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Cartridges can declare themselves "empty" due to issues with the microchip

Only short term durability

Can break easily

Ink is expensive

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Quieter than Dot matrix printers

Can print fine, smooth details

Photographic quality printers widely available

Practically no warmup time

High speed printing

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The concept originated in the 20th century for ink jet printing and extensive development began in the 1950s. The first ones that were able to print digital images generated by or created on computers. The original printers were developed by Epson, Hewlett-Packard (HP) and Conon. In the worldwide consumer market, there is only a total of four brands that make up the majority of sales, those being Canon, HP, Epson and Brother

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This is a type of computer printing that is most commonly used through consumers and is a machine that propels ink dropletts onto paper or other substrates.

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takes up a lot of space

Extremely heavy so there is a distinct lack of mobility

The machine itself is very expensive

They are notorious for breaking down

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Multiple copies can be made at once.

Cheaper when compared to a printer

fast copying time

accurate copying

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Xerography, which involves the application of electrostatic charges and heat. This can be used to produce copies of all kinds of written works, printed and graphic. The basic process is photoconductivity, an increase in the ability of certain substances to allows an electric current to flow through them when struck by light.
"Xerography typically uses an aluminium drum coated with a layer of selenium. The light passed through the document to be copied, or reflected from its surface, reaches the selenium surface, onto which negatively charged particles of ink (i.e., the toner) are sprayed, forming an image of the document on the drum. A sheet of copy paper is passed close to the drum, and a positive electric charge under the sheet attracts the negatively charged ink particles, resulting in the transfer of the image to the copy paper. Heat is then momentarily applied to fuse the ink particles to the paper." - Encyclopaedia Britannica - Photocopying machine

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the method currently used in office standard photocopiers is xerography, from the greek "dry writing" although it was developed by US Physicist Chester F. Carlson in 1937, although not becoming commercially available until 1950.

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Photocopying was invented on the 22nd October 1938 by Chester Carlson, and is the process of placing one piece of paper with a design on it into the machine and having it be reproduced onto another page by the machine

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Expense; any and all additional software and hardware needs to be bought to start desktop publishing, for instance, you'll need a computer that can run the software and the software itself, with the software often costing more than the hardware itself

Training; Any and all staff that the company want to make new documents have to be trained to use the software efficiently and will need to spend time training and picking up the skills

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Cost; as the business don't need to hire professional printing companies to typeset each production

Efficiency; The final document can be previewed and changed immediately on the companies own software.

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Desktop publishing is used in nearly, if not, every published magazine and newspaper at the moment, this is because it is easier to produce a document with the layouts done beforehand and the images and text added in specific places. Also, in the production process, there are set grid lines to make the process a lot easier and make the layout have preset spacing placed in the document

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Desktop publishing is when a form of print where the product you're wanting to write about is linked to a desktop computer with special software.

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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process costs a lot of money

need to buy materials

needs to be a skilled craftsman

takes some time to produce the finished product

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Design is cut into the metal to be precise

the print will be exact

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This practice of making prints from metal plates post-etching them grew out of the custom of etching designs onto armour and was adopted by early printmakers as an easy way of engraving, a process of making prints from metal plates incised with a tool called a burin. The first dated etching, however, came from a Swiss artist called Urs Graff in 1513, who printed using iron plates

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Firstly, the copper plate is coated with an acid-resistant substance which is called the etching ground. The design is drawn with a sharp tool. The group is usually a compound of beeswax, bitumen, and resin. The pattern is formed as the nitric acid erodes at the regions of the plate which are unprotected from the ground.

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Etching is the process of etched plates or objects. This is the process of creating prints from a metal plate, usually made of copper.

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Lithography was invented in around 1796 in Germany by an unknown Bavarian playwright, Alois Senefelder who discovered by chance that he could duplicate his scripts through the use of greasy crayon being used on slabs of limestone then printing them with rolled on ink. The local limestone, due to it being able to retain the crayon marks almost indefinitely, even after repeated printing and inking, lithographs could be printed in almost unlimited quantities

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Mainly used in commercial printers, printing companies are able to print thousands of copies of the same item in one production run, relying on four basic colours: yellow, cyan, magenta and black, and can also be known as the CYMK process

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A printing plate with an image is dampened with water and then coated with ink. The ink only sticks to the parts of the plate that are not wet with water because the ink repels the water.

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the process of printing from a flat surface treated so as to repel the ink except where it is required for printing. The printing plate is fixed to a roller and the image is transferred onto paper fed under the roller.

