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-How has psychology developed into a scientific discipline?

-How do both nature and nurture influence behavior and mental processes?

-Who are the important scientists and thinkers who have been influential in the development of psychology as a science?

-What are the levels of scientific analysis that psychologists use to answer questions and explore issues?

-What are the subfields of psychology?

-What is the value of basic research?

-How can we use the scientific method to observe, describe, and explain behavior?

-What is the difference between correlational and experimental methods?

-What statistical measures can be used in psychological research?

-What are the ethical guidelines for human and non-human research?

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Dog 1: Have you heard about Pavlov?
Dog 2: Pavlov? Doesn't ring a bell.

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Wilhelm Wundt: STRUCTURALIST

Edward Titchener: STRUCTURALIST

G. Stanley Hall: childhood and EVOLUTIONARY

William James: FUNCTIONALISM- founder

Mary Whiton Calkins:

Margaret Floy Washburn:

Sigmund Freud: PSYCHODYNAMIC/PSYCHOANALYSIS

John B. Watson: BEHAVIORAL- Little Albert experiment

B.F. Skinner: BEHAVIORAL- rats press lever when hungry (operant conditioning: consequences of a reward or punishment)

Carl Rogers: HUMANISTIC- everybody is good until you prove somebody wrong (unconditional positive regard: accepting/respecting others without judgement)

Ivan Pavlov: BEHAVIORAL- dog experiment (bell and salivation, shocking and classical conditioning)

Jean Piaget:

Charles Darwin: EVOLUTIONARY- natural selection

Dorothea Dix:
Abraham Maslow: HUMANISTIC- hierarchy of needs

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Descriptive statistics: numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups (INCLUDES measures of CENTRAL TENDENCY and measure of VARIATION)
Histogram: BAR GRAPH that depicts frequency distribution

Mode: (measure of CENTRAL TENDENCY) most FREQUENTLY OCCURRING score(s) in a distribution

Mean: (measure of CENTRAL TENDENCY) AVERAGE of a distribution

Median: (measure of CENTRAL TENDENCY) MIDDLE score in a distribution

Skewed distribution: (measure of CENTRAL TENDENCY) representation of scores that LACKS SYMMETRY around average value

Range: (measure of VARIATION) difference between the highest score and the lowest score

Standard deviation: (measure of VARIATION) a computed measure of how much scores VARY AROUND THE AVERAGE

Normal (bell) curve: (measure of VARIATION- normal distribution)

Inferential statistics: numerical data that can be generalized to the entire population as being true

Statistical significance: statistical statement about how likely it is that the results occurred by chance

T-test:

Anova: (ANALYSIS of VARIANCE)

P-value:

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Random Selection --> Random Sample --> Random Assignment

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Experimental Group: the group in an experiment that is exposed to the independent variable

Control Group: the group in an experiment that is not exposed to the independent variable

Random Assignment: assigning random participants, from the group of subject, to either the experimental or control group (minimizes preexisting differences between the two groups)

Double-Blind Procedure: an experimental procedure where neither the subjects nor the research administrators know whether or not they have received the independent variable (treatment or placebo)

Placebo Effect: effect of experiment caused by belief or expectations alone (people who hear a certain medicine works charms will believe it worked well for themselves as well)

Experimenter Bias: the researcher's expectations in an experiment that can sometimes be discreetly conveyed to the subjects

Sample Bias: samples of an experiment are collected in such a way that some part of the population isn't represented

Demand Characteristics: subjects form an interpretation of the purpose of the experiment and subconsciously/unconsciously change their behavior to fit their belief

Validity: the extent to which a test or experiment comes up with results similar to what they are supposed to be

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Ethics: moral guidelines to which the subjects of an experiment should be treated
Informed Consent: ethical principle in which subjects are told enough about the experiment, before it happens, to allow them to choose whether or not they wish to participate in it
Confidentiality: protecting a subject's privacy rights
Debriefing: explaining a study, post experiment, to the subjects to uncover any deceptions or hidden perceptions they may not have been told

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Hindsight Bias: the tendency to believe that one has foreseen an outcome AFTER learning about it ("I knew it all along" belief)

