sentries looking for danger while the other group members are eating or sleeping. Prairie dogs and large flocks of crows normally have some individuals acting as sentries, which makes it nearly impossible to sneak up on a prairie dog town or a flock of crows.

Many prey species, such as schools of fish and flocks of shorebirds, travel in groups in which their movements are highly coordinated. The entire group moves quickly, darting one way and then another as an entire group, as if they were all somehow physically connected with one another. It is believed this behavior creates confusion for the predator. Predators generally need to pick out a single individual in a group that they will focus on and try to capture. A rapidly moving and turning school of fish, flock of birds, or herd of antelope is believed to make it very difficult for the predator to remain focused on a single individual. However, if one individual is unable to keep up with the group, the predator will then be able to focus on it and usually will succeed in catching it.

Some animals form social groups to make travel easier. Canada geese and other bird species typically fly in a V formation. Just like bicyclists who ride behind one another in order to reduce wind resistance, the geese fly in formation to reduce the wind they must encounter. In this situation, the lead bird has the most tiring job, which is why several birds usually take turns leading the V. Some animals congregate in close proximity to one another in cold weather in an effort to stay warm. Small birds are sometimes known to huddle so closely they form a single large ball of birds.

Breeding Behavior

Sometimes social behavior is exhibited by groups of males or females during the breeding season. In some cases, males may band together and try to chase the dominant male away so they have a better chance of mating success. In other instances, males are known to cooperate in making their courtship displays. Turkeys often perform their courtship display in pairs, even though only one of the turkeys ends up doing most of the mating. Why would the unsuccessful male agree to help? The two male turkeys are usually brothers. Since brothers share about 50 percent of the same genes, even if only one brother mates, many of the genes of the unsuccessful brother are passed on too.

In some species, the females form social groups during the breeding season. In certain circumstances, females will look after one another's offspring while the other mother goes out to find food. In other species, such as lemurs, females may form social groups as a kind of defense. Males of some lemur species will try to kill the offspring of females that mated with another male. By banding together, the females are sometimes able to ward off the attacking male.

Many animals form social groups only during certain times of the year. Many bird species flock together in foraging groups in the winter. However, these same birds that sought one another out in the winter set up breeding territories in the spring and will go to great lengths to keep the same birds out of their territory. Thus, for many species, social behavior is a flexible form of animal behavior, one that can be adopted or abandoned depending on the conditions of the environment and the time of year.

Insect Societies

Some of the most well-developed social behavior is exhibited by insects such as ants, termites, bees, and wasps. Many of these species live in colonies with thousands or even millions of individuals. One benefit of social behavior for these insects is that different individuals specialize in certain activities. For example, some are the workers who build the colony and go out looking for food that they bring back. Other individuals are the soldiers of the colony. Their job is to continually patrol the colony perimeter and to protect the colony from possible attacks from other colonies. In many ant and bee colonies, all worker and soldier ants are females. Males are usually present in the colony, but do not contribute much. Finally, there is the queen ant

or bee. The queen's only job for her entire life is to lay eggs that the workers will care for.

There are substantial benefits to forming social groups and there are also some definite costs to living closely with others of the same species. First, one competes most with others that are most like oneself, and thus a member of a social group always has to share or compete with others for resources. Second, because of the numbers and close proximity of individuals in many social groups, disease may spread through social groups relatively rapidly.

Bibliography

Alcock, John. Animal Behavior, 3rd ed. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 2001.

Wilson, E. O. Sociobiology, abridged ed. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1980.

The male bower bird, of the Australian rainforest, has long interested scientists with its unusual courting behavior. The bower constructs a sort of bachelor pad on the forest floor, a complex structure of twigs, leaves, and moss. Further decorating it with berries and shells and feathers, scientists believe that it is specifically designed to attract mates.

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Social behavior is defined as interactions among individuals, normally within the same species, that are usually beneficial to one or more of the individuals. It is believed that social behavior evolved because it was beneficial to those who engaged in it, which means that these individuals were more likely to survive and reproduce.

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Penguins have many adaptations that they have acquired over many years and many of them have become useful as their environment changes as well. A few of these adaptations are behavioral  and structural changes. Behavioral changes are when responses are made by an organism that help it survive or reproduce.One of the penguins behavioral adaptations are they breed during the winter time so that their offspring can reach independence when it reaches summertime, they plan it like that so its easier for them to have food available. There is also structural adaptations. Now structural adaptions are a feature of an organisms body that helps it to survive or reproduce. They have a short stiff tail and this tail is supposed to help them lean backwards and balance on their heels. When they do this it is supposed to reduce heat loss from their feet to the ground. There is another type of adaptation that they have and it is psychological however, I am not going to get into those today. :)

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They breed during the winter so that their offspring reach independence in summer when more food is available.

Physiological adaptations

Males can go without food for around 100 days. This allows them to survive during winter when no food is available.

A penguin's resting heart rate can slow down greatly during a dive so that it can conserve oxygen underwater and spend more time finding food.

Structural adaptations

Penguins have a short stiff tail. They can lean backwards and balance on their heels and their tail. This reduces heat loss from their feet to the ground.