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Takes a long time

Skill required

One mistake means restarting

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Aestetic quality

Niche market

Low ink consumption

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The process itself was introduced at the beginning of the 20th century. Its use in terms of artistry was long disdained as the artists themselves thought it wasn't sufficiently demanding of technical skill and was therefore not used as a form of art for many years. However, the artists of Taller de Gráfica Popular, a printmaking workshop founded in Mexico City in 1937 made the process effective and used it in their graphic posters. After acclaimed artists such as Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse used the technique in the 1950s many other artists followed suit

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Linocut is a technique commonly used to create still images such as posters and gallery art rather than images shown in a sequence to create an illusion of movement.

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Linocut is a printmaking technique, a variant of woodcut in which a sheet of linoleum is used for a relief surface. The process commences with the design being carved into the linoleum surface with a knife, leaving the raised un-carved as the areas the ink will resemble in the final design.

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An engraved cylinder

An ink fountain

A doctor blade assembly

A dryer

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Color Rotogravure Printing Press Machine

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Computer Registered Rotogravure Printing Machine Supplier | High Speed Rotogravure Printing Machine

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Color Rotogravure Printing Machine Manufacturer

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This 8 color rotogravure printing machine is suitable for roller to roller printing plastic film, aluminum Foil, BOPP, PET, PVC, PVC Foil, PE, CPP and Paper etc. It is widely use in high quality packaging material printing.

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High start up costs with thousands needed to make it profitable if not more

Rasterised lines and texts

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The cylinders can last through large volumes of work without degrading

High-quality image reproduction

Very high-speed production

Low ink consumption

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In gravure printing, the image is made up of small holes sunk in the surface of the printing plate. The holes are filled with ink and any excess is removed. The paper comes into contact with the ink in the holes when it is pressed against the plate.

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Gravure is used heavily for long high quality print runs such as magazines and catalogues as there is a high output in extremely minimal time so they can make a multitude of magazines and catalogues in time for the release dates of the magazines so they can maximise profits and sell to the number of people they need to to make their money back off the investment in the magazine's issue. It can also be used for printing postage stamps and decorative plastic laminates.

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The Gravure was possibly developed in 1877 by painter, photographer and illustrator Karl Klietsch, however, according to Otto M. Lilien in the 1900s when writing his "History of Industrial Gravure Printing up to 1920" - "“More and more of the technical development is described with only sketchy details and it is noticeable that the references are often missing. Frequently the information contradicts itself regarding the person credited with inventions and technical improvements.” - 'multimediamen'

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A Gravure is a method of transferring an image onto a printing substrate. This method can produce high-quality prints at a rapid speed. However, this method requires a considerable measure of finance

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This form of printing is often used if a company wants a quality stylish look to their product and it is often used on wedding invitations and business cards as stated previously.

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Letterpress printing is a lot more expensive than modern standard printing as it takes a lot more effort. For example, I found prices for letterpress business cards for £120 for 250 of them which is a substantial amount more than standard ones. This tells us a lot about the quality too as people are willing to pay a lot more money to get this style of print because the quality is a lot better than a standard print. It is also because it takes more time to make it as you have to physically make the bed that is being printing onto it which can often be difficult as you need to make it in reverse for it to print properly.

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In modern times, the process of letterpress is done can be done through using platen, flat-bed, and rotary presses.

A Platen press is made up of two surfaces called the bed and the platen. The platen provides a smooth backing for the paper or surface to be printed on. The plate ( the image that is going to be printed) is locked into place on a flat surface. The plate is inked and placed on top of the substrate until the ink is printed onto it until it is taken off to reveal the print.

Rotary letterpressing comes in two types - sheet-feed and web-feed. Web-feed rotary presses are the most popular type for letter printing and are often used for printing newspapers.

Flat-bed cylinder letterpresses use either vertical or horozontal beds. The plate is locked into a bed which passes over an inking roller and then against the substrate.

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Letterpress is the oldest technique of printing and involves using a heavy press with ink. The press goes on to where the image or writing is intended and is pressed down in order to apply the ink before being lifted up to reveal the print in reverse to how it is shown in the press.

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The designs themselves can easlily be washed away or affected by the weather.

You are limited when it comes to mixing colour as you must wait for one colour to dry before inserting another

Difficult for small buisnesses to afford the industrialisation process

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quick and easy to do

you can have intricate designs as the design is from a template

A single image can be scaled upwards or downwards as needed

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The quality of the product is generally good from the process of screen printing and it generally has the ability to be made with little or no blemishes in the final product and generally the print will be good quality and unlikely to come out with parts of the print missing if the process is done properly and with enough care.