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I can review for the Unit 1 FRQ and Multiple Choice (Sept. 12)

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I can review for the Unit 1 FRQ and Multiple Choice (Sept. 12)

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-Review different perspectives of psychology
-Review different psychologists and their relation with different perspectives of psychology

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1) Drive slower, reach your destination later
2) The more you exercise more, the more weight you lose
3) The more times you listen to a song, the more words you'll know from the song

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(MOD 6) I can understand correlational research (Sept. 9)

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(MOD 6) I can understand correlational research (Sept. 9)

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-correlational studies only show RELATIONSHIP
-correlational studies never show cause and effect because many uncharted factors can affect the two variables
-Positive Correlation: direct relationship between two variables
-Negative Correlation: inverse relationship between two variables
Zero/No Correlation: no relationship between two variables
Correlational Coefficient: how closely two variables vary together (from -1.0 to +1.0)
-Statistically Significant Number: .05 or 5% room for error (less than 5% error is more accurate, more than 5% error, the experiment becomes void)
-Scatter Plot: graph (with a cluster of dots) that represents a correlation
-Illusory Correlation: the perception of a relation (correlation) where none exists

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I can understand the reason we follow ethical codes (Sept. 8th)

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I can understand the reason we follow ethical codes (Sept. 8th)

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It's important to follow ethical guidelines in order to retain the mental and physical health of the subjects.

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I can understand how to follow ETHICAL GUIDELINES (Sept. 7th)

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I can understand how to follow ETHICAL GUIDELINES (Sept. 7th)

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-subject participation should be VOLUNTARY or with INFORMED CONSENT
-subjects CANNOT be exposed to HARMFUL or DANGEROUS research procedures
-researchers have to DEBRIEF subjects at the end of the experiment
-researcher should NOT VIOLATE a subject's PRIVACY RIGHTS/CONFIDENTIALITY
-harm to animals is JUSTIFIED if the results acquire knowledge for the greater good of the people
-lab animals are entitled to DECENT LIVING CONDITIONS

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Definition: type of study done over a long period of time (years)
Example: Marshmallow video (kids were observed for patience with the marshmallows at a young age, and the same kids' aptitude tests were studied after a decade)
Pro: shows clear variable patterns and developmental trends due to the long period of time allotted for the research
Con: ATTRITION (dropouts from the study due to changed beliefs, length of the study, etc.)

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I can understand how to create an experiment and identify variables 

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I can understand how to create an experiment and identify variables 

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Experiment: Researchers control one or more independent variables to observe dependent variables
Independent Variable: MANIPULATED variable (its effects are being studied)
Dependent Variable: Variable that CHANGES due to the independent variable
Confounding Variable: EXTERNAL FACTOR other than the independent variable that can affect the results
ex.: if allergies are unknown, experiments with food could create unwanted results

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Nature-Nurture Issue: CONTROVERSY: are one's psychological traits and behaviours affected by GENES or EXPERIENCE?
Natural Selection: (survival of the fittest) genetic variations that help one survive and adapt to its environment will be passed down through generations

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Biopsychosocial Approach: approach which incorporates the influences of BIOLOGICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, and SOCIAL-CULTURAL factors
Behavioral Psychology: study of OBSERVABLE BEHAVIOR
Biological/Neurological Psychology: study of GENES combining with the ENVIRONMENT to influence individual differences, and study of how the body enables EMOTIONS, MEMORIES, and SENSORY EXPERIENCES
Cognitive Psychology: study of MENTAL ACTIVITIES related to THINKING, KNOWING, REMEMBERING, and COMMUNICATING
Evolutionary Psychology: study of the SURVIVAL OF GENES pertaining to the evolution of behavior and the mind through NATURAL SELECTION and
Psychodynamic Psychology: study of how the UNCONSCIOUS influences behavior (acquired information is used to treat people with PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS)
Social-Cultural Psychology: study of how BEHAVIOR and THINKING vary ACROSS SITUATIONS AND CULTURES

