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Lucrative (adj.):
Original: " That's why there have been so many people – from gurus, to NGOs, to certification sharks, to industry associations – inventing so many lucrative labels that offer quick assurance about product sustainability credentials."
Lucrativeness (n.):
Definition: producing a good profit
My own sentence: It is easy to start a lucrative business as long as you want.
Synonyms: moneymaking, remunerative

Shark (n):
Original: "  That's why there have been so many people – from gurus, to NGOs, to certification sharks, to industry associations – inventing so many lucrative labels that offer quick assurance about product sustainability credentials."
Sharking (v):
Definition: a person who is dishonest
My own sentence: Beware of sharks when you are investing money.
Synonyms: extort, swindler

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Nothing is perfect! Even though nowadays those labels may do not provide sufficient and objective information, with the push by the willing of consumers, improvement will show up sooner or later. As for the full environment information, purchasing decisions will not be perfect unless more education system is established or worse our ecosystem is.

Q1: From my point of view, it is the organic T- shirt that I will choose. Even though it will cost more money, it is eco-friendly. Everyone live in the earth should have duty to protect our environment for sustainable development.

Q2: Actually, hardly do I consider about the environmental impacts while shopping. First, I have no idea whether those produces are absolutely eco-friend, which means I doubt about the reliability of advertisement and announcement. Second, I usually do not have enough money to buy those organic products which are more expensive compared to normal ones.

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Sustainability (n):
Original: "inventing so many lucrative labels that offer quick assurance about products sustainability credentials."
Sustainable (adj):
Definition: capable of being supported or upheld, as by having its weight bornefrom below.
My own sentence: The chair was sustainable for both of us.
Synonyms: viable, continuous

Duplicate (n):
Original: " Many labels duplicate each other, confusing clients and leaving manufacturers obliged to certify the same product several times."
Duplicated (v):
Definition: to do or perform again; repeat.
My own sentence: I duplicated the dance so that it wouldn't be hard.
Synonyms: clone, copy, mirror

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After reading this article, it is sad to say that most products really lack on providing information on the product. They really don't tell you much. If they do they only tell you what you would like to hear and are not transparent at all. This makes it hard for consumers to chose an environmental friendly product. Products should and I am sure that they are working on improving this.
Q1: I would choose the organic t-shirt because it is made from organic stuff which is good environmental wise.
Q2: Honestly I do not consider environmental impacts unless it is make up. But now that I have read so much into this I will start to.

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Consumed (v):
Original:  "They are consumed by plankton, fish, shellfish, seabirds, and other marine life."
Consuming (adj):
Definition: Strongly and urgently felt.
My own sentence: The consuming need to be successful is always in the back of my mind.
Synonyms: engrossing, intense

Accumulation (n):
Original: “So while there is evidence of accumulation of microplastics in general and evidence of harm from lab studies".
Accumulate (v):
Definition: to gather or collect.
My own sentence: When I accumulate all my grades they seem to be pretty good.
Synonyms: to add up, pile up, increase

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Article 5 (extra credit) Response and Answer

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Article 5 (extra credit) Response and Answer

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I love glitter and I would have her thought that it would effect our oceans. I also really like the ocean, so if that means to stop using glitter I would. It is crazy to think that even the smallest think can effect the ocean. After reading this article, I was very surprised how serious this actually is. People should really take a look at this and consider on stopping the use of glitter.
Q1: I would have never thought that it would be a big deal because it is such small particles.
Q3: Glitter is made from plastic so thats why it effects the ocean.

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robust (adj.)
Original:  some of the best-marketed labels are the least robust
robustness (n.)
Definition: health and strong.
My own sentence: Andrew is the most robust man in my class.
Synonyms: healthy, fine

radical (adj.)
Original: It's quite radical today, but in a few years time it will...
radicalize (v.)
Definition: significant, new, and be different with others.
My own sentence: Berry always has some radical ideas, which makes him be an unique person in my school.
Synonyms: jacobinical, complete

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Article 5: B9 Full Product Transparency Gives Consumers More Informed Choices

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Article 5: B9 Full Product Transparency Gives Consumers More Informed Choices

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Discipline: Marketing
Summary:
People always like to make decisions by shortcuts, and that's why there are so many labels introducing the basic facts about the products. However, most of those labels are useless, and cannot provide accuracy information. Those labels only provide simplest information, and some of them even just repeat other's information. Consumers get confused under this situation. In the past, marketing is only for money, but future world requires more environmental friendly products. Full products transparency means conpanies should open up all the environmental influences of their products to the public. It is foreseeable that people can buy products based on full information of environmental impact just like viewing the nutrition facts when buying food.
Response:
It is true that those environmental labels of the products are poor, and it is hard for people to distinguish which one is better for the environment. However, I believe that the phenomenon will change as time pass by, and one day people will be able to make decisions when buying based on the label with full environmental information.