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According to 'Lawson Screen And Digital Products,' the cost of running a screen printing business is somewhere in the region of $100,000.
"You can usually print at least 180 shirts per hour and because the Trooper is an automatic press, you can print 180 - 6 colour shirts an hour. An average price for a 1 colour print on a 100% cotton t-shirt ranges from $5.50 to $9.00 depending on the number of shirts in the order and you charge much more for a 6 colour shirt. An order for 72 shirts would take less than 25 minutes to print and you would charge at least $8.00 per shirt for 6 colours or $576.00.

$144.00 72 shirts would cost about $2.00 each when you buy in dozens. $ 21.00 Screen making materials average about 3.50 per screen. $ 3.60 Calculate ink cost at $.05 per shirt $ 1.00 Lights and electricity $169.60 Total cost of materials.

It will also take you about an hour to make a screen, and only a little longer to make more screens.

You charge $576.00 minus the materials cost ($169.60) and you pay yourself $402.40 for a job that takes less than 2 hours to produce.  One job like this per day and you're making $100,000+ a year." - http://www.lawsonsp.com/technical-support/support-articles/259-business-information/420-how-to-start-a-screen-printing-business

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the process was industrialised later on in its life as a process as a way to quicken the process on a whole as a way of printing block colours in a logo onto pieces of clothing or glass. The only issue with the industrialisation of this process is that it costs a lot more to have this faster output and to have the multitudes of machines and different materials to print on so the majority of these companies are small and do the process by hand.

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Screen Printing Process From Start To Finish

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Screen Printing Process From Start To Finish

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Screen Printing Process From Start To Finish

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BBC Definition of Screen Printing Plus Step By Step Screen Printing Process

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BBC Definition of Screen Printing Plus Step By Step Screen Printing Process

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Printing, finishing, packaging, and paper engineering.

The main printing techniques are screen printing, block printing and photocopying. Letterpress, lithography, flexography, and gravure printing are used in commercial manufacturing. Finishing techniques enhance the final product.

Different packaging materials perform different functions. There is certain information that must be provided on packaging by law.

Mechanisms are used for moving parts in pop-up books and cards.

Screen printing

The [ screen is made from a fine mesh material fixed to a wooden frame. A stencil stencil: A sheet of paper, celluloid, or other material in which a design has been cut, so that when ink is passed over the sheet the design is reproduced on the surface below. ] is placed under the screen and ink forced through the stencil onto the material below. Screen printing with stencils is best for blocks of colour.

Manual flatbed screenprint process

Screen printing is used to print small runs of posters, display boards, fabrics, wallpaper and control panels of electronic products.

Video: Screen printing

Watch this Learning Zone Broadband Class Clips video to find out how different screen screen printing methods are used to decorate fabric.

In order to see this content you need to have both Javascript enabled and Flash installed. Visit BBC Webwise for full instructions

Block printing

Shapes are cut into blocks made of wood, metal or linoleum. Ink is applied to the block, and the block is pressed onto paper.

Block prints can be quite detailed if the block is well made, but normally only one colour is used. The process is good for making positive and negative images and repeating patterns.

Block printing is used to print small and medium sized runs of greetings cards, wallpaper, paper tablecloths and similar products.

Photocopying

Photocopiers can enlarge and reduce images, and process paper, card and clear acetate. Different paper sizes can be used. They can also be used for back-to-back copying and to collate multiple copies.

Colour photocopiers give good results but the copies are more expensive.

Photocopiers can be used to:

arrange multiple small drawings on a page

make multiple versions of the same drawing (eg to make a pattern)

enlarge or reduce drawings

copy reference material (if copyright [ copyright: gives the creator of an original piece of work control over its publication, distribution and adaptation ] allows)

copy artwork sheets to maintain a consistent style in a project folder

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Printing 1: screen printing, block printing and photocopying

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Printing, finishing, packaging, and paper engineering. The main printing techniques are screen printing, block printing and photocopying. Letterpress, lithography, flexography, and gravure printing are used in commercial manufacturing. Finishing techniques enhance the final product. Different packaging materials perform different functions. There is certain information that must be provided on packaging by law.

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The 'screen' itself is made from a fine mesh material, often silk, fixed onto a wooden frame. A stencil is placed under the aforementioned screen and the ink is forced through the stencil onto the material below, for the distinct reason that the ink is spread, it is best to stencil in block colours onto the material - BBC Bitesize - Printing

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This way of putting ink through into textiles was first patented by Samuel Simon in 1907 in England and was further expanded upon in San Francisco in 1914 who used the process for making multicolour prints

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Screen process holds its origins in simple stencilling in Japan, who used cut banana leaves and insert ink through the design holes into the textiles, mostly for clothing purposes, which was then taken up in France later to become what we currently know today.