# data[].attributes.body
Vehicle mounted data systems
What is it?
Vehicle mounted data systems are touch screen computers, which some of the time have on board printers too, which link emergency vehicles back to base. It’s a mobile information system that improves the occupational safety of firefighters and the operational efficiency of Fire and Rescue Services by providing front line fire crews direct access to critical location and risk information from the incident ground.  http://geosurveysolutions.com
Which service uses it?
It is an intuitive and practical tool designed to assist fire fighters in daily operations and emergency context. Installed into fire appliances on a ruggedised tablet PC, the VMDS complete integrated system brings together operational information retrieval, mapping, data communications, status update, visual and audible routing and automatic vehicle location.
Combined with the SAFEcommand™ Gateway  and the Automatic Update Information Service, it seamlessly links both Command & Control and the data gathered within the back office CMS (Central Management System) to resources deployed in the field. http://geosurveysolutions.com
Advantages
• Picture of the “real world” with a full range of datasets including all known risks and associated data supporting tactical decisions both on route and at the incident.
• Intuitive and easy-to-use GIS-based system requiring minimal training and making it a practical option for deployment
• Priority message facilities provided for emergency situation
• Real-time automatic resources location to in-vehicle officers and the C&C room
• Configurable routing facilities with accurate route planning and mapping of access routes to reach emergency locations faster.

# data[].attributes.body
Roaming network mobile phone

These days, our mobile phones have more options and menus than a fine dining restaurant. When presented with such a cornucopia of settings it can be hard to know what’s best to choose. Some things are fairly self-explanatory, but when you get to selections like "data roaming" it can be like reading a foreign language.

The phone doesn’t explain the more technical terms it uses, so what can you do? It’s like being in a bistro where all the dishes are described in French; go for the wrong thing and you’ll end up with Ris de Veau when you wanted Entrecôte et Frites. When it comes to data roaming, we’ll serve up all the information you need in bite-sized chunks.
If you are out of an area where your mobile phone network has a signal, your phone will roam to find another network to allow you to connect to other service providers to make use your phone to make calls, send texts etc. This is most likely to be when you are abroad. "Data roaming" refers to your phone's connection to the internet with another provider if you have a Smart phone with access to mobile apps and web browsing.
Your mobile network can make substantial charges for roaming to another network so make sure you understand how much you will need to pay to make calls before you travel. However, data roaming charges for accessing the internet will be especially high and you could find yourself landed with an enormous bill without realising it.

Source:  http://knowhow.com/article.dhtml?articleReference=818&country=uk

What is it? Roaming is the ability of customers to use different less used networks, using phone or other network devices outside the outside the geographical coverage of the network operator. When people travel abroad they may use or visited a foreign networks this is called international roaming.

What do they do?
Allow people to use other networks less used by to other people and have a good quality service.

What public services would use it?
MI6, MI5,and the home office branches I think would use this mainly the intelligence officers in mi6 and mi5 for reconnaissance work outside and inside the UK.
Advantages?
Allows more space and data and more networks to choose form other than the basic WI-FI to be used. Allows you to use it abroad.

Disadvantages?
Can cost you a lot of money, especially depending on your network provider.  This is normally managed by being aware of how much money you willing to spend ect.
Katie Bryan, 43, racked up the charges for downloading the "best of Neil Diamond" album on iTunes. Orange, her mobile provider, charges £8 per MB for data roaming, meaning her approximately 326MB album (priced at £8.99) ended up costing her £2,609.31. Fortunately for Miss Bryan, Orange agreed to retrospectively sell her a £400 data bundle, reducing the bill by £2,209.31. Here we outline which mobile operators charge the most for data roaming, as well as overseas voice calls and text messages. As the table below demonstrates, Orange is among the costlier operators, charging £8 per MB in all destinations outside the EU, although these fees can be reduced by purchasing data bundles before you travel. O2 is slightly better, at £6 per MB.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/advice/Data-roaming-charges-compared/