DQs:
1. Answer the first sentence of the article, which T-shirt will you choose? Why?
2. Do you consider environmental impacts when buying a product in daily life?
3. Explain what is an EPD according to the article.

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Frenzy  (n.):
Original: "When 19 British pre-schools stopped using glitter in art projects to save the oceans, it set off a frenzy that reached as far as New Zealand over glitter’s potential to harm marine life."
Frenetic (adj.):
Definition: a state of great anxiety or excitement in a uncontrollable behavior
My own sentence: In a frenzy of hate, he killed his fiancee.
Synonyms: fury, turbulence

Premature  (adj.):
Original: "Both Thompson and Horton say an outright ban on glitter is premature, given the lack of science on the subject. "
Prematurely (adv.):
Definition: happening before the natural or proper time
My own sentence: it would be premature to forecast the outcome.
Synonyms: immature, raw

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Article 5 (for the extra credit): To Save the Oceans, Should You Give Up Glitter?

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Article 5 (for the extra credit): To Save the Oceans, Should You Give Up Glitter?

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Discipline: Science
Summary: The article mainly focuses on whether the use of glitter should be banned in order to protect our oceans. After introduce two terms glitter made from plastic sheets and microplastic, a subset of marine plastic litter, the writer argues about two sources of large quality of microplastic in the oceans: flea-sized plastic trashed and manufactured plastic beads in cosmetics. While concrete evidence is published about the destroy of vast microplastics, there is a lack of clear proof about damage from glitter. The argument about whether use of glitter should be banned never ends-- while some experts regard it as premature, a U.K.-based cosmetics retailer has already utilized a substitution, PET. At the end, the author indicates some similar actions taken by several countries , such as law banning production of cosmetics which contain microbeads.
Response: Never did I ever think about materials like glitter would damage our ecosystem by inflowing the food chain before reading the article, since It seems to be so small and "insignificant". The article lets me think seriously about the industrial revolution and advanced technologies. It is true that those stuff have changes our life totally. However, do we utilize resource appropriately? Do we attach importance to sustainable development instead of blinding by profit? From my point of view, more laws should be created. Besides, the governments are supposed to take the media into good use by letting the public know about the severeness of environment nowadays and take practical actions to restore our ecosystem.
DQ's:
1. Would you consider that glitter is a big deal to oceans?
2. How is glitter effecting the ocean?
3. How is glitter made?

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confounding (v.)
Original: confounding scientists who thought they knew how dying stars ticked
confounded (adj.)
Definition: make something be confusing or hard to identify
My own sentence: Fermat's Last Theorm, a difficult math problem that confounding all the people for three hundred years.
Synonyms: baffling

faint (v.)
Original: They've seen it grow faint, then bright, then faint again five times
fainting (n.)
Definition: the process of being weak
My own sentence: The poor woman fainted on the floor due to the hypoglycemia
Synonyms: flake out, pass out

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Astronomy is an interesting but difficult aspect to study - the universe is unimaginable large and people never know what will happen in the universe far away from the earth. Research shows that the explosion of the star happened twice in 60 years, which is a short time period for the universe. However, 60-year-period is most of time of human's life. This difference makes astronomers really hard do consecutive researches, and they may not able to see the result of the research when they are alive. I really apreciate those astronomers who do the research everyday and never give up their goals.

Q2. Astronomy is an interesting area, but I don't think I will study it. Because it is hard to study in deep and hard to have achievements.

Q3. I think this supernova will die someday, because nothing can be eternal in the world.

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Tick (v.):
Original:
This is one supernova that refuses to bite the cosmic dust, confounding scientists who thought they knew how dying stars ticked.
Tick (n.)
Definition: to put a mark on
My Own Sentence: I have ticked the names of the people who have paid.
Synonyms:  mark, click

Magnetic (adj.):
Original:
Harvard University's astronomy chairman, Avi Loeb, who was not involved in the study, speculates a black hole or magnetar — a neutron star with a strong magnetic field — might be at the center of this never-before-seen behavior.
Magnet (n.)
Definition: like a magnet or people who are attractive and powerful
My Own Sentence: Her glacial beauty is magnetic.
Synonyms: attractive, alluring, captivating

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Response:
The knowledge about the supernova spans my curiousness about the universe. The more I read about uncertain information, the more I am eager to learn more knowledge to uncover those mystery, which comes from human instinct. Thanks to staggering experts and scientists who have contributed a lot to the physics knowledge explosion, today we are able to observe and study our universe more objectively and widely.

Q2:
I have study Astronomy before. Last summary, there was a meteor shower in Inner Mongolia Province, my family and I were there at that time. I searched for materials on the Internet about its principle, process. I also watched several video of previous meteor showers.
Q3:
I think this supernova will die sooner or later. The supernovas grow faint, then bright, then faint again. Even though there is no definite reason published and there are no supernovas like this one being discovered, "Nothing lasts forever."

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Massive (adj):
Original: "Astronomers reported Wednesday on a massive, distant star that exploded in 2014"
Mass (n):
Definition: the majority of.
My own sentence: The mass amount of people who came to the party were my brothers friends.
Synonyms: group, lot

Fainter (adj):
Original: "It was discovered in 2014 and, at the time, resembled your basic supernova that was getting fainter".
Faint (v):
Definition: to lose consciousness temporarily.
My own sentence: I seen my friend faint when she could no longer take the pain of her tattoo.
Synonyms: black out, pass out

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Article 4: Stellar Encore: Dying Star Keeps Coming Back Big Time

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Article 4: Stellar Encore: Dying Star Keeps Coming Back Big Time

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Discipline: Science
Summary: In this article, the author explain show this supernova keeps coming back after it has exploded. According to their records this supernova has exploded in 2014 and back in 1954. The scientist do not know why this keeps happening. They believe that this supernova is unique. The author states, "One possibility is that this star was so massive, and its core so hot, that an explosion blew away the outer layers and left the center intact enough to repeat the entire process". Although it keeps exploding they know that it will one day die.
Response:
After reading this article I was very impressed about the universe. I have always found some interest in the universe because there is always something new. I choose this article because I think that supernovas are really interesting. The fact that this particular supernova keeps exploding after it already exploded is very amazing. I use to want to study astronomy because it is very interesting.

DQ's:
1) What do you think about supernovas?

2) Would you ever study Astronomy?

3) Do you think that this supernova will die someday? Explain.

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CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. (AP) - Death definitely becomes this star.

Astronomers reported Wednesday on a massive, distant star that exploded in 2014 - and also, apparently back in 1954. This is one supernova that refuses to bite the cosmic dust, confounding scientists who thought they knew how dying stars ticked.

The oft-erupting star is 500 million light-years away - one light-year is equal to 5.9 trillion miles (9.5 trillion kilometers) - in the direction of the Big Bear constellation. It was discovered in 2014 and, at the time, resembled your basic supernova that was getting fainter.

But a few months later, astronomers at the California-based Las Cumbres Observatory saw it getting brighter. They've seen it grow faint, then bright, then faint again five times. They've even found past evidence of an explosion 60 years earlier at the same spot.

Supernovas typically fade over 100 days. This one is still going strong after 1,000 days, although it's gradually fading.
The finding was published Wednesday in the journal Nature .

"It's very surprising and very exciting," said astrophysicist Iair Arcavi of the University of California, Santa Barbara who led the study. "We thought we've seen everything there is to see in supernovae after seeing so many of them, but you always get surprised by the universe. This one just really blew away everything we thought we understood about them."

The supernova - officially known as iPTF14hls - is believed to have once been a star up to 100 times more massive than our sun. It could well be the biggest stellar explosion ever observed, which might explain its death-defying peculiarity.

It could be multiple explosions occurring so frequently that they run into one another or perhaps a single explosion that repeatedly gets brighter and fainter, though scientists don't know exactly how this happens.

One possibility is that this star was so massive, and its core so hot, that an explosion blew away the outer layers and left the center intact enough to repeat the entire process. But this pulsating star theory still doesn't explain everything about this supernova, Arcavi said.

Harvard University's astronomy chairman, Avi Loeb, who was not involved in the study, speculates a black hole or magnetar - a neutron star with a strong magnetic field - might be at the center of this never-before-seen behavior. Further monitoring may better explain what's going on, he said.

Las Cumbres , a global network of robotic telescopes, continues to keep watch.

Scientists do not know whether this particular supernova is unique; it appears rare since no others have been detected.
"We could actually have missed plenty of them because it kind of masquerades as a normal supernova if you only look at it once," Arcavi said.

Nothing lasts forever - not even this super supernova.
"Eventually, this star will go out at some point," Arcavi said. "I mean, energy has to run out eventually." AB
RELATED STORIES: NASA asks netizens to name distant object in Kuiper belt Stephen Hawking fears Earth will turn into giant ball of fire by 2600 Strange interstellar object enters solar system, detected by scientists for the first time
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Stellar encore: Dying star keeps coming back big time

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CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. (AP) - Death definitely becomes this star. Astronomers reported Wednesday on a massive, distant star that exploded in 2014 - and also, apparently back in 1954. This is one supernova that refuses to bite the cosmic dust, confounding scientists who thought they knew how dying stars ticked.

