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i have info on feminism, on  general decade observations laws rebuttals and tv influence along with some studies porving this.
but i still dont really know what ik doihg..

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up with a whole response and take action

Page 1016-1025 Review of Existing Law

Part A Legal Authority and Responsibility 1017

Legislations passed in 1912 and 1927 regulating radio transmissions: See id.; see also The Radio Act of 1912, ch. 287, 36 Stat. 302 (requiring a license to “use or operate any apparatus for radio communication”); The Radio Act of 1927, ch. 169, 44 Stat. 1162 (extending radio regulations to “all forms of interstate and foreign radio transmissions and communications within the United States”).

Federal Communications Act of 1934 which regulated “communications by wire or radio”

Wire included TV

1990 congress passed Children’s Television act under COmmerce CLause authority: meant to “ to protect children from over commercialization on television” (Children’s Television Act of 1990, Pub. L. No. 101-437, Title I, § 101(4)–(5), 104 Stat. 996 (codified as amended in scattered sections of 47 U.S.C.).)

Federal Communications Commissions

Federal Communications Act 1934: FCC can regulate various issues

Ex. 1974 Commission report on kids tv

FCC v. Pacifica FOundation

FCC can regulate broadcast waves but not internet and cable

The Federal Trade Commission

Has authority over advertising

“there is a representation, omission or practice that is likely to mislead the consumer acting reasonably in the circumstances, to the consumer’s detriment.” (page 1020)

For a ad to be misleading it has to mislead the consumer, the practice must be considered from perspective of customer, should not cause injury easily

1970’s FTC and FCC  considered rules for regulating kids programs but decided not to

Industry Self-Regulation

Business sector also supports responsible child advertisement

1974 Children’s Advertising Review Unit founded administered by Better Business Bureaus

CARU deals with complaints from viewers

“CARU “evaluates child directed advertising and promotional material in all media to advance truthfulness, accuracy and consistency with its Self-Regulatory Guidelines for Children’s Advertising and relevant laws.” (page 1021)

Try to encourage good social goals

Congress, the FCC, and the FTC

CTA helps decrease child ad exposure but cannot address gender bias

FCC can only regulate the length of commercials

Gendered toys ads are many things but it is not considered indecent enough compared to the FCC standards

But the FCC had ability to address discrimination on race, color, religion, national origin, and sex

But argument is hard to make unless everyone sees commercial

1970’s both org were asked to ban child ads or make them stricter: but they both failed

Neither of the agencies want to deal with gender advertising either

It is also hard to go against the congress

“One explanation for the federal government’s lack of action [in regulating children’s food advertisements] is the powerful lobby for the industry. . . . The industry lobby defeated [the 1970’s regulatory proposals] by influencing the vote of the Senate Commerce Committee. . . . Since the late 1970s, both the FTC and the [FCC] have proposed efforts to regulate advertising to children during children’s programming, but advertising remains largely unregulated.” (. Fulwider, supra note 213, at 226–27 (footnotes omitted). )

Industry self regulation

CARU guidelines are only voluntary

Caru cares about racial discrimination but does not yet seem to want to take action for gender

“See SHEEHAN, supra note 83, at 104.” according to source they actually see gendered ads as helpful… said over 20 years ago since the book i’m reading rn was made

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1st argument: Many claim because females and males are built differently they are just worse at science

Psychologist Elizabeth disagrees

Elizabeth S. Spelke, Sex Differences in Intrinsic Aptitude for Mathematics and Science?: A Critical Review, 60 AM. PSYCHOLOGIST 950, 956 (2005). 146. See Matthew J. Sharps et al., Spatial Cognition and

“Research on the cognitive abilities of males and females, from birth to maturity, does not support the claim that men have greater intrinsic aptitude for mathematics and science. Male and female infants do not differ in the cognitive abilities at the foundations of mathematical and scientific thinking; they have common abilities to represent and learn about objects, numbers, language, and space. . . . Although older boys and girls show somewhat different cognitive profiles, the differences are complex and subtle (it is not the case, e.g., that women are verbal and men are spatial). These differences tend to be small, and they stem primarily from differing strategy choices. Above all, these differing profiles do not add up to a male or female advantage in learning advanced mathematics. . . . [O]ur considerable gifts for mathematics and science have been bestowed, in equal measure, on males and females.”