# data[].attributes.body
What it is and who uses it: ISTAR stands for information, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance. In its macroscopic sense, ISTAR is a practice that links several battlefield functions together to assist a combat force in employing its sensors and managing the information they gather.(ARMY).
How it is used by the ARMY; several cameras and sensors that relay information to a command and control Centre where information and images are gathered. This information is used to protect troops on the ground, spot insurgent activity, and build up a picture of the local normal activity and then warn if something unusual occurs or pass the information on to other units who can take the process further either by collecting intelligence or striking the enemy.
Why it is used :Recent operations have seen an exponential growth of ISTAR systems to support commanders’ decision-making. The effects of ISTAR systems on the battlefield have been consistently described as “game changing” according to http://army.newsdeskmedia.com/british-army-2012/intelligence-surveillance-target-acquisition-and-reconnaissance-istar                                                                                           in post-operation reports. Increasingly, there is a realisation that every platform is a collector and the increased emphasis on Information Operations and Forensic and biometric intelligence (FABINT) have moved ISTAR from simply being an enabler to being a system-providing effect
The cost £3.2bn https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/396102/20150112-EP_Plan_Document-Final_OS_to_PDF_version-2-1.pdf
I think its worth the price as it saves lives and its a lot better than fighter jets as its more discreet and it’s a good back up when the situation is to risky, for example when army plans are being shot down they can send ISTAR in to gain knowledge on how to deal with a threat.  That is a Big advantage however a disadvantage is the funding. As the Army Budget has had to increase due to this technology.  https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/396102/20150112-EP_Plan_Document-Final_OS_to_PDF_version-2-1.pdf

# data[].attributes.body
A satellite is an artificial body placed in orbit round the earth or another planet in order to collect information or for communication
The RAF use satellites to for monitoring air quality.
The navy also use them to check sea levels.
it is a benefit to the services as it helps the services find criminals
it can help the services find missing people
it can also be a problem if the satellite crashes stops working and falls to earth
a satellite costs anywhere between £50 - £400 million
the organisation staffs a satellite
it helps the services save time in finding missing people and could potentially save 1 life or thousands it could also help find criminals faster.
If the services didn’t have satellites it could increase the crime rate and also could mean more casualties in the event of a major incident.
http://spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/ViaSat-2_VS.jpg

# data[].attributes.headline
Martin Briggs Nuclear quadruple resonance sensors:

# data[].attributes.subject
Martin Briggs Nuclear quadruple resonance sensors:

# data[].attributes.body
what is it?
Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) is a spectroscopic technique that can detect explosives of high chemical specificity and therefore it is very suitable for the landmine detection problem.

what service would use it?
The service that would use this is the Army as they would be needing to look for land mines and bombs when they are on the move. Another service that would use this the bomb detection/disposal unit in the police.
advantages and benefits:
The advantages of it is that you can make out and find bombs and land mines, this will prevent death as once found the bomb/landmine will be  safely disposed of.  Two people would operate it, one to hold and scan and the other to read out the scanning information. It will have to
cost: £200

# data[].attributes.body
What is it? -  An X-ray is a quick and painless procedure commonly used to produce images of the inside of the body. It's a very effective way of looking at the bones and can be used to help detect a range of conditions. X-rays are usually carried out in hospital X-ray departments by trained specialists called radiographers, although they can also be done by other healthcare professionals, such as dentists. www.nhs.co.uk
How it works- It is a type of radiation what passes through the body, when passing through the body. X rays are absorbed at different rates by different parts of the body. On the other side of the body is a detector what picks up the rates from the x ray and makes them into an image. Things like bones are harder to pass through the X RAY (show up as light areas), whereas softer parts like lungs pass through easily. They show up as darker areas.
When is an X-RAY needed? -  They are used mainly to look at bones and joints, sometimes they can be used to take a closer look at soft tissues such as internal organs.
Problems what may be detected from an X-RAY; Bone fractures and breaks. Tooth problems, such as loose teeth and dental abscesses. scoliosis (abnormal curvature of the spine) . lung problems, such as pneumonia and lung cancer.
Public service it is used by- A public service what uses this equipment is the ambulance service (paramedics). They carry in the ambulance a portable scanner what is used when they turn up to an incident in which a patient has damaged their bones or any parts of soft tissues (internal organs). This helps the service find out what ward they need to take the patient to which makes it a faster and more accurate process. For example, if someone damaged their skull they would need to be taken to the skull fracture ward.
Benefits/Advantages-  The benefits and advantages of X-rays compared to other types of imaging include that they:
• are fast — the results of X-rays are often available the same day, in simple cases even within the hour
• are painless and non-invasive
• don’t require any special preparation (except when contrast media is used)
• require no recovery time — you can go straight back to work or school after an X-ray is finished.
Cost- The cost of the equipment can range from £40,000 to £1,365,000.
X-rays are an important tool that doctors can use to investigate the cause of your symptoms. They can help confirm the presence or absence of a disease or injury. However, the diagnosis of a condition usually requires more than the result of a single examination or test. An X-ray should always be used to supplement — not replace — your doctor’s history-taking and examination.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
qweqweqweqweqweqwe-- Created using PowToon -- Free sign up at http://www.powtoon.com/youtube/ -- Create animated videos and animated presentations for free. PowToon is a free tool that allows you to develop cool animated clips and animated presentations for your website, office meeting, sales pitch, nonprofit fundraiser, product launch, video resume, or anything else you could use an animated explainer video.

# data[].attributes.body
What is it?
A geophone is a device that converts ground movement into voltage, which may be recorded at a recording station. Which means they can record how bad an earthquake was or will be.

What service uses it?
Search and Rescue to give them some kind of an idea about how much damage there might be in the area.

Benefits & advantages

Cost: in UK terms it will cost £133.49 each for the unwired sensor. Add £27.48 for the wired version

Staffing: It would take one person to monitor the vibrations.

Quality of service: Once the geophone is receiving a reading more than the normal amount that would causes no damage, a red alert would be sent to the services that are required to deal with incident.

# data[].attributes.headline
Nuclear quadruple resonance sensors: Martin Briggs

# data[].attributes.subject
Nuclear quadruple resonance sensors: Martin Briggs

# data[].attributes.body
what is it?
Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) is a spectroscopic technique that can detect explosives of high chemical specificity and therefore it is very suitable for the landmine detection problem.

what service would use it?:
The service that would use this is the Army as they would be needing to look for land mines and bombs when they are on the move.

Advantages:
The advantages of it is that you can make out and find bombs and land mines, this will prevent death as once found the bomb/landmine will be safely disposed of. Two people would use it one to hold and scan the other to look at what the scan is coming back with. The quality of this in the army is very high as they will need to know where the bombs and landmines are so they can safely pass by them, so they will need to have the best equipped types for this.

# data[].attributes.body
Thermal imaging cameras
A thermographic camera also called an infrared camera or thermal imaging camera. Is a device that forms an image using infrared radiation, similar to a common camera that forms an image using visible light. Thermal imaging is a method of improving visibility of objects in a dark environment by detecting the objects' infrared radiation and creating an image based on that information .
What service use it.
The thermal cameras that are used in Law Enforcement allow Police Officers and security professionals to track, locate and capture criminals more efficiently in adverse weather conditions, dense foliage, woodland or various other factors that can contribute towards a criminal remaining hidden.
The advantages of using this is if a police officer is chasing a criminal and the criminal runs into somewhere like the woods. There will be lots trees and places to hide and will probably be dark. the criminal will nearly be impossible to find and will be dangerous as well. by using a thermal camera darkness or obstacles in the way wont be an issue the camera doesn't rely on visible light to operate and the officer can clearly see heat distribution amongst the trees. The criminal has been let down by the heat of his body and the officer quickly moves to arrest the criminal who thinks he's perfectly hidden.
The cost of these varies as some can be bought at £200 and some for £2000.  It only takes two police officers to use these as one uses the camera and talks through a walkie talkie to the other to make the arrest. the quality of these are good as all services use them and continue to use them because they work well and are easy to use.

# data[].attributes.body
A PASS device (Personal Alert Safety System) also known as a distress signal unit (DSU) or ADSU (Automatic Distress Signal Unit), is a personal safety device used primarily by firefighters entering a hazardous (IDLH) environment such as a burning building. The PASS device sounds a loud audible alert to notify others in the area that the firefighter is in distress. On a fireground, the sound of an activated PASS device indicates a true emergency and results in an immediate response to rescue the firefighter(s) in distress.

Benefits: The main benefit to the ADSU is that it immediately informs other firefighters of any immediate danger that another firefighter might be in and this could save their life because they will get help almost immediately.

Cost: Between the price range of £200-£600

Staffing: The ADSU is normally a hand held device that can be used by one person only. They do not require much training to use them as they are pretty straight forward and do most of the work themselves.

# data[].attributes.body
what is it?-  a simulator is a Computer program (such as a game or animated flowchart) or a dedicated device that models (simulates) some aspects of a real life situation (such as flying an aircraft) and can be manipulated to observe the outcomes of different assumptions or actions, without exposing the experimenter to any danger or risk.
What service use this?- the army use a simulator called  (Engagement skills trainer) its a simulator that the instructor can change the situation to fit there training such as Marksmanship initial and sustainment qualification, Collective Squad level training for Mission Essential Task List (METL) tasks and finally Judgmental Use of Force shoot-don’t-shoot scenarios. the guns use co2 gas to simulate recoil like a real weapon has. another service that use simulators are the RAF pilots during there training phase to learn how to fly the planes.

