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What are the arguments for and against getting a cochlear implant?- Some arguments for the Cochlear implant

After receiving a cochlear implant what are some of the benefits and struggles experienced?- j

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I can: Prepare for the FRQ and multiple choice (55 q.) test

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General Notes
+Chemical Senses:
Olfactory- extremely sensitive (5 million receptors)
-Airborne particles soluble in nasal mucosa
Receptor Cells: Olfactory/Mucous membrane (epithilium)
-Strong tie to memory because the sense of smell is directly connected to the limbic system
+Gustation (taste)
Different from flavor-sensory interaction
Salty, sour, bitter, sweet, and umami
Papillae are the receptor cells for taste
Flavor- Smell, Taste, and texture
+Skin Senses
Cutaneous Sensations: Pressure, temperature, and pain
-The brain is most sensitive to unexpected stimulation
Certain areas of body (fingers and lips) have more concentrated tactile nerve endings than others
+Skin (Kinesthesis)
Sense of body parts and positions
Vestibular Sense: Monitors head position and movement
-Semicircular Canals
-Vestibular Sacs
-Connects Canals w/ Cochlea
+Pain
NO one specific receptor or stimulus
Individual differences
Athletes, Cultures, Cognition, Physiological, Memory
Gate Control Theory: Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall
-"Neurological Gate" in the spinal cord controls the transmission of pain to the brain
Small nf Open (Pain)/ Large nf close (other senses close off pain)
Endorphins associated with pain, morphine with relieving pain
Phantom Limb- Misinterpretation
When you put together cold and hot water, you feel heat
-Pressure is the only skin sensation with identifiable receptors

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Conductive Deafness: Problems involved with conducting sound to the cochlea. This can be caused by a pierced ear drum so the ossicles cannot vibrate the Oval Window.
-Can be fixed with hearing aides which can amplify frequency by compressing sounds

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1. Place Theory: (Helmholtz, von Bekesy) Ability to hear different pitches of sound is due to location of the neuron on the Vasilar Membrane in the Cochlea (Can't explain low frequency pitches, not enough differentiation in the rest of the cochlea)
2. Frequency Theory: Vibrations trigger nerve impulses in the brain at the same rate as the sound wave (explains low frequency but does not explain pitches above 1,000 hertz because the number of waves in that cannot be measured in impulses)
3. Volley Principle: Neural cells can alternate pitch to achieve a combined frequency for average pitch
-In order to understand hearing, we need all 3 theories
Place for High pitch, Frequency for Low pitch, and Volley for Medium pitch

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Passage of Sound Through the Ear: Pinna, Auditory Canal, Tympanic Membrane, Ossicles (Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup), Oval Window, Cochlea, Organ of Corti, Auditory Nerve, Thalamus, Temporal Lobe
+Cochlea: contains cilia (tiny hairs) that are attached to the Basilar Membrane. When the cilia move and stimulate the membrane, neurons are sent to the organ of corti
+Organ of Corti:

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I can: take notes on the ear

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Visual Constancy- perceiving objects as unchanging despite changes in retinal images
-5 types of Constancy
Color
Shape
Size
Location
Brightness
Perceptual Constancies
Monocular Cues
Relative Height- Objects higher in field of vision appear farther away(Vertical dimensions appear longer than horizontal dimensions)
-Relative Motion (Motion Parallex)- Movement of self causes stable items to appear to move, nearest object seems to move faster
-Linear Perspective- Parallel lines appear to converge in Distance (People over estimate train's distance)
+Binocular Cues- Cues that require both eyes
Retinal Disparity- difference between sight/views ofr 2 eyes
Convergence- CUe for perceiving depth; eyes converge inward towards object
Stereoscopic Vision- Combine 2 retinal images to get 3D perception
+Motion Perception:
-assumption- closer object gets larger, stroboscopic-motion pictures, phi phenomenon- illusions of lights, Autokinetic Illusion- Perceived motion created by single stationary object
+Sound Localizations
-Monaural Cue- Louder sound means closer sound
-Binaural Cues- stero: Multi directional audio perspective