Females still excel in math when they are given the materials at a young age to st art exploring and developing their spatial skills

2nd argument: girls naturally choose dolls, while boys like trucks

But unknowingly parents can place rolls onto their children, by buying them things they think they will like based on gender

3rd argument: girls play with all toys the same: if they play with trucks they will not play with them like “boys”

But when girls play with more masculine toys they actually do show improvement in math and science

4th argument: there could be another way boys have more developed spatial awareness

“play with ‘boys’ toys’ is related to the development of spatial rather than verbal abilities for children of both sexes, while play with ‘girls’ toys’ is related to higher verbal than visual-spatial skills.” (Lisa A. Serbin & Jane M. Connor, Sex-Typing of Children’s Play Preferences and Patterns of Cognitive Performance, 134 J. GENETIC PSYCH. 315, 316 (1979).)

So toys may not be the only contribution but it is one of them

5th argument: tv is not the fault of those in charge of law but the parents

Parents have authority over their kids, but cannot decide how their kids perceive toys and take messages from ads

Parents care about the welfare and wants of their children.

88% parents said they encourage girls to play with blocks and trucks:Nancy K. Freeman, Preschoolers’ Perceptions of Gender Appropriate Toys and their Parents’ Beliefs about Genderized Behaviors: Miscommunication, Mixed Messages, or Hidden Truths?, 34 EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUC. J. 357, 362 (2007).

64% parents said they would buy a doll for their son

6th argument: tv ads are not the only way kids learn about gender roles

You cannot just ask for more main girl scientists or less stereotyping must come up with a whole response and take action

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Children toys and career selection page 1011

Children are able to sort occupations by gender very easily

Kids eliminate careers based on gender at a young age, when they are discovering what they are interested in

1992 study shows children toys influence career

Claire Etaugh & Marsha B. Liss, Home, School, and Playroom: Training Grounds for Adult Gender Roles, 26 SEX ROLES 129, 142 (1992) (explaining how parents shape gender roles by providing their children with gender-typical toys and directing them to engage in gender-typed household chores).

Girls given gender neutral toys wanted to pursue “male” careers

They had one commercial with just boys building blocks and another with the same commercial product except with girls: when asked most responded that the toy was gender neutral after watching girls in the ad

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Page 999-1016

How tv influences children:

Playing with toys for a kid is how they learn and develop

Playing: can increase child’s attention span and creativity, also helps with creativity and abstract thinking

Toys allow kids to “play pretend” roles of careers as adults

Activities loved in childhood stick with you

Ads encourage kids what toys they should and should not play with

Guys encouraged to play with cars trucks and machines

Supports boys imagining how to build

telescopes

Girls encouraged to play kitchen and dolls

Learn domestic activities

Domestic traits can be very admirable but are not required to be used with the same imagination it is needed to invent things in science

Also having two sets of the same toy except one for girls and one for boys can disrupt spatial skills

Spatial skills: “refers to “skill in representing, transforming, generating, and recalling symbolic, non-linguistic information.”45 There are various types of spatial skills, examples of which include “using maps, solving geometry questions, and recognizing two dimensional representation of three-dimensional objects.””

Girl toys: focus appearance, how pretty something was

Guy toys: study when asking people what toys have a “stronger cognitive” ability: most ppl said guy toys

Girls play with dolls which help develop social skills while guys play with trucks to help build spatial skills

There was a study on whether kids who played with blocks if it helped in math, it ended up showing up by helping in sat scores

Been seen that girls who play with toys that teach spatial skills, the career gap and be closed

Tv is biggest influence for gender roles

Kids spend a lot of time watching TV: it is said some kids watch “30 hours of TV a week” (page 1004)\

Children learn through those they look up to

Sometimes kids learn more from their models behaviors than their own parents

Four hours of Tv can have up to 40,000 commercials in a year

“then, an American child may view up to forty thousand commercials in a year” (page 1005)

American Psychological Association claims that 50% of kids see a toy ad and remember it a week later

When a kid is asked how they learn a about a toy most of them will say TV

Look into Barbara Lipper, Toys for Tots—On Saturday Mornings, Advertisers and Programmers Make Sure that Boys Will Be Boys and Girls Will Be Girls, ADWEEK (Oct. 25, 1993, 12:00 AM), http://www.adweek.com/news/advertising/toys-tots-saturday-mornings-advertisersand-programmers-make-sure-boys-will-be-boys.  (1006)

