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The Age of Imperialism focused on the leaders of the world's desire to control resources and markets in the name of the nation. It lead to an increase in education and standards of living, but also lead to insensitivity to cultures, enforced labor and religion, and borders that created future conflicts. Countries such as Belgium, Britain, China, Japan, and the US, contributed to growth of imperialism. It originally began with the Partition of Africa, where King Leopold of Belgium took the Congo and allowed the genocide of 10 million to occur, ending with the Congo becoming an official Belgian colony.

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The Industrial Revolution was largely confined to Britain and the United States. The technological changes included the use of new basic materials like iron and steel, the use of new energy sources like petroleum and coal, the invention of new machines that increased mass production, the factory system that increased division of labor, developments in transportation and communication like the steam locomotive and the telephone, and the application of science to the industry like evolution and natural selection. Overall, the process of industrialization is still continuing around the world, as as well as many of its negative effects, such as industrial pollution and urban crowding

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The American Revolution began as a result of taxes being imposed onto the colonists by Britain, as well as the colonies having no representation in Parliament. In the end, the Declaration of Independence was written by Thomas Jefferson on July 4, 1776, stating the colonies' independence from Britain. Furthermore, the US Constitution was written, detailing the separation of powers within the government of both the country and its states, and includes the Bill of Rights which list the civil rights of each individual.

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During the Enlightenment, philosophers used natural law, rules discovered by reason, to try to solve society's problem. English philosopher Thomas Hobbes believed that powerful government was necessary, as people were naturally greedy and evil. Fellow English philosopher John Locke believed that men had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property, and had a huge influence on American leaders.

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Beginning in the 11th century and lasting until the mid-18th century, the Commercial Revolution was essentially the creation of a European company based on trade. Capitalism increased, businesses were privately owned by entrepreneurs, joint stock companies flourished as people pooled their money together, and industrialization changes the world.

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The Reformation is said to have begun when Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses on the door of the Castle Church, urging people to reject the authority of the Pope, here in Wittenberg, Germany on October 31, 1517. During the Reformation, people began to question the ideals of the church, as popes charged fees for fees for marriages and baptisms, and sold indulgences to get people into heaven faster.

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Italy is known as the "Cradle of the Renaissance", because here, trade was able to flourish along the Mediterranean, and the Medici family, who were a patron of the arts, ruled Italian city-states. It also the birthplace of "Renaissance Man" Leonardo da Vinci, who excelled in art, botany, anatomy, music, and painted the famous Mona Lisa.