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something suspended: such as; an ornament (as on a necklace) allowed to hang free; an electrical fixture suspended from the ceiling... See the full definition

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Nobility (n.)

Original:  While artists working with the upper class during this time period frequently made sketches, Anderson says it's unusual to find a nearly finished portrait sketch from an artist who painted for the nobility.

Noble (adj.)

Definition: people of high social position, who have titles

My own sentence: These laws have abolished the privileges of the nobility.

Synonyms: prince, dignity

Portrait (n.)

Original: The portrait of Maitland was painted by an artist named Adrian Vanson, who finished the piece in 1589—two years after Mary was executed.

Portray (v.)

Definition: a painting is drawn to describe something or someone with creator's own opinions

My own sentence: She was asked to paint a full-length portrait of the Queen.

Synonyms: drawing, painting, picture

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Pendant (n):
Original: "the woman's hands at her waist as if holding a pendant,"
Pendant (adj):
Definition: hanging downward; pendent.
My Own Sentence: The necklace I wore yesterday was pendant.
Synonyms: dangling, drooping

Institute (n):
Original: "from the Courtald Institute of Art in London noticed the ghostly sketch of a woman beneath the top level of pigment."
Instituted (v):
Definition: set in motion or establish
My Own Sentence: I instituted that I would make my senior class have a great year.
Synonyms: set up, organize

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Reading this article was actually really interesting. The fact that an artist had great talent to be able to cover a figure underneath his work is amazing. I have never heard of this before so it was rather interesting to read. Although, it was a little creepy. I do wonder why they decided to put this paint under an x-ray.

Q1: The queen was covered because Vanson did not want any problems due to the political tension there was during that time.

Q3: When I first seen the title I was a bit shook because how would it be possible to find a ghostly figure beneath a painting.

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abdicate (v.)
Original:  she was forced to abdicate the throne in 1567
abdiction (n.)
Definition: quit from doing something.
My own sentence: The president voluntarily abdicates the postion.
Synonyms: yield, desert

lurking (n.)
Original: Lurking behind an unassuming 16th century painting is one of the U.K.'s most controversial monarchs
lurk (v.)
Definition: hide in somewhere that others cannot find.
My own sentence: The enemies on the face are easy to deal with, but we need to take care of those who are lurking.
Synonyms: latency, incubation

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The article is interesting. It is hard to image that there is a sketch of the queen on the painting of  another man. As the articel said, this is not the only example of ghostly sketch - so did on Degas and Picasso's works. The story behind the painting makes it be more attractive and mysterious. I am not good at appreciate art works, and those stories behind the paintings are actually more attractive than themselves for me. I hope high technology can help people to find more stories which were hidden in the history.

Q1. Because of political tensions, Vanson did not want to have troubles, and he covered the original sketch of the queen with his own portraiture.

Q3. The first time I saw the title I felt excited - it felt like watching a suspense novel. After reading, I want to know more stories about different paintings.

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Article 3: Ghostly Image of Scottish Queen Found Beneath Painting

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Article 3: Ghostly Image of Scottish Queen Found Beneath Painting

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Discipline: History
Summary:
Using X-rays to photograph a centuries-old painting of Scottish nobleman Sir John Maitland, a horrifying picture, a woman wearing a dress and hat, emerges. Through insight observation and comparison of the woman's pose, "the woman's hands at her waist as if holding a pendant," expert Anderson asserts that it is Mary Queen! The paint stands out as a exception  for nobility: "sketches were typically made on paper before being transferred to a wooden panel." Since an eccentric fact is discovered, people tend to find the reason, impelling by curiousness. Anderson thinks the truth may have tight and intense connection with historical background at that time: It would have been a risk to display Mary's face at that time due to her  imprisonment. Thus a portrait of the drawer's own face create to mask the image of the debatable queen.
Response:
Our science and technologies are developing in leaps and bounds that nowadays more and more adventure methods can be utilized to know about human history. I have once read a lot articles about how X-rays assistant experts to identity different pigments, techniques then to authenticate creators. Besides, I learned that there must be a cause behind an action, and motivation or background may provide crucial clues.

DQs:
1. Explain why the image of the queen is covered?

2. Have you heard about any technology that helps experts to know more about cultural and historical relics? Explain it.

3. What is you reaction and response toward the title, and what do you expect to know after reading the title?

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Lurking behind an unassuming 16th century painting is one of the U.K.'s most controversial monarchs-Mary, Queen of Scots.

While using X-rays to photograph a centuries-old painting of Scottish nobleman Sir John Maitland, art conservator Caroline Rae from the Courtald Institute of Art in London noticed the ghostly sketch of a woman beneath the top level of pigment.

The woman can be seen wearing a dress and hat and appears to be looking off to the left. Tracing the woman's outline, Rae compared it to depictions of Mary made during this time period. She found it bore a strong resemblance to other paintings made of the queen.

The sketch also showed the woman's hands at her waist "as if holding a pendant," said Kate Anderson, the senior curator at the National Galleries of Scotland. The woman thus has a similar pose to other images of Mary created in the 16th century.

"We're convinced that it's her," said Anderson.

With X-radiography, Rae was able to reveal the white lead paint beneath the image of Maitland. This type of technology has revealed hidden sketches in famous paintings by artists like Degas and Picasso. While artists working with the upper class during this time period frequently made sketches, Anderson says it's unusual to find a nearly finished portrait sketch from an artist who painted for the nobility. Sketches were typically made on paper before being transferred to a wooden panel.

She speculated the former queen's image was a controversial one at the time of its creation.

The portrait of Maitland was painted by an artist named Adrian Vanson, who finished the piece in 1589-two years after Mary was executed. Anderson thinks the underlying portrait of the woman was also made by Vanson, who may have been commissioned to paint Mary by Maitland. In fact, the outline of a wired widow's cap in the sketch appears similar to the one Mary wore during imprisonment, she says.

While the museum does not know the exact year the sketch of Mary was made, it would have been dangerous to display Mary's face at that time because of the political tensions that followed in the wake of her execution. It's therefore plausible that Maitland quickly had a portrait of his own face made to cover the image of the controversial queen, Anderson said.

Mary had been imprisoned for almost two decades before her execution. Her rule over Scotland was characterized by violence and controversy. Implicated in her husband's murder, she was forced to abdicate the throne in 1567. Fleeing to England, she sought the help of the reigning monarch there, Elizabeth I, who instead had her imprisoned.

Few portraits remain of Mary, said Anderson, making this sketch a particularly lucky find.

When it was discovered, Rae had been examining a series of paintings by Vanson to better understand his technique. According to Anderson, they had no idea what lurked beneath and can only speculate that more hidden paintings are waiting to be found.

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Ghostly Image of Scottish Queen Found Beneath Painting

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Lurking behind an unassuming 16th century painting is one of the U.K.'s most controversial monarchs-Mary, Queen of Scots. While using X-rays to photograph a centuries-old painting of Scottish nobleman Sir John Maitland, art conservator Caroline Rae from the Courtald Institute of Art in London noticed the ghostly sketch of a woman beneath the top level of pigment.

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Cradles (v):
Original: hold gently and protectively.

Cradle (n) :
Definition: an infant's bed or crib, typically one mounted on rockers.
My own sentence: My mom never used a cradle when I was a baby.
Synonyms: Hamper , Crib, baby bed

Magma (n):
Original: hot fluid or semifluid material below or within the earth's crust from which lava and other igneous rock is formed by cooling.

Magmatism (adj):
Definition: the motion or activity of magma.
My own sentence: Scientist are always on the look out for magmatism.
Synonyms: mimetism

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Response:
I have always wanted to visit the Yellowstone national park. It has always caught my attention because of the colors it contains and actually shows. The fact that this volcano is flat and not like all the other ones. This article was interesting because of the information it provides. The fact that Yellowstone can erupt and kill many people is very scary , I hope that it never erupts.

Q1: The only other Super volcano that I know of is the one in Indonesia called Lake Toba.

Q2: I would like to study volcanology because it looks interesting and I would like to know how they are created and what can be some outcomes if they do happen.

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threat (n.)
Original: A variety of sensors and satellites are always looking for changes, and right now, the supervolcano does not seem to pose a threat.
treating (adj.)
Defintion: possibility of danger or trouble.
My own sentence:
She is unlikely to be a treat to the Wawrinka in the final.
Synonyms: danger, menace,hazard

tantalizing (adj.)
Original:
We see interesting things all the time ... but we haven't seen anything that would lead us to believe that the sort of magmatic event described by the researchers is happening," says Poland via email, adding that the research overall is "somewhat preliminary, but quite tantalizing.
tantalize (v.)
Definition: Make sb a desire to have or do something
My own sentence: She is tantalizing out of reach.
Synonyms: tempting, alluring

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I can still remember what I saw when I first visited to The Yellowstone National Park: As a symbol of the park, Yellowstone Supervolcano undoubtedly made an deep impression on me. I do not verily believe about the title base on peaceful and friendly scene that I saw three years ago. After reading the article, I realize that even though the swelling magma seems to be dangerous, there is no need to worry about that.

Q1: La Garita Caldera locates in US Colorado; Lake Toba places in Indonesia
Sumatra; Atana Ignimbrite situates Chile, Northern.(I learned about the name and location from Wikipedia.)

Q2: I want to study volcanology and here is the reason. It is a good resource provided for us to learn about the origins, developments and history of our own earth, and it is those materials that may assist us to predict the future.

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Explore National Geographic. A world leader in geography, cartography and exploration.

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explosive (adj.)

Original: making the volcano potentially explosive in the geologic blink of an eye.

explosiveness (n.)

Definition: something happened drastically and suddenly

My own sentence: The explosive news of the fire in Napa shocked me.

Synonyms: volatile, fulminic

Estimate (v.)

Original: about two and a half times larger than previous estimates.

Estimation (n.)

Definition: scientifically guessing

My own sentence: students always try to estimate how much credit they can get after exam.

Synonyms: evaluate, guess

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Article 2: “Yellowstone Supervolcano May Rumble to Life Faster Than Thought” by Victoria Jaggard

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Article 2: “Yellowstone Supervolcano May Rumble to Life Faster Than Thought” by Victoria Jaggard

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Discipline: Science

Summary:
In the article, the author reports some recent researches about Yellowstone Supervolcano showing that the Supervolcano is dangerous but unnecessary to worry about. Researchers in Arizona State University assert that last eruption of Yellowstone was because two inflows of magma filled the reservoir under the caldera, and by testing minerals around the area, they claim that it will still take centuries to reproduce that process. However, another study shows that the magma reservoir below the Supervolcano is two and a half times larger than thought, and it can be refilled in a short time. Today’s Yellowstone National Park is formed by a huge eruption 630000 years ago, and scientists find that there were two other eruptions in the past two million years according to the ash of that eruption. The good news is that the Supervolcano has been dozing for a lone time – the last quake in the area happened 70000 years ago. In 2011, researchers revealed that the ground above the magma room went up 10 inches in 7 years. The expert explains that the magma is too deep to threaten, and there’s no way to predict next eruption. Though a recent report pointed out some of the eruptions in the past may actually two events, which warning eruptions may be more common than estimated, U.S. Geological Survey rates the possibility of eruption nearly same as an asteroid collide the earth.

Response:
It’s a fearful when first looking this title – it seems the Supervolcano are going to erupt tomorrow. However, as I reading through the article, I realized that this is only a popularization of Supervolcano knowledge. This article help me know how the Yellowstone National Park was formed, and what is happening inside the Supervolcano. I just hope Yellowstone Supervolcano can sleep forever.

DQs:

1.      Do you know some other Supervolcanos? Where are they?

2.      Do you want to study volcanology? Why or why not?

3.      Explain how the Yellowstone Supervolcano works according to the article.

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If the supervolcano underneath Yellowstone erupts again, we may have far less advance warning time than we thought.

After analyzing minerals in fossilized ash from the most recent mega-eruption, researchers at Arizona State University think the supervolcano last woke up after two influxes of fresh magma flowed into the reservoir below the caldera.

And in an unsettling twist, the minerals revealed that the critical changes in temperature and composition built up in a matter of decades. Until now, geologists had thought it would take centuries for the supervolcano to make that transition.

A 2013 study, for instance, showed that the magma reservoir that feeds the supervolcano is about two and a half times larger than previous estimates. Scientists also think the reservoir is drained after every monster blast, so they thought it should take a long time to refill. Based on the new study, it seems the magma can rapidly refresh-making the volcano potentially explosive in the geologic blink of an eye.

"It's shocking how little time is required to take a volcanic system from being quiet and sitting there to the edge of an eruption," study co-author Hannah Shamloo told the New York Times.

Still, Yellowstone is one of the best monitored volcanoes in the world, notes Michael Poland, the current Scientist-in-Charge of the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory for the U.S. Geological Survey. A variety of sensors and satellites are always looking for changes, and right now, the supervolcano does not seem to pose a threat.

"We see interesting things all the time ... but we haven't seen anything that would lead us to believe that the sort of magmatic event described by the researchers is happening," says Poland via email, adding that the research overall is "somewhat preliminary, but quite tantalizing."

The new paper adds to a suite of surprises scientists have uncovered over the last few years as they have studied the supervolcano. (Also find out about a supervolcano under Italy that has recently been rumbling.)

Today, Yellowstone National Park owes much of its rich geologic beauty to its violent past. Wonders like the Old Faithful geyser and the Grand Prismatic Spring are products of the geothermal activity still seething below the park, which is driven in turn by the vast magma plume that feeds the supervolcano.

About 630,000 years ago, a powerful eruption shook the region, spewing forth 240 cubic miles' worth of rock and ash and creating the Yellowstone caldera, a volcanic depression 40 miles wide that now cradles most of the national park.

That eruption left behind the Lava Creek Tuff, the ash deposit that Shamloo and her ASU colleague Christy Till used for their work, which they presented in August at a volcanology meeting in Oregon. The pair also presented an earlier version of their study at a 2016 meeting of the American Geophysical Union.

Based on fossil deposits like this one, scientists think the supervolcano has seen at least two other eruptions on this scale in the past two million years or so. Lucky for us, the supervolcano has been largely dormant since before the first people arrived in the Americas. While a handful of smaller belches and quakes have periodically filled the caldera with lava and ash, the last one happened about 70,000 years ago.

In 2011, scientists revealed that the ground above the magma chamber bulged by up to 10 inches in a span of about seven years.

"It's an extraordinary uplift, because it covers such a large area and the rates are so high," the University of Utah's Bob Smith, an expert in Yellowstone volcanism, told National Geographic at the time.

The swelling magma reservoir responsible for the uplift was too deep to create fears of imminent doom, Smith said, and instead the caldera's gentle "breathing" offered valuable insights into the supervolcano's behavior.

In 2012, another team reported that at least one of the past super-eruptions may have really been two events, hinting that such large-scale events may be more common than thought.

But almost everyone who studies Yellowstone's slumbering supervolcano says that right now, we have no way of knowing when the next big blast will happen. For its part, the U.S. Geological Survey puts the rough yearly odds of another massive Yellowstone blast at 1 in 730,000-about the same chance as a catastrophic asteroid collision.

This story was updated on October 12 to include comment from Dr. Poland.

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Yellowstone Supervolcano May Rumble to Life Faster Than Thought

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If the supervolcano underneath Yellowstone erupts again, we may have far less advance warning time than we thought. After analyzing minerals in fossilized ash from the most recent mega-eruption, researchers at Arizona State University think the supervolcano last woke up after two influxes of fresh magma flowed into the reservoir below the caldera.

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assessment (n.):
Original: "But only 17 percent of Japanese teens agreed with that assessment."
assess (v.)
Definition: make a estimation or judgement of something.
My Own Sentence: It is difficult to assess the value of turquoise.
Synonyms: estimate, evaluate

conflict (n.):
Original: The devices are a greater cause of conflict among teens and parents in the United States than in Japan.
conflictive (adj.)
Definition: disagreement or argument between people.
My Own Sentence: Culture conflict is a challenge for international students to deal with.
Synonyms: collide, debate

# data[].attributes.body
It is universally know that nowadays that more and more teenagers are indulged in smartphone due to the technological and science advance. I always see students look down and watch their smartphones while walking, having meals or taking breaks. My brother is a good example to support the fact in the article. He plays video games or chats with friends using his smartphone almost whenever I go into his room. For most of the time, our conversations involve in nothing but smartphones.

Q1: I think I am not addicted to my phone. Even though I spend one hour for chatting or searching using my smartphone, I know explicitly and certainly that my smartphone is just a product to make my life more convenient. Never do I touch my smartphone while I am concentrating on my study.

Q3: From my point of view, the author employs specific statistics and utilizes quotations from figures skillfully. The truth in the numbers is undeniable, and the writer cites the facts promptly, making the statement much more authentic. As we all know that fact is often viewed as power and with information as direct as statistics.

# data[].attributes.body
addicted (adj.):
Original: "About half of teenagers in the United States and Japan say they are addicted to their smartphones."
addiction (n.)
Definition: make people be interested or pay attention on something.
My Own Sentence: As a student, I cannot be addicted to games.
Synonyms: overdose

engage (v.):
Original: "...mobile devices are changing the way we engage ..."
engagement (n.)
Definition: things are going to do or promise to do
My Own Sentence: I'm unwilling to engage on the term.
Synonyms: attract, absorb

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The data and facts of the article shocked me after reading. Though people are used to stay with their phones everyday, the fact that most of the teenagers addicted to that is terrible, and may cause bad influence in the future. Using smartphones all the time is not only unhealthy for body but also bad for study. I think societies need to pay attention on this issue, and make some changes.

Q1. I think I'm partially addicted to my phone. Somtimes, I can put my phone on the desk and not use it for several hours, but sometimes, I just want to look at it - even I don't know what to do with my phone.

Q3. This article really shocked me, and I think I need to make some changes for myself to control the using of smartphone.

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Devices (n):
Original: ....."69 percent of parents and 78 percent of teens say they use their devices every hour."
Devise (v):
Definition: Plan or invent by careful thought.
My Own Sentence:
It would be nice to see a change in the usage of devices.
Synonyms: conceive, formulate

React (v):
Original: "About 7-in-10 American teens said they felt a need to react quickly to mobile messages....."
Reaction (n):
Definition: an action performed or a feeling  experienced in response to a situation or event.
My Own Sentence:
Many people will have a different reaction to this article.
Synonyms: Answer , Response , Reply

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Article 1: "Half of US, Japan Teens 'Addicted' to Smartphones" by Bruce Alpert

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Article 1: "Half of US, Japan Teens 'Addicted' to Smartphones" by Bruce Alpert

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Discipline: Science
Summary:
In this article by Bruce Alpert, he explains the research he has done about Teens and their parents in the US and Japan being addicted to their smartphones. . Also the addiction has shown that it causes problems between family members. In the article it explains how leaving you phone at home can be one of the worst things because teens are so addicted to them.
Response:
The reason I choose this article is because I agree that teens including myself are addicted to smartphones. It is sad to say because in my opinion you do not get to really enjoy life as much because you are to worried about being on your smartphone. The percentage is honestly really high.
DQs:
1). Do you think you are addicted to your phone? why/why not?
2). Would you disagree that teens are addicted to their smart phones?
3). How do you feel about this article?

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About half of teenagers in the United States and Japan say they are addicted to their smartphones.

University of Southern California (USC) researchers asked 1,200 Japanese about their use of electronic devices. The researchers are with the Walter Annenberg School for Communications and Journalism. Their findings were compared with an earlier study on digital media use among families in North America.

"Advances in digital media and mobile devices are changing the way we engage not only with the world around us, but also with the people who are the closest to us," said Willow Bay, head of the Annenberg School.

The USC report finds that 50 percent of American teenagers and 45 percent of Japanese teens feel addicted to their mobile phones.

"This is a really big deal," said James Steyer, founder of Common Sense Media, an organization that helped with the study. "Just think about it, 10 years ago we didn't even have smart phones."

Sixty-one percent of Japanese parents believe their children are addicted to the devices. That compares to 59 percent of the American parents who were asked.

Also, more than 1-in-3 Japanese parents feel they have grown dependent on electronic devices, compared to about 1-in-4 American parents.
Leaving your phone at home is 'one of the worst things'
"Nowadays, one of the worst things that can happen to us is, like, 'Oh, I left my phone at home,'" said Alissa Caldwell, a student at the American School in Tokyo. She spoke at the USC Global Conference 2017, which was held in Tokyo.

A majority of Japanese and American parents said their teenagers used mobile devices too much. But only 17 percent of Japanese teens agreed with that assessment. In the United States, 52 percent of teens said they are spending too much time on mobile devices.
Many respond immediately to messages
About 7-in-10 American teens said they felt a need to react quickly to mobile messages, compared to about half of Japanese teens.

In Japan, 38 percent of parents and 48 percent of teens look at and use their devices at least once an hour. In the United States, 69 percent of parents and 78 percent of teens say they use their devices every hour.

Naturally, that hourly usage stops when people are sleeping, the researchers said.

The devices are a greater cause of conflict among teens and parents in the United States than in Japan. One-in-3 U.S. families reported having an argument every day about mobile device use. Only about 1-in-6 Japanese families say they fight every day over mobile devices.
Care more about devices than your children?
But 20 percent of Japanese teens said they sometimes feel that their parents think their mobile device is more important than they are. The percentage of U.S. teens saying they feel this way is 6 percent.

In the United States, 15 percent of parents say their teens' use of mobile devices worsens the family's personal relationships. Eleven percent of teens feel their parents' use of mobile devices is not good for their relationship.

The USC research was based on an April 2017 study of 600 Japanese parents and 600 Japanese teenagers. Opinions from American parents and teenagers were collected in a study done earlier by Common Sense Media.

Bay, the Annenberg School of Communications dean, said the research raises critical questions about the effect of digital devices on family life.

She said the cultural effects may differ from country to country, but "this is clearly a global issue."

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голос америки

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Half of US, Japan Teens 'Addicted' to Smartphones

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About half of teenagers in the United States and Japan say they are addicted to their smartphones. University of Southern California (USC) researchers asked 1,200 Japanese about their use of electronic devices. The researchers are with the Walter Annenberg School for Communications and Journalism.