1990 study by Dyanne Tracy

There was a study of 5th graders where a girl doing “guy” things is called a tom girl

Both girls and boys performed equally in science toys

But when doing this world wide stats changed

Two dimensional toys: stickers, puzzles are seen for girl

But there were legos and blocks for girls which might of helped contribute to growth in science

Toy advertisement (pg 1008)

Drs Susan Kahlenberg and Michelle Hein studied commercials in Nickelodeon

More girls in doll and animal ads then girls and boys or boys only.

game/building and action figure, sports or construction was for boys only ads

The research: “H1 predicted that more dolls and animals would be featured in girls-only than either boys-only or boys-and-girl commercials. A cross tabulation of toys by gender portrayal showed support for H1, as dolls (58.3%) and animals (82.6%) were overwhelmingly relegated to girls-only commercials. As shown in Table 3,124 there were no dolls shown in boys-only commercials, and relatively few featured in boys-and-girls commercials (14.4%). Further, less than one-tenth of the animals were shown in boys-only (8.7%) or boys-and-girls (1.4%) commercials. Of special interest was the extent to which dolls were marketed as girl toys, insofar that dolls were more likely to be shown with no discernable gender portrayal (27.3%) than to be shown with boys, whether in boys-only (0.0%) or boys-and-girls (14.4%) commercials.”

“H2 predicted that action figure, game/building, sports, and transportation/construction toys would be featured in boys-only commercials more than in girls-only or boys-andgirls only commercials. As shown in Table 3, H2 was partially supported, with transportation/construction (87.1%), action figure (72.0%), and sports (63.0%) toys predominately featured in boys-only commercials. In fact, action figure and transportation/construction toy commercials had no girls featured, even when paired with boys. Although games/building toys were strongly featured in boys-only commercials (31.5%), they had slightly more prominence in boys-and-girls commercials (32.9%). That said, there were relatively few games/building toys featured in girls-only commercials (8.2%), indicating that girls should play and build, but more so in the presence of boys. 125”

Part c. Take away

Girls equal dolls guys equal blocks

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Book on Ebsco for gendered toys

Cite: Daly, Natasha. 2017. "GIRLS, BOYS, AND GENDERED TOYS." National Geographic 231, no. 1: 17. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed December 1, 2017).

1975: “ Only 2 percent of toys in the 1975 Sears catalog had gender-specific entries.”

But the sears catalog did bring toys back that slowly stated old gendered roles like cooking ofr women while the guys went off to work

1980: clothes were gendered: marketers took advantage of ultrasound technology: where people knew the gender of their kid before they were born

2015 study: males more likely to play with toys with spacial intelligence: puzzles, k’nex, legos

There are also “girl building sets”  vs “boy building sets”

http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsgao&AN=edsgcl.432894720&site=eds-live

Smith, Nareissa L. "Built for boyhood? A proposal for reducing the amount of gender bias in the advertising of children's toys on television." Vanderbilt Journal Of Entertainment And Technology Law no. 4 (2015): 1020. Academic OneFile, EBSCOhost (accessed December 3, 2017).

Pg 994-998

Introduction

2007 women were

78% teachers

82% social workers

92% nurses

97% secretaries and administrative assistants

50.8% chemists and material sciences

24.7% computer programmers

11.5% civil engineers

We have found our way into medicine and law, but not science

2009 31% of lawyers were women

Harvard president Lawrence Summers suggests biology is why there is such a huge gender gap in science

Summers suggests it is childhood edu.

There was a survey that 95% of girls believed in science as cool

66% respondents said that science is not for girls

Not all toys discourage from science, but a lot push towards other careers

We must regulate gender bias in TV

There was a supreme court Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp v. Public Service Commision: look into it

Gender advertising  is new idea of backlash. Many articles say ads focus on racial stereotypes, gender bias, and genders in media (discussions about porna nd violence agaisnt women)

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http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=120323618&site=eds-live

Book on Ebsco for gendered toys

Cite: Daly, Natasha. 2017. "GIRLS, BOYS, AND GENDERED TOYS." National Geographic 231, no. 1: 17. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed December 1, 2017).

1975: “ Only 2 percent of toys in the 1975 Sears catalog had gender-specific entries.”