The colour of a penguin's body helps to camouflage it when it is swimming. From above, its dark back blends in against the sea and from below, its light front blends in against the sky.

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Behavioural adaptations - Adaptations - National 4 Biology Revision - BBC Bitesize

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They breed during the winter so that their offspring reach independence in summer when more food is available. Males can go without food for around 100 days. This allows them to survive during winter when no food is available.

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The color of the penguins feathers helps them avoid being detected by predators when they are underwater. So if a predator tries to look down at the water underneath them. They can not see the emperor penguin. Their dark feathers on their backs help them blend in with the ocean below because of the dark depths. Now if the predator is inside the water and is below the penguin. The white feathers on the penguin could be mistaken as the sky because it camouflages above the surface of the water. Speed also helps the penguins escape from danger because underwater, they can swim up to 9.3 miles per hour! Well penguins have babies they need to protect them from predators. For the first 9 weeks. The males hold the eggs on the top of their feet which covers the incubated eggs with a fold of thick, feathery skin, called a brood pouch. Newly penguins are also protected by their father's brood pouch until their mothers come back. Females protect the babies as the father does. The mothers feed the chicks chewed up fish and huddle them together for safety and warmth in Antarctica. To protect them against the cold emperor penguins huddle together in large groups and keep each other warm. When the penguin from inside the huddle is warm they move to the outside so others get the chance as well. Yet emperor penguins huddle together, they have four layers of feather which are smooth, waterproof feathers, cover fluffy, and insulating feathers. The thick layer called blubber gives the penguins extra protection the cold.

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Emperor penguins can be found living in their natural habitat in Antarctica. In winter, temperatures can plummet to minus 76 degrees Fahrenheit with wind chill. The emperor penguin is the largest of all penguin species, reaching a height of around 45 inches and a maximum weight of approximately 88 pounds.

The predators that pose a threat to emperor penguins in the wild; include sharks, killer whales, seals and birds -- such as Antarctic giant petrels. Aside from predators, the main threat to emperor penguins is exposure to extremely cold temperatures. Emperor penguins are the only species of Antarctic penguin that stays in the region throughout the coldest periods of winter.

Emperor penguins are exposed to the threat of predators when they are foraging for food, such as fish and crustaceans in the water. The Emperor penguin's main predator is the leopard seal. The color of the penguin's feathers helps them to avoid being detected by predators when they are underwater. If a predator looks down on an emperor penguin, the dark feathers on its back help it to blend-in with the dark depths of the ocean below. If a predator is swimming below and looks up, the white feathers on the penguin's body help to camouflage it against the sky above the surface of the water. Speed is also an important defence for emperor penguins. Underwater, they can swim at speeds of up to 9.3 miles per hour.

Male emperor penguins incubate eggs for a period of around 9 weeks. Eggs are held on top of the male penguin's feet and they are covered by a fold of thick, feathery skin, called a brood pouch. Newly-hatched chicks remain under the protection of their father's brood pouch until their mother's return. Young chicks could die almost instantly, if they are unprotected from the harsh Antarctic climate. Once the mother returns, the male penguin can leave the chick and forage for food -- after fasting for over 2 months. Females protect chicks from predators and keep them warm with their own brood pouches. Mothers feed their chicks with regurgitated fish. Older chicks huddle together for safety and warmth in groups known as creches; while their parents leave them for short intervals to forage. Chicks are mature enough to achieve independence at around 4 months of age.

Physical and behavioural adaptations help emperor penguins to survive in the harsh Antarctic climate. Penguins huddle together in large groups to keep each other warm. When a penguin from inside of the huddle has become sufficiently warm, they move to the outside of the group to allow one of the colder penguins to move inside and become warm. Emperor penguins have four layers of feathers. Smooth, waterproof feathers cover fluffy, insulating feathers. A thick layer of blubber provides the emperor penguin with additional protection from the cold.

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How Do Emperor Penguins Defend Themselves?

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Emperor penguins can be found living in their natural habitat in Antarctica. In winter, temperatures can plummet to minus 76 degrees Fahrenheit with wind chill. The emperor penguin is the largest of all penguin species, reaching a height of around 45 inches and a maximum weight of approximately 88 pounds.

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What do penguins do to protect themselves from danger?

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What do penguins do to protect themselves from danger?

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Penguins walk slowly with a distinctive waddle and cannot fly when they are in danger, but they can  slide on their bellies to flee their foes. When there near the ocean they tobanging which allows them to go into the water. Other ways penguins can be in danger is from climate change, distruction, predators, diseases, and over fishing. These penguins need to survive so do that they  have to keep high body temperatures to remain active. They have thick skin and lots of fat (blubber) under their skin to keep warm in cold weather. They also huddle together with their friends to keep warm. Penguins tightly packed feathers overlap to provide waterproofing and warmth. Without their high body temperature they can die.

https://sciencing.com/penguins-protect-themselves-enemies-4569925.html

http://www.primaryhomeworkhelp.co.uk/adaptations/penguins.htm