Advantages- it allows soldiers and pilots to train without putting themselves in actual danger situations. The EST, allows different situatios to learn before an actual combat zone.

cost

staffing

# data[].attributes.body
Man Portable Surveillance and Target Acquisition Radar
What is it?
MSTAR V4 is a highly versatile low-power, high-performance ground surveillance radar, providing wide-area surveillance at a range of 42 km, day or night. The system is capable of locating moving targets and classifying them as personnel, tracked vehicles, helicopters, slow moving fixed-wing aircraft or wheeled vehicles. It is simple to operate and to install, and has been proven in applications across the Balkans, Afghanistan and Iraq. There are more than 1,400 MSTAR units deployed around the world.
Costs?
MSTAR V4 is believed to cost about £50,000 per unit at mid-1999 prices
What Service uses it?
Over 200 MSTAR equipment’s are in service throughout the British Army. It weighs more than 30kg and its wave length is J-Band.
Positives:
Wide area, Long-range surveillance sensor
Accurate target location
Automated data entry
Surveillance from 100m to 42km
Don't use that much power so long lasting
Negatives
Cost too much
Can easily be destroyed
Visible to enemy's
Training?
Soldiers that use this will need training on how it works , they will need to work out distances/estimate where a vehicle/aircraft is coming from whether it is friendly or an enemy.
Time?
A soldier will have to stay with it for as long as they have been told to/order to. Also until there job is done.
MSTAR V4 below

# data[].attributes.body
What is it? - A metal detector is an electronic instrument which detects the presence of metal nearby. Metal detectors are useful for finding metal inclusions hidden within objects, or metal objects buried underground. They often consist of a handheld unit with a sensor probe which can be swept over the ground or other objects. If the sensor comes near a piece of metal this is indicated by a changing tone in earphones, or a needle moving on an indicator.

What Service? - Police tend to use this device within the airports to ensure no one attends the plane with anything illegal that could damage or injure a person, e.g. hand gun. The military service could use this device when looking for bombs that are hidden underground by the enemy.

Advantages and Disadvantages - First of all, the hand held metal detectors are more affordable and are able to still able to identify metallic objects that are considered to be potentially dangerous. On the other hand, walk though models are more convenient and more efficient. Ultimately, using both the walk through metal detector and the hand scanner will give you the best security. In many situations, metal detectors can give a false alarm if people are wearing some kind of jewellery, watch, phone, loose change or similar. This can make some people feel embarrassed and can cause panic for no reason. A false alarm caused by detectors can be inconvenient both for the security personnel and the person to whom the alarm turned on.

Cost - The price of the police hand held detector is around £29.95.

Staffing - Staff will need to be trained on how to use this device properly. They will need to know how to search a body effectively with it so they don't miss anything out.

Time - This is quite a quick procedure as it is used for a quick search of a body.

Quality of it - These devices are quite high quality as they can detect anything metal on someone from a little bit of jewellery to a hand gun.

# data[].attributes.body
Morse code-
Morse code is a method of sending text messages by keying in a series of electronic pulses, usually represented as a short pulse (called a "dot") and a long pulse (a "dash"). The code was devised by Samuel F. B. Morse in the 1840s to work with his invention of the telegraph, the first invention to effectively exploit electromagnetism for long-distance communication. The early telegrapher, often one who was at a railroad station interconnected with others along miles of telegraph pole lines, would tap a key up and down to send a succession of characters that the receiving telegrapher could read from tape (later operators learned to read the transmissions simply by listening). In the original version, the key down separated by a pause (key up) from the next letter was a dot (or, as it sounded to the telegrapher, a "dit") and the key down quickly twice in succession was a dash (a "dah" or "dit-dit"). Each text character was represented by a dot, dash, or some combination.
who uses it?- SAS
the benefits of using morse code, is that not many people know how to read morse code, and it a quick way to send a message to others in need of information.

# data[].attributes.body
what is it:
a fax machine is a machine made for the transmitting and receiving of faxes. a fax is a copy of a document that is made by electronic scanning and transmitted as data by telecommunications links.

what services use it:
the NHS would use a fax machine when they need to send a document over to certain department, the document could range from patients notes to an x-ray.

the benefits and advantages of a fax machine:
the benefits are that if the receiver needs a physical copy of the document that is being sent then they have one without having to print one via email. another advantage is that it is quick when transmitting a document.

what is the cost of a fax machine:
the cost of a fax machines is a ranges between £50-£200

what staffing is needed to man a fax machine:
the is no need for any qualified personal to man a fax machine as any member of the work force can use the equipment.

the time of using it:
the fax machine is a better alternative then using emails to send documents as it is quick to send a physical copy over to the receiver then having to send an email then having to print the email out saving time.

quality of service of a fax machine:
the fax machine has a good quality of service as it is quick to use and that it saves time when physical documents are needed, it is also good as it doesn't need any qualified people to use it as it is simple to use.