But the sears catalog did bring toys back that slowly stated old gendered roles like cooking ofr women while the guys went off to work

1980: clothes were gendered: marketers took advantage of ultrasound technology: where people knew the gender of their kid before they were born

2015 study: males more likely to play with toys with spacial intelligence: puzzles, k’nex, legos

There are also “girl building sets”  vs “boy building sets”

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Really born in mid 1990’s

Achieved by second wave feminism helped third wave be more presumptuous about sexism

Sexual liberation

Able to achieve high educations

Guerilla girls

Included women of color

Strong female representation in movies and tv shows

First wave: legal issues, 19th amendment

1960’s race and size feminism starts

1980’s feminine lesbian movement

1990’s diverse races and completing what and wave didn’t finish

3rd wave feminism is assumed to only be about multicultural inclusion, identity politics, and intersectionality

Also includes wave of female representation

Specifically in colored women

Chapter 12

Wearing whatever you want, including mini skirts

Younger vs. older feminist. The older middle-class women compared to young pop culture obsessed with models, tv

Suburban consumer market

Basically, technology growing and so is pop culture

Overall thoughts: technology changed female ideals, but it also changed the way women seen. Women gained a type of “i don’t give a sh8t” about what ppl think about me, and they started to dress to fit popstars and models. When pop culture was based on reaching the standard of those you look up to (on tv, wearing makeup and being edited) ideals become impossible. We gained the names of “slut and whore”. Technology also made women confident they had two waves of feminism down and were ready to fight back about things other than first level sexism.

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http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsgao&AN=edsgcl.432894720&site=eds-liveSmith, Nareissa L. "Built for boyhood? A proposal for reducing the amount of gender bias in the advertising of children's toys on television." Vanderbilt Journal Of Entertainment And Technology Law no. 4 (2015): 1020. Academic OneFile, EBSCOhost (accessed December 3, 2017). 

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http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsgao&AN=edsgcl.432894720&site=eds-liveSmith, Nareissa L. "Built for boyhood? A proposal for reducing the amount of gender bias in the advertising of children's toys on television." Vanderbilt Journal Of Entertainment And Technology Law no. 4 (2015): 1020. Academic OneFile, EBSCOhost (accessed December 3, 2017). 

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what are the difference  and similarities of two time periods in terms of gender norms?
Has there ever been advertisement that received backlash for any reason regarding gender? why?
did toys themselves change or just the ads?

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http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/results?vid=0&sid=02d68c01-c1c5-4475-a2f2-cd3041a42c93%40sessionmgr102&bquery=%22gender+toys%22+AND+advertising&bdata=JmNsaTA9RlQxJmNsdjA9WSZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1lZHMtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d

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online:
-in google docs
EBSCO
- http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=120323618&site=eds-live
cite- Daly, Natasha. 2017. "GIRLS, BOYS, AND GENDERED TOYS." National Geographic 231, no. 1: 17. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed December 1, 2017).
-http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=321673&site=eds-live
cite- Hewitt, Nancy A. No Permanent Waves : Recasting Histories of U.S. Feminism. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2010. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost), EBSCOhost (accessed December 3, 2017).
-http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsgao&AN=edsgcl.432894720&site=eds-live
cite- Smith, Nareissa L. "Built for boyhood? A proposal for reducing the amount of gender bias in the advertising of children's toys on television." Vanderbilt Journal Of Entertainment And Technology Law no. 4 (2015): 1020. Academic OneFile, EBSCOhost (accessed December 3, 2017).

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growth in technology vs growth in feminism

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growth in technology vs growth in feminism

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LOOK INTO!!

general knowledge:
technology was really how people got into activist: ppl were more confident in their voices

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1970’s observations

Toy's were gendered, just not in a "pink and blue" lens. The toys were separated by tough, fast, cool vs. cooking, caring, dolls. There were NFL and car sets with only boys, and kitchen catalogs with the girl's shown playing. I also realized that U.S had major gender roles in the 1970's between women and men; BEcause of gender roles, ppl were not as skeptical about toys. Now that gender roles and equality have developed, people are catching on to the subtle key ways people are gendered

1980’s observation

Toys were gendered. There were specific toys like my little pony, barbie vs. star wars and He-man action figures that started fully exploiting the gender roles in 1970-80. But, there were many toys that were gender neutral that is definitely gendