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FOOD

INTRODUCTION

Louis XIV’s preference for certain delicacies and  his affection for his garden and the products that it produced set the stage for the culinary revolution that would bring French cuisine to the apex of the culinary realm globally.

Most of his meals were recommended. The convention for each meal was strict and important.

Five hundred servants were to plan and serve his meals which lasted about 45 minutes.

He was served publicly and everyone had to bow as the food is being served.

Their society dinners included about forty individuals of the most noteworthy condition and worth.

All utensils were made of gold and silver but Louis XIV declined to utilize a fork because he preferred to wipe his hands on a cloth displayed to him after every course.

Privileged people of the court went with the same pattern as the royal family because they could afford it.

These kind of dinners have a reputation of uncommon extravagance and sophistication which requires a lot of hours to prepare.

Middle class households were not able to follow such luxury in their own homes so they settled for a compromise by simplifying the ingredients and reducing the number of plates

The servants of the royal family usually eat the leftovers by the royal family so their meals were not set.

The leftovers were enough to keep the servants healthier than most of the peasants outside the castle.

BEVERAGE

The sources of water were rivers, streams, and wells.

Wine was the favored drink.

Wine was usually mixed with water to be diluted because back then, water often tasted stagnant and this was also a mark of civilized behaviour because back then, people believed that drinking an undiluted wine could kill or drive a person insane.

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Marie antoinette invented pocket handkerchief
- Marie antoinette was so broken up at living her home at Austria that she cried all the way to France and wiped her eyes with her dress. Anticipating future tears, she made it a point always to have a piece of lace tucked in a pocket of her dress. This, say the historians was how handkerchiefs were born.

Croissant
Marie antoinette considered croissant as comfort food. The fashion spread and croissant became popular in France when Marie antoinette arrived in Versailles as a bride of fourteen.

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Religion played an important role in the life of Marie Antoinette. She was born on 2 November 1755, at Hofburg Palace, Vienna, Austria, under the Holy Roman Empire.and raised in the Roman Catholic faith. She was married to Louis-Auguste in 1770. The wedding was blessed via a Roman Catholic mass showing the start of the ceremony with the “sign of cross"

The queen's political ideas and her belief in the absolute power of monarchs were based on France's monarchy long established on the divine right of kings. She was convicted by the Revolutionary Tribunal of high treason, and executed by guillotine on Place de la Révolution on 16 October 1793.

Based on the above, Marie Antoinette’s life story happened mainly in the France in 18th century.

In the middle of the 18th Century, as a result of the “Revocation of the Edict of Nantes” by King Louis XIV in 1685, and the implementation of “Edict of Fontainebleau”majority of French population adhered to the Catholic Church as Catholicism was made the official Religion while Protestantism was made illegal.Edict of Nantes
The Catholic Church of France was known as the "eldest daughter of the Church“ and the King of France was known as "His Most Christian Majesty."

The French Catholic Church, was known as the Gallican Church, where the pope as head of the Roman Catholic Church but the French monarch was given a distinct national identity characterised by considerable autonomy.

During this period, Catholicism was based on communal faith where most people felt blessed by living in the Catholic community. Religion was not a separate activity. It was the governance structure of people’s life. The Church is involved in the country’s economics, governance, politics, warfare as well as way of life.

Catholics belief in the Holy Trinity where there is one God that is made up of three distinct persons, “God the Father” (the heavenly God), “God the Son” (Jesus Christ), and “The Holy Spirit” (also known as “The Holy Ghost”), and they abide by seven blessed sacraments (Rites) in life, as follows:

•Baptism – Celebrated as birth to bless the new born to be part of the Catholic community

•First Holy Communion – Accepting Jesus’s body and blood and participate in his sacrifice.

•Confirmation - confirms and strengthens baptismal grace anointing with chrism

•Sacrament of Penance – for self confession of sins (wrong doings) and seek for God’s forgiveness

•Anointing of the Sick – Bless the sick to help them get well

•Holy Orders – Ordinance of priests, bishop, or deacon

•Matrimony – to bless a marriage

Practice of Tithe :  one-tenth part of earnings were paid as a contribution to the church as compulsory contribution.

Historically tithes were required and could be paid in kind, such as agricultural products.

Assignats – initially used as bonds and eventually evolved to become legal tender.

The value was tagged to Land rather than gold or silver.

In 1787, when King Louis XVI signed the Edict of Versaille which is also known as the Edict of Tolerance—that civil status and rights to form congregations by Protestants were restored.

In 1789, through the “Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen”, France became a country with freedom of religion and freedom of thought.
•On 11 August 1789 tithes were abolished

•On 2 November 1789, Catholic Church property that was held for purposes of church revenue was nationalized, and was used as the backing for the assignats.

This was followed by the French Revolution which was referred by the Catholics as “Reign of Terror”

Through the Civil Constitution of the Clergy in 1790:

•Power was removed from the Catholic Church

•Church property was confiscated

•Church crop tax and special clergy privileges were eliminated.

•Clergy became employees of the state

•Catholic Church became a subordinate arm of the secular French government.

•Traditional Christian holidays were abolished

•Catholic priests were brutally suppressed, went through mass imprisonment and executions by drowning

•Monastic vows were forbidden and all ecclesiastical orders and congregations were dissolved,

•except for those devoted to teaching children and nursing the sick.

On 19 April 1790, administration of all remaining church property was transferred to the State. This marked the separation of the church from the state.

Cult of Reason

Declaration of The First French Republic
•Anti-clericalism solidified into official government policy in 1792.

• De-Christianisation of France was motivated by political and economic concerns. France was at the verge of bankruptcy.

•The Cult of Reason, known is French “Culte de la Raison” was developed based on Jacques Hébert principles of the Enlightenment and anticlericalism.

•Hébert's cult rejected the existence of a deity.

Philosophy
•Work towards perfection of mankind through the attainment of Truth and Liberty

•It encouraged acts of congregational worship and devotional displays to the ideal of Reason.

•Momoro, one of the key contributors to this ideology explained, "Liberty, reason, truth are only abstract beings. They are not gods, for properly speaking, they are part of ourselves."

The overarching theme of the Cult was summarized by Anacharsis Clootz, who declared at the Festival of Reason that henceforward there would be "one God only, Le Peuple." The Cult was intended as a civic religion—inspired by the works of Rousseau, Quatremère de Quincy, and Jacques-Louis David, it presented "an explicit religion of man."

Festival of Reason
•Anacharsis Clootz declared : - henceforward there would be "one God only, Le Peuple."The Cult was intended as a civic religion—inspired by the works of Rousseau, Quatremère de Quincy, and Jacques-Louis David, it presented "an explicit religion of man."

Revolutionary impact

Adherence to the Cult of Reason became a defining attribute of the Hébertist faction. It was also pervasive among the ranks of the sans-culottes. Numerous political factions, anti-clerical groups and events only loosely connected to the cult have come to be amalgamated with its name.

Joseph Fouché : (1759–1820)

•Military commander assigned by the Jacobins to enforce the laws of the Cult

•Used brutal but efficient methods

•Spread the developing creed through many parts of France.

•In his jurisdictions, Fouché ordered all crosses and statues removed from graveyards

•Ordered that that all cemetery gates must bear only one inscription—"Death is an eternal sleep.

•on 22 September 1793, at the "Feast of Brutus" Fouché " went so far as to initiate the Cult of Reason

The Cathedral of Our Lady of Strasbourg turned into a Temple of Reason.

Festival of Reason

•Known in French as “Fête de la Raison”, supervised by Hébert and Momoro on 10 November 1793 amplified the new way of religion.

•Churches across France were transformed into modern Temples of Reason.

•The largest ceremony of all was at the cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris.

•The Christian altar was replaced by “Liberty”

•The words "To Philosophy" was carved in stone over the cathedral's doors.

• To avoid statuary and idolatry, the Goddess figures were portrayed by living women

•In Paris the role was played by Momoro's own wife SophieFête de la Raison ("Festival of Reason"), Notre Dame, Paris.
•France supported the Americans in their revolt against English rule and, in 1789,toppled their own monarchy, with the cry of "Liberté, égalité, fraternité".

“Liberty Enlightening the World”, The Statue of Liberty in New York today , was donated to the US by France and is an artistic personification of liberty.

Cult of Supreme Being

Resistance from Maximilien Robespierre and others became apparent by late 1793

•he Cult of Reason was officially abandoned in 1794 when Robespierre, nearing complete dictatorial power during the Reign of Terror, announced his own establishment of a new, “deistic” religion for France to replace Roman Catholicism and The Cult of Reason.

•“The Cult of the Supreme Being” was introduced.

Maximilien Robespierre (6 May 1758 – 28 July 1794).

Festival of Supreme Being, 8 June 1794

Inscription on the tympanum of the Cathedral of Clermont-Ferrand "The French people recognize the Supreme Being and the immortality of the soul".

The concept of Deism

•covers a wide variety of positions on a wide variety of religious issues –

•maintained that God endowed the world at creation with self-sustaining and self-acting powers and then surrendered it wholly to the operation of these powers acting as second causes.

Reign of Terror : (5 September 1793 – 28 July 1794)

In France, to the Catholics, it was known as The Terror (French: la Terreur):

•Happened during the French Revolution,

•Initiated by the founders of the Cult of Reason –driven by Joseph Fouché

•Continued by Robespierre who developed the Cult of Supreme Being

•Mass executions of "enemies of the revolution".

•According to Wikipedia, the death toll ranged in the tens of thousands, with 16,594 executed by guillotine (2,639 in Paris),and another 25,000 in summary executions across France.

The Guillotine : referred to as the "National Razor" became the symbol of the French Revolution.

Executed :

•King Louis XVI,

•Marie Antoinette,

•The Girondins,

•Philippe Égalité (Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans),

•Madame Roland,

•and others

Nine emigrants are executed by guillotine, 1793

The French Revolution was opposed by

•French nobility - lost inherited privileges.

•The Roman Catholic Church

•The Carmelite Nuns of Compiègne that were sentenced to death for refusing to give up their monastic vows were sent to the guillotine on 17 July 1794

•The way the nuns went freely up to the scaffold while singing the hymn “Veni Creator Spiritus”, impacted  on the public mood in Paris greatly and helped turn against the terror

The Thermidorian Reaction

•“Coup d'état” – Resistance within the French Revolution against the leaders of the Jacobin Club who had dominated the Committee of Public Safety.

•Triggered by a vote of the National Convention to execute Maximilien Robespierre, Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, and several other leading members of the revolutionary government.

•This ended the most radical phase of the French Revolution.

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- Before 1789, most people (excluding the Americans of the new United States) lived with the general form of government their ancestors had known for centuries, usually hereditary monarchy.

-  After the French Revolution began in 1789, no form of government could be accepted as legitimate without justification

- This ideology borne of the French Revolution laid the groundwork for other ideologies, including nationalism, socialism, and eventually communism.

-  Louis XVI
a. became king of France in 1774
b.  had many problems - no money
c. a  weak king, didnt know anything about ruling a country
d. Married Marie Antoinette

- Joseph II
a. Marie's brother
b. Took overall command of the Austrian state following the death of Maria Theresa

- Charles-Alexandre de Calonne
a. son of the First President of the Parlement of Flanders, in eastern France
b.  Calonne chose to make his career in the royal administration.

- George Danton and Maximillian Robbespierre
a. became the leaders of France for some time
b. paper money was introduced
c. new calendar was made
d. churches were closed

- Napoleon  1
a. became the new leader of France
b. powerful general
c. won many battles

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Architecture:

Palace of Versailles
Introduction:

Marie Antoinette spent most of her life with and the place of residence of the most powerful monarchy in the whole of Europe during the 17th century.

The palace was largely completed by the death of Louis XIV in 1715. It is a symbol of absolute monarchy of the Ancien Regime.

Architectural theme:
"Creation by Division" - expresses the fundamental values of Baroque art.

Architects:
Louis Le Vau, Jules Hardouin Mansart & Charles Le Brun

Architecture Highlights:
- A court of 3,000 residents (the royal family, government ministers. aristocrats, diplomats, civil servants)
- Surrounded by 800 hectares of immaculate garden
- has fountains, vistas and statues
- Contained several symmetrical suites of apartments
- The Hall of Mirrors (gallery of the palace)
-> 17 mirror-clad arches reflecting the 17                           windows
-> 357 mirrors
- Royal Opera of Versailles
-> can seat up to 1200 guests
- Reception rooms are named after Roman gods and goddesses

LAYOUT

- U-shaped layout facing the east, with the corps de logis.

Corps de logis

- Corps de logis refers to the principal block of a large classical mansion or palace.

- Contains the principal rooms, state apartments and an entry.

- The grandest and finest rooms are usually on the first floor above the ground level.

Cour d’honneur
- Symmetrical advancing secondary wings terminating with the Dufour Pavilion on the south and the Gabriel Pavilion to the north.

- Creates the Royal Court (Court Royale).

Avant-corps

- Located in the centre

- It is 3-storey high fronted with eight re marble columns supporting a gilded wrought-iron balcony.

Dormer windows & gilt leaf roof

- The attic storey has square windows and pilasters and crowned by a balustrade bearing sculptured trophies.

-  Flame pots dissimulate the flat roof.

Rusticated ground floor

- A range of masonry techniques which contrast in texture.

- Supports the main floor of the palace with round-headed windows divided by reliefs and pilasters or columns.

Art:
Palace of Versailles

Introduction:

There are 67 paint items, 61 France items, 52 Versailles items, 33 oil paint items and also 30 Canvas items were painted throughtout the whole palace.

Vaux-le-Vicomte
- King’s Chamber apartment

- Painted by King’s Chamber Painter, Charles Le Brun

- Co-painter- Girardon and Legendre

Domenichino
- Painted by Domenico Zampieri

- One of the famous painting in Louis XIV’s collection

- Was mentioned in the Mercure Galant

- Reorganized on the Marble Courtyard in 1684

- King had it hung in his own room

- Louis XIV is playing the harp in the painting

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Summary:
This is a movie written and directed by Sofia Coppola in 2006, released by Columbia Pictures.

After watching the movie, our team would highly recommend this movie for Architecture students
because this show would give Architecture students the opportunity to see a few Royal Architectures of Palaces in France and Austria. This includes external building architectures, unique and spacious landscapes and interior designs of buildings during the 1700’s.

The four main structures introduced with great details in this movie were as follows:
1. Belvedere in Vienna, Austria
2. Palace of Versailles in France
3. Petit Trianon in France
4. Paris Opera House in France

Though from an educational perspective, the movie could have misled viewers in to thinking that the Paris Opera House was built in the 1700s when in reality it was only ready to be used in 1875, at a high
level, this movie still gives a good architecture flavor of the 1700s. Details of the Baroque Architecture
and design during the Artistic style of the French Renaissance period were clearly displayed. Details of
physical structures such as columns, motifs, sculptures, domes, arches, artistic drawings on walls,
ceilings and even on piano could be seen. Landscapes with bridges, lakes, bridges and greeneries as well as combination of flora and fauna was also shown, especially at the “Petit Trianon”.

Culture and life styles were also clearly demonstrated in this movie. The movie helped understand how
events such as the following would take place:
1. Catholic Wedding Mass (Main Religion in France)
2. Wedding Ceremony and the first dance
3. Checking performed on the bride the day after marriage, on whether the marriage was
consummated
4. Crowning of the King,
5. Installation of the French Dauphin

Emotions experienced by a women at that time, even though she was a princess and queen helped us
understand the feelings of women at that time. We could feel her pain of having to start a new life at a
foreign land and foreign community. We could also feel for her on the pressure from the community’s
expectation that the burden in ensuring that a marriage is consummated and the delivery of heirs to the throne of France was on the queen and this helps us relate to the fact that the same would apply to all women in that era.