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I can: differentiate between binocular and monocular cues

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Transduction: Signals are formed into neural impulses as light passes through retina
Parallel Processing: Processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously (color, form, and motion happen at the same time)
Ex: Hubel and Weisel discovered that neurons in the visual cortex respond to specific features: responsible for motion in brain
Shape/form, Angle/depth, movement, and color
Electromagnetic Spectrum Wavelength:
-The distance from one wave peak to another (light/sound)
High Frequency-Short Wavelength bluish colors high pitched sounds
Low Frequency- Long Wavelength, reddish colors, low pitched sounds
Amplitude: Height of the Wave Length
Large Amplitude- Tall wavelength, bright colors, loud sounds
Small Amplitude- Short wavelength, dull colors, soft sounds
2 Theories of Color Vision:
-Young-Helmhotz Trichromatic Theory: each cone is maximally sensitive to 1 of 3 colors (Red, Green, or Blue)
Afterimage: When you stare at 1 or 2 colors, cones become saturated
When you look at a white piece of paper you see the opposite colors due to saturation of cones
+ Young-Helmhotz theory cannot explain afterimages because with afterimage you see the opposite color
-Colorblindness: partial or total inability to perceive hues
Monochromats- Black and white
Dichromats- red/green, yellow/blue
Trichromats-Normal color vision
Young-Helmhotz cannot explain color blindness because it inolves 2 color pairs not 1 single cone. According to Young Helmotz color blindness should be you can't see red, green, or blue only
Opponent-Process Theory (Hering):
-Three kinds of cones that all work in pairs
Red and Green, Blue and Yellow, Black and White
Paired with opposites, if one is stimulated, the other is inhibited
Surrounding Context: If an item is viewed with other colors then the color of the object changes

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I can: Learn color theories and visual cues

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Myopia: Near-sighted
Hyperopia: Far-sighted
Blind spot is the area where the Optic Nerve leaves the eye
Fovea: line of central focus, holds only cones
Cones and Rods- Cones control color, Rods control movement perception, peripheral vision, and black-and-white vision
Optic Chiasm: Spot where nerves cross each other (left to right/right to left)
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN): Area in Thalamus that interprets images
Path of Vision: Cornea, Iris, Pupil, Lens, Retina, Optic Nerve, Optic Chiasm, LGN

Retina has 3 layers:
Rods and Cones
Receptor cells responsible for vision
20:1 Rods out numbder
2nd layer-Bipolar cells
Specialized neurons connect to rods and cones (1 axon/ 1 dendrite)
3rd layer- Ganglion Cells
Axons of these cells, made of Optic Nerve and sends info to Thalamus specifically the LGN
2 Kinds of Ganglion Cells
Magnocellular Cells (M cells)- Detect motion
Parvocellular Cells- Detect color/ what item is
Acuity- Ability to distinguish fine details, Sharpness
Light passing through the eye to activate rods/cones is called Transduction

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I can: understand the parts and the path of vision

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Selective attention and invitational blindness

Thresholds:
Absolute vs. JND (Just noticeable Difference)
Absolute threshold: The minimum stimulation necessary to detect a particular stimulus fifty percent of the time
-In other words: the smallest amount of stimuli we can detect
Just Noticeable Difference is the amount something must be changed in order to detect it fifty percent of the time
-JND is a constant fraction/Proportion of original stimulus
Varies among senses: 8% light, 2% weight, .3% tone
For Example: Bright color needs to have even brighter difference to be able to notice a difference
Approximate Thresholds: (Senses)
Taste- 1 gram of salt 500 liters of water
Smell- 1 drop of perfume diffused throughout 3 room aparment
Touch- Wing of a bee falling on cheek
Hearing- Tick of a watch from 6m away

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Understand the difference between absolute, subliminal and difference thresholds

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-Perception Top-Down
Sensation Bottom-Up
This could effect how we understand the various environmental stimuli
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Bottom-up processing uses features to form a perception

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Folk
Croak
Soak
-what is the white of an egg? (not Yolk)

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I can: understand the difference between top down and bottom up processes of sensation and perception