# data[].attributes.headline
what it is?- Radio-frequency identification (RFID) uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. The tags contain electronically stored information.

# data[].attributes.subject
what it is?- Radio-frequency identification (RFID) uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. The tags contain electronically stored information.

# data[].attributes.body
which service would use this?- RFID can be used in the Army. This is because, they can use this to track people and use this for security reasons.
The benefits of using RFID?-  RFID tags can be read at much greater distances; an RFID reader can pull information from a tag at distances up to 300 feet. The range to read a barcode is much less, typically no more than fifteen feet.

•RFID readers can interrogate, or read, RFID tags much faster; read rates of forty or more tags per second are possible. Reading barcodes is much more time-consuming; due to the fact that a direct line of sight is required, if the items are not properly oriented to the reader it may take seconds to read an individual tag. Barcode readers usually take a half-second or more to successfully complete a read.
- they cost quite abit of money but still are worth it because they are useful.
by Mia Hollingworth

# data[].attributes.body
Thermal imaging cameras, also called infrared cameras, detect the heat given off by an object or person. Thermal imaging cameras have lenses, just like visible light cameras. But in this case the lens focuses waves from the infrared energy present in all objects onto an infrared sensor array.

The police service would use this type of equipment to track down a suspect, mainly from a police helicopter.

This helps the police out a great deal because the police could be out chasing this person/suspect on foot in the dark and the police helicopter is in the sky with it's thermal imaging cameras on and it will see every move this person makes. As the thermal imaging cameras pick up body heat which makes it easier to track a suspect.  Advantage

But this piece of kit also has its disadvantage such as not picking body heat from a suspect so which could lead to a suspect getting away. Disadvantage

This is cost effective to the services because its a life saving piece of kit, if they didn't have thermal imaging cameras how would they get the job done? It saves a lot of time e.g. a suspect running from police, police are on foot chasing this suspect and the suspect disappears the helicopter will be able to pick up the suspect heats, same as RNLI rescues and its dark and someone is lost at sea the helicopter will be able to pick up that heat source and get these people rescued.

http://www.argusdirect.com/content/uploads/2014/04/argus_026_mid_res_300dpi.jpg

# data[].attributes.headline
CCTV Closed-circuit television, also known as video surveillance

# data[].attributes.subject
CCTV Closed-circuit television, also known as video surveillance

# data[].attributes.body
the police use cctv imaging and surveillance as evidence in regards to crime. the advantages of cctv is that police can use it to prove whether some is lying or not, can see when and who done something. the prices of installation can vary between 50-400 pound depending on the building, the requirements, how many are needed. depending on how many are getting installed is how much staff they need to maintain the cctv cameras. installation time is dependant on when you want it and how many you need .the options are immediate, 1-3 month and 1 year or over.  the quality of cctv cameras varies a lot as different cameras cost more or less, this includes the quality of the recorded footage/ pictures it obtains.  https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=cctv+footage&&view=detail&mid=B46D01AC0D987A76800AB46D01AC0D987A76800A&FORM=VRDGAR

# data[].attributes.body
Electronic Tagging- This is a electronic marker which is attached to people (ankle) or objects for monitoring purposes. This type of technology is normally used in the Police Service  as a electronic monitored punishment for people who have been sentenced by the court to electronic monitoring or for people who are required to wear a tag upon release from prison (ASBO).
Advantages/Benefits-
Cost: Electronic tagging is cost effective as it allows people who have offended with less serious crimes back into the community where the police can successfully monitor their location. This means it saves the public service money as there is a less prisoner to pay for and increases public protection for offenders released back into the community.
Staffing: Frees up staff (within the Police Service) as there are less offenders within police stations and prisons but staff are needed to monitor the offenders  whereabouts and this technology is effective for disrupting offending patterns.
Time:  It frees up Police time meaning the police has more time to deal with more serious offenders.
Quality of Service: Electronic Tagging has a good quality of service for the Police as it frees up police time to deal with more serious offenders and saves money as there are less criminals held within prison cells. However I think that the community will not feel safe as offenders are left within the community even though they are monitored they are still able to commit a crime.