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Psychometrics: study of the MEASUREMENT of human ABILITIES, ATTITUDES, and TRAITS
Basic Research: science that aims to INCREASE SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE
Developmental Psychology: study of physical, cognitive, and social changes THROUGHOUT the LIFESPAN
Educational Psychology: study of psychological processes on LEARNING and TEACHING
Personality Psychology: study of an INDIVIDUAL'S CHARACTERISTIC PATTERN and the study of differences among people based on a VARIETY OF TRAITS
Social Psychology: study of how humans INTERACT and RELATE to one another (study of how SOCIAL FORCES affect/shape behavior)
Applied Research: scientific study that aims to solve PRACTICAL PROBLEMS
Industrial Organizational (I/O) Psychology: application of psychological methods in the WORKPLACE
Human Factors Psychology: a branch of I/O psychology where the INTERACTION between HUMANS and MACHINES is studied
Counseling Psychology: psychology that assists people with PROBLEMS WITH LIVING  (problems at SCHOOL, WORK, or MARRIAGE)
Clinical Psychology: studies and treats people with PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
Psychiatry: MEDICINAL BRANCH where physicians provide MEDICAL TREATMENT and PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPY
Positive Psychology: study of HUMAN FUNCTIONING with the goal of PROMOTING STRENGTHS
Community Psychology:

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Empiricism: knowledge begins with EXPERIENCE and all science should rely on OBSERVATION and EXPERIMENTATION
Structuralism: INTROSPECTION (observation of one's mental/emotional processes) used to reveal the structure of the human mind
Functionalism: how mental and behavioural processes enable an organism to ADAPT, SURVIVE, and FLOURISH
Experimental Psychology: study of behaviour and thinking through the use of EXPERIMENTS
Behaviourism: view that psychology should be an UNBIASED science that studies behaviour WITHOUT REFERENCE TO MENTAL PROCESSES
Humanistic Psychology: HUMANISTIC MASLOW HIERARCHY OF NEED and the study of CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES that nurture/limit one's growth
Cognitive Neuroscience: study of BRAIN ACTIVITY linked with COGNITION including perception, thinking, memory, and language
Psychology:  science of BEHAVIOURAL and MENTAL processes

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I can identify types of research and how to write an AP essay (Aug. 31st)

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I can identify types of research and how to write an AP essay (Aug. 31st)

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-Define and Apply (SCIENTIFIC)
-NO intro, NO conclusion, NO thesis
-must go in order of the question

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Survey: self-reported questionaire used to estimate attitudes and behaviours of a whole population (MOD 5)

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Survey: self-reported questionaire used to estimate attitudes and behaviours of a whole population (MOD 5)

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-larger representative samples are better than smaller representative samples
-different framings of the same question will change the results
-Sampling Bias: flawed sampling which produces an unrepresentative sample
-Population: (not a nation's whole population) the subjects in a group that's being studied
-Random Sample/Random Selection: randomley selected group of people that represents a whole population with equal chances of inclusion (diversity)

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Naturalistic Observation: examining behaviour in a natural environment (MOD 5)

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Naturalistic Observation: examining behaviour in a natural environment (MOD 5)

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-DOES NOT explain behaviour, ONLY describes behaviour
-NO variables are controlled

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Case Study: analysis of individuals or groups done to reveal universal principles (MOD 5)

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Case Study: analysis of individuals or groups done to reveal universal principles (MOD 5)

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-reveal what CAN happen
-evidence related NOT anecdote driven
-individual (atypical case studies become unreliable

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I can understand perspectives and different research methods (Aug. 30th)

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I can understand perspectives and different research methods (Aug. 30th)

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Humanistic Maslow Hierarchy of Need (most to least fundamental)
1) Psychological Needs
2) Safety Needs
3) Love and Belonging
4) Esteem
5) Self-Actualization
6) (Self-Transcendence)
Design: experiment, correlational study, or descriptive study
Data-collection method: self-report or observation
Setting: field or lab

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I can identify the steps of the scientific method (Aug. 26th) 

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I can identify the steps of the scientific method (Aug. 26th) 

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(MOD 5)
Scientific Method: evaluation of ideas by observation and analysis
1) Theory: offers organized ideas that have been observed from behaviours and events
2) Hypothesis: testable predictions based on a theory
3) Operational Definition: a worded statement of exact procedures used in research study
4) Replication: repeating the experiment with different participants and different situations