The initial part of the movie was well presented with great details and good educational information,
but the quality of the movie deteriorated towards the end giving viewers a feeling that the director did not distribute the content of the movie well and was rushing to finish off the remaining facts due to time
constraint.

Information obtained from the flow of the movie:
Movie started with a 1768 scene of the Belvedere (Built: 1723) in Vienna, Austria. This is the real
building that was built to host Marie Antoinette's (Marie) wedding in 1770. (Architecture)

Marie was sent to France at the age of 14 to be married to the French Dauphin, Louise-Auguest. This is a
very cruel culture where a teenager was set to an unfamiliar land and environment where she could not
keep anything that she brought with her from her homeland Austria. This includes her clothes and
accessories, her maids and her pet dog. She was expected to start a totally new life with unfamiliar
people and surroundings. The way things were taken away from her and how the palace maids took off
her clothes to change to new clothes was very touching. It shows that women did not have any rights to make their own life decisions. She was used as a gift from Austria to France to cement the friendship
between Austria and France as stated by her mother at the start of the movie (Culture – Way of life)

This was followed by the scene of The Palace of Versailles (Built: 1682), the actual Palace that hosted the wedding between Marie Antoinette and French Dauphin, Louise-Auguest (King Louis XVI). (Architecture)

In the Palace, the movie portrayed people in French Costumes of the 1700’s where wigs were in fashion.
Before this movie, we thought only French men wore white wigs with ribbons during this era. Learned
from this movie that even women and children adapted to this “Court” fashion. Women and girls wore
tricorn hats with wigs of various designs and pastel colors, lacy gloves, can-can dresses (Can-Can could be seen when Marie change her clothes in the earlier scenes), and carries a small foldable fan or small lacy umbrellas. (Culture – Costumes)

Interior designs of the Palace of Versailles were shown quite extensively. As Marie explored the palace, we could see Baroque designs on the walls and ceiling of this palace done during the French Renaissance where artistic style designs were in fashion. There was also opportunity to learn about the furniture, curtain and mirror designs. (Architecture – Interior)

The landscape of the palace was also shown (Architecture – Landscape)

The wedding was blessed via a Roman Catholic mass showing the start of the ceremony with the “sign of cross” – (Religion)

After the wedding ceremony, Marie and her husband had a dance. This was a traditional Royal dance like those seen in fairy tales, followed by well wishes from the King for them to bear future heirs and fireworks. The fireworks of their initials, ”M” for Marie and “L” for Louis made me wonder if they could
really do this during that era. Seems too modern. (Culture)

The movie also show the cruel, heart breaking and ridiculous culture where Marie was again stripped naked to be observed by the women of the family because nothing happened to consummate the marriage during the wedding night. (Culture)

French language was used during breakfast for viewers to have an experience of the real environment
(Language)

A male dominant world was portrayed, showing King Louis V openly having a mistress. The movie shows that generally women were bullied, especially when the burden to ensure that the marriage was consummated was to be borne by the wife. (Culture – Way of Life)

The movie was directed with much details. In the scene where Marie had a conversation with the Ambassador sent by her mother, I could see that they served macaroons which was invented in 1792 during the French Revolution. Artistic Food Decorations were also shown throughout the entire show.
One capturing experience was the Flower tea where it was shown how the flower seem to blossom when hot water was poured. (Culture – Food)

Door Frames with elaborate designs, sculptures and traditional candle holders, lamps and chandeliers using candles were seen around the palace. Traditional clocks were also shown (Architecture)

The scene at the opera house gave viewers the opportunity to experience types of entertainment during that time. While this was good for the viewers, I have checked and realized the Opera house was built in 1875 after her time. This could have caused confusion to viewers. (Culture – Entertainment)

In my opinion, the movie demonstrates the stress that women needed to go through to ensure they consummate the marriage and deliver heirs to their families, especially for Royal families was very well displayed when Marie’s brother in law managed to deliver the first prince for their generation. (Culture)

