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What ingredients are prohibited or restricted from use in cosmetics? You can find the information on what the law and FDA regulations say about cosmetic ingredients and safety below.
Are harmful ingredients allowed in cosmetics?
It's against the law for a cosmetic to contain any ingredient that makes the product harmful when consumers use it according to directions on the label, or in the customary or expected way. This is true whether or not there is a regulation that specifically prohibits or restricts the use of the ingredient in cosmetics.

The one exception is for coal-tar hair dyes, which the law treats differently. Under the law, FDA cannot take action against a coal-tar hair dye for safety reasons as long as it has a special warning statement on the label and directions for a skin test. The caution statement reads as follows:

Caution - This product contains ingredients which may cause skin irritation on certain individuals and a preliminary test according to accompanying directions should first be made. This product must not be used for dyeing the eyelashes or eyebrows; to do may cause blindness.

It's also important to understand that some cosmetics that are safe when people use them correctly may be unsafe when used the wrong way. Cosmetics must have any directions for use or warning statements needed to make sure people use the products safely. For example, some ingredients may be safe in products such as cleansers that we wash off the skin immediately, but not in products that we leave on the skin for hours. Similarly, ingredients that are safe for use on the hair or nails may be unsafe when used on the skin or near the eyes.

Under U.S. law, cosmetic products and ingredients, other than color additives, do not need FDA approval before they go on the market. Cosmetic manufacturers have a legal responsibility for the safety and labeling of their products. FDA can and does take action against cosmetics on the market that do not comply with the law.
What ingredients are prohibited or restricted by FDA regulations?
Although it's against the law to use any ingredient that makes a cosmetic harmful when used as intended, FDA has regulations that specifically prohibit or restrict the use of the following ingredients in cosmetics:

Bithionol. The use of bithionol is prohibited because it may cause photocontact sensitization (21 CFR 700.11).

Chlorofluorocarbon propellants. The use of chlorofluorocarbon propellants in cosmetic aerosol products intended for domestic consumption is prohibited (21 CFR 700.23).

Chloroform. The use of chloroform in cosmetic products is prohibited because it causes cancer in animals and is likely to be harmful to human health, too. The regulation makes an exception for residual amounts from its use as a processing solvent during manufacture, or as a byproduct from the synthesis of an ingredient (21 CFR 700.18).

Halogenated salicylanilides (di-, tri-, metabromsalan and tetrachlorosalicylanilide). These are prohibited in cosmetic products because they may cause serious skin disorders (21 CFR 700.15).

Hexachlorophene. Because of its toxic effect and ability to penetrate human skin, hexachlorophene (HCP) may be used only when no other preservative has been shown to be as effective. The HCP concentration in a cosmetic may not exceed 0.1 percent, and it may not be used in cosmetics that are applied to mucous membranes, such as the lips (21 CFR 250.250).

Mercury compounds. Mercury compounds are readily absorbed through the skin on topical application and tend to accumulate in the body. They may cause allergic reactions, skin irritation, or neurotoxic problems. The use of mercury compounds in cosmetics is limited to eye area products at no more than 65 parts per million (0.0065 percent) of mercury calculated as the metal and is permitted only if no other effective and safe preservative is available. All other cosmetics containing mercury are adulterated and subject to regulatory action unless it occurs in a trace amount of less than 1 part per million (0.0001 percent) calculated as the metal and its presence is unavoidable under conditions of good manufacturing practice (21 CFR 700.13).

Methylene chloride. It causes cancer in animals and is likely to be harmful to human health, too (21 CFR 700.19).

Prohibited cattle materials. To protect against bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), also known as "mad cow disease," cosmetics may not be manufactured from, processed with, or otherwise contain, prohibited cattle materials. These materials include specified risk materials*, material from nonambulatory cattle, material from cattle not inspected and passed, or mechanically separated beef. Prohibited cattle materials do not include tallow that contains no more than 0.15 percent insoluble impurities, tallow derivatives, and hides and hide-derived products, and milk and milk products** (21 CFR 700.27).

Sunscreens in cosmetics. Use of the term "sunscreen" or similar sun protection wording in a product's labeling generally causes the product to be subject to regulation as a drug or a drug/cosmetic, depending on the claims. However, sunscreen ingredients may also be used in some cosmetic products to protect the products' color. The labelling must also state why the sunscreen ingredient is used, for example, "Contains a sunscreen to protect product color." If this explanation isn't present, the product may be subject to regulation as a drug (21 CFR 700.35). For more information on sunscreens, refer to Tanning Products.

Vinyl chloride. The use of vinyl chloride is prohibited as an ingredient of aerosol products, because it causes cancer and other health problems (21 CFR 700.14).

Zirconium-containing complexes. The use of zirconium-containing complexes in aerosol cosmetic products is prohibited because of their toxic effect on lungs of animals, as well as the formation of granulomas in human skin (21 CFR 700.16).

What about color additives?
Color additives are permitted in cosmetics only if FDA has approved them for the intended use. In addition, some may be used only if they are from batches that FDA has tested and certified. To learn more, see "Color Additives and Cosmetics."
What about drug ingredients?
If a product is intended for a therapeutic purpose, such as treating or preventing disease, it's a drug under the law and must meet those requirements, such as premarket approval by FDA, even if it affects the appearance. The presence of certain ingredients with a therapeutic use that is well-known to the public and industry is one factor that can determine whether a product is intended for use as a drug. FDA makes these decisions on a case-by-case basis. To learn more, see " Is It a Cosmetic, a Drug, or Both? (Or Is It Soap?)."
Why are different ingredients prohibited in some other countries?
Different countries and regions regulate cosmetics under different legal frameworks.

Under U.S. law, FDA does not have the authority to require cosmetic manufacturers to submit their safety data to FDA, and the burden is on FDA to prove that a particular product or ingredient is harmful when used as intended. We make these decisions based on reliable scientific information available to us. FDA can take other countries' decisions into consideration, but we can only take action within the legal and regulatory framework for cosmetics in the United States.
More Resources
* "Specified risk material" means the brain, skull, eyes, trigeminal ganglia, spinal cord, vertebral column (excluding the vertebrae of the tail, the transverse processes of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, and the wings of the sacrum), and dorsal root ganglia of cattle 30 months and older and the tonsils and distal ileum of the small intestine of all cattle.

** Tallow must be produced from tissues that are not prohibited cattle materials or must contain not more than 0.15 percent insoluble impurities as determined by the method entitled "Insoluble Impurities" (AOCS Official Method Ca 3a-46), American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 5th Edition, 1997, incorporated by reference in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51, or another method equivalent in accuracy, precision, and sensitivity to AOCS Official Method Ca 3a-46. You may obtain copies of the method from AOCS , 2211 W. Bradley Ave. Champaign, IL 61821

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What ingredients are prohibited or restricted from use in cosmetics? You can find the information on what the law and FDA regulations say about cosmetic ingredients and safety below. Are harmful ingredients allowed in cosmetics?

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By Dana Ullman MPH

If you wish to experiment with homeopathic medicines, here are ten medicines that are used for common ailments.

These medicines should be taken in the 6th or 30th potency. Generally, if there is minor pain or discomfort, you should take the medicine three times a day, stopping once health has been restored. If there is more severe the pain, you can consider taking the medicine every one to three hours, decreasing the doses as symptoms are reduced. If you do not observe some improvement after 24 hours in an acute condition, the medicine is probably not the correct one. If symptoms persist, consider another medicine or seek professional homeopathic care.

It is generally recommended that people treat themselves for non-threatening acute conditions only and obtain professional care for chronic or potential dangerous health conditions. Dr. Stephen Cummings and Dana Ullman's Everybody's Guide to Homeopathic Medicines (Tarcher/Putnam, 2004) provides detailed protocols for helping to determine when symptoms are beyond self-care.

Allium cepa (onion): Because it is known to cause tearing of the eyes and dripping of the nose, it is a frequent remedy for the common cold and hay fever, especially when there is a thin, watery, and burning nasal discharge that irritates the nostrils. Typically, the person's symptoms are worse in a warm room and are relieved in a cool room or in the open air.

Arnica (mountain daisy): This is the #1 remedy in sports medicine and first aid. It is used for shock and trauma from injury. It also helps to reduce pain from injury and to speed the healing process. Whether you're into competitive sports or exercise regularly or if you simply don't like to feel the pain of an injury, Arnica is the place to start.

Chamomilla (chamomille): Many parents owe their sleep to homeopathy, not because it helps them directly, but because it is so good for their infant. Chamomilla is THE remedy for the irritable infant, especially from teething or colic. The infant cries incessantly, and nothing seems to provide any relief, except carrying them, and even then, the crying begins recurs as soon as the parent puts the child down.

Hypericum (St. John's wort): This remedy is the first medicine to consider for injuries to the nerves or to parts of the body rich with them, including the fingers, toes, and back. Any injury with shooting pains should be given this remedy.

Ignatia (St. Ignatius bean): One day this remedy will be used by the majority of psychiatrists. It is one of the leading homeopathic medicines for acute grief, anxiety, and depression, especially after a death or separation from a loved one. The person sighs frequently, has a lump in the throat, and may tremble.

Magnesia phosphorica (phosphate of magnesia): This is the most effective remedy for cramps, including menstrual cramps. It has helped prevent many women turn from Dr. Jekkyl into Ms. Hyde as a result of menstrual cramps. It is particularly indicated when a woman's cramps cause her to bend over and when they experience some relief from warm applications.

Nux vomica (poison nut): This is the premier medicine for ailments exacerbated by conventional or recreational drugs. It is also a common remedy for treating symptoms of overeating or from drinking too much alcohol. Considering how many people have these vices, this is an all too frequent medicine today.

Pulsatilla (windflower): Perhaps the most commommon remedy given to both children and women, this medicine is not indicated for a specific disease but for a specific pattern of physical symptoms and psychological characteristics. Physically, these people are warm-blooded: they wear less clothes than others, prefer open air, and don't feel as well in the heat. Psychologically, they are a gentle, mind, and yielding person, with a quickly changing emotional state and a strong tendency to want to please others.

Rhus tox (poison ivy): This medicine is the most common remedy for sprains and strains. It is especially indicated when a person experiences a "rusty gate" syndrome, that is, pain on initial motion which is reduced the more the person continues to move. It is also often given to people with the flu or arthritis who experience this similar rusty gate syndrome.

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There are 3 types of exhaustion. First is the high-speed mechanical vacuum sealing, hot filling exhaustion and thermal exhaustion. Exhaustion is done to remove air and entrapped gases for sealing to take place.

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There are 3 types of exhaustion. First is the high-speed mechanical vacuum sealing, hot filling exhaustion and thermal exhaustion. Exhaustion is done to remove air and entrapped gases for sealing to take place.

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There are 3 types of exhaustion. First is the high-speed 

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There are 3 types of exhaustion. First is the high-speed 

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Exhausting is allowing air or similar gases to escape from the food

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Exhausting is allowing air or similar gases to escape from the food

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Nervous

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One of the pretreatment method can be taken with the addition of chemical before freezing such as adding NaCl solution with 0.1-0.5% weight over volume plus ascorbic acid applied in pretreatment of apple and cherimoga

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Fine

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The fruits eill undergo pretreatmemt process by ad ditional of compound , for example sodium chloride solution (0.1-0.5%) in combination with citric acid or ascorbic acid is used for apple and cherimoya

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The fruits eill undergo pretreatmemt process by ad ditional of compound , for example sodium chloride solution (0.1-0.5%) in combination with citric acid or ascorbic acid is used for apple and cherimoya

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Effect of freezing, frozen storage & thawing on fruits tissues (physical,chemical, & biochemical changes)

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Effect of freezing, frozen storage & thawing on fruits tissues (physical,chemical, & biochemical changes)

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-destruction of cell wall(due to ice crystal formation)
-loss of colour
-loss of nutrient(water soluble vitamin)
-flavor changes(rancid oxidative flavor through contact of frozen product with air)

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1. Proper varieties and optimum maturity and freshness are selected
2. Variety must yield well; high insect resistance, resistant to unfavourable climatic condition
3. product yield must be at peak quality; pleasant colour, texture

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put bowl/ avoid dripping/ do not refrozwn/ turn package every hour

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Effect of freezing, frozen storage and thawing on the fruit tissues

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Effect of freezing, frozen storage and thawing on the fruit tissues

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When the water freezes, it expands and the ice crystals cause the cell walls to rupture. Consequently, the texture of the produce, when thawed, will be much softer than it was when raw. This textural difference is especially noticeable in products which are usually consumed raw. For example, when a frozen tomato is thawed, it becomes mushy and watery. This explains why celery and lettuce are not usually frozen and is the reason for the suggestion that frozen fruits, usually consumed raw, be served before they have completely thawed. In the partially thawed state, the effect of freezing on the fruit tissue is less noticeable.

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1.

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Microbiological aspects of freezing

Microorganisms differ significantly in their sensitivity to freezing, thus the main concern about the microbiological aspects of freezing is the growth of organisms during thawing rather than during freezing (Archer et al., 1995). In general, the freezing process does not significantly destroy the microorganisms that may be present in fruits and vegetables. The blanching promicroorganisms and there is a gradual decline in the number of microorganisms during freezer storage. However, a sufficient number of survivors are still present that can multiply and cause spoilage of the product during thawing. Fluctuation in storage temperature is one of the main reasons for microbial deterioration of frozen products during storage. Thus, a careful inspection of frozen products is essential to ensure proper freezing storage with constant temperatures (Schafer and Munson, 1990).

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Frozen fruit in the package can be thawed in the refrigerator, under running water, or in a microwave oven if thawed immediately before use. Turn the package several times for more even thawing. Allow 6 to 8 hours in the refrigerator for thawing a 1 pound package of fruit packed in syrup. Allow ½ to 1 hour for thawing in running cool water.

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Frozen fruit in the package can be thawed in the refrigerator, under running water, or in a microwave oven if thawed immediately before use. Turn the package several times for more even thawing. Allow 6 to 8 hours in the refrigerator for thawing a 1 pound package of fruit packed in syrup. Allow ½ to 1 hour for thawing in running cool water.

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Fruit packed with dry sugar thaws slightly faster than that packed in syrup. Both sugar and syrup packs thaw faster than unsweetened packs.

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PPP factor

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time-temperature tolerance” or “T-TT” work studied changes in frozen foods as they proceeded through the distribution system, determined the deviations in the system that would still allow a satisfactory consumer pr

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PPP factor:
product- high quality frozen food require high quality raw materials and ingredients

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Product-process-package (PPP) factors need to b considered at an early stage in d production of frozen foods, and they r the bases of commercial success

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fresh fruit vacuum freezer

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equipment to freeze the fruit - Google Search

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Fruit and vegetable freeze dryer, industrial freeze drying machine adopt heat regenerators to dehumidify. Good quality. Kinkai. -. Air source heat pump dryer( drying machine). Introduction. :. 1.heat pump dryer running cost just as 40% of oil dryer, 50% of coal burning boiler, 30% of electric boiler;. 2.

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 batch freezer :liquid nitrogen refrigeration for fast, economical chilling and freezing.

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 batch freezer :liquid nitrogen refrigeration for fast, economical chilling and freezing.

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Fluidized bed freezers
Contact freezers
Immersion free

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Zanussi ZCF146 chest freezer with internal volume of 414 lt.

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Zanussi ZCF146 chest freezer with internal volume of 414 lt.

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the technology now are using the freeze dryer, then the solute concentration of the fruits must important to measure because either want to know it is uses slow freezing rate or fast freezing rate.

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the technology now are using the freeze dryer, then the solute concentration of the fruits must important to measure because either want to know it is uses slow freezing rate or fast freezing rate.

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can you guess how they freeze the fruits? Using what eqipment

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can you

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fundamental method-long term preservation and store fruit .

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To make them last longer and stay fresh to give customer satuc

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To make them last longer and stay fresh to give customer satuc

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to increase the quality and shelf life of the fresh product

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to increase the quality and shelf life of the fresh product

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To preserve fruits by retarding growth of microbes and slows down chemical changes

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make it delicious
maintain

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Why do you think we need to freeze fresh fruits?

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it is used liquid nitrogen?

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to extend shelf life

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dah dr

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Hi saya baru join

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1). Freezing preservation of fruits
2). Conventional thermal processing and preservation
3). Dehydration preservation of fruits.

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hi..we are fina and maryam

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hi! we're ifa n ima^^

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hehehe.. mas and ena here...

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I am still waiting... please selfie ye..

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I am still waiting... please selfie ye..

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Hi everyone ! How are you today? I am happy to meet you again in this short semester course.

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Hi everyone ! How are you today? I am happy to meet you again in this short semester course.