The movie had some other misleading scenes that may confuse the viewers. During the scene where Marie was choosing her shoes, a pair of high cut sneakers was seen, Sneakers were invented in the 1800s, not during her time. (Culture)

Horse carriages and bridges during that era was also shown (Transport and Architecture)

The crowning ceremony the French Dauphin, Louise-Auguest as King Louis XVI gave viewers an
understanding of the elaborate ceremony and the hierarchy of the French Monarchy. From the acrobatic presentations from the Chinese, it shows that France already have commercial relationship with China during that era. (Government and Commerce)

Throughout the show we could see day to day stationaries used by the royal family during that era such
as, small marble paper weights on work tables and usage of Quill instead of pens for writing. (Tools)

Emotions from real life cycle experiences were well demonstrated in this move from the death of King Louis XV, the death of Marie’s mother, birth of their first child, and the death of one of her children. It also showed how her life style changed when she was bored after her husband became the King of France and she was given the “Petit Trianon” for delivering their first child. She spent heavily on clothes, accessories, gambling, masquerade parties, drinking sessions and hair grooming. The movie showed what high pouf up hairstyles that was popular during that period looked like. She became very big spender during the time when the country was going through financial crisis. (Life Style Changes)

From here onwards, perhaps due to time constraints, the movie lost its detailed approach of introducing
historical events related to Marie and her family. Placards were used to show that she was becoming
unpopular and ended up in a deficit situations where loans could not be replayed. The death of her child
was also only briefly shown through changing pictures. The French Revolution and the Varennes Incident was so brief that we could not clearly understand these incidents from the movie.

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Timeline of the movie - Marie Antoinette

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Timeline of the movie - Marie Antoinette

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Movie : Marie Antoinette

Movie Timeline : The life of the Queen prior to the French Revolution

1755 – Marie Antoinette was born on November 2, 1755 in Vienna, Austria.

1756 – Seven Year’s War starts between France and England. France and Austria join forces.

1763 – Seven Year’s War ends. Treaty of Paris was sign by France, allies and enemy, resulting in a major blow on French Colonial Possessions. To maintain the alliance between France and Austria, the marriage of Marie Antoinette and Louis, Dauphin of France, was arranged.

1765 – On April 21, empress Maria Theresa (mother of Marie Antoinette), sent 14-year-old Marie Antoinette to France to marry Louis.

1768 – Treaty of Versailles was signed in order for the Republic of Genoa to repay her debts by putting Corsica in pledge to France.

1770 – Marie Antoinette and Louis Auguste got married on May 16.

1774 – King Louis XV died of smallpox. He was succeeded by his grandson, Louis XVI.

1775 – 20-year-old Louis Auguste was crowned King Louis XVI on June 11.

1778 – Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI gave birth to their first child, Marie Theresa Charlotte. The American colonies were recognised independent from the UK, making its involvement in the American War of Independence official. To assure victory with the Peace of Paris, France waged war with the UK in the Americas and other parts of the world.

1780 – Marie’s mother, the empress of Austria died on November 29.

1781 – Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI gave birth to their son, Louis Joseph in October.

1785 – Marie Antoinette had another son, Louis Charles in March.

1786 – Marie Antoinette’s daughter, Sophie Beatrix, is born.

1787 – Sophie Beatrix died shortly before her first birthday.

1789 – The French Revolution began.

1793 – On January 21, Louis XVI was executed by guillotine. On October 15 before nine judges, Marie Antoinette was found guilty and was sentenced to death. The National Convention had taken power a few months earlier. Revolutionary Paris took over the Convention, known as Reign of Terror.

1793 – On October 16, Marie Antoinette was executed by the guillotine.

1795 – The Directory seized power over the Convention.

1797 – Treaty of Campo Formio was signed between France and Austria.

1798 – The US Congress rescinded treaties with France. This is considered as the semi-official beginning of the Quasi-War.

1799 – General Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the French Directory, replacing it with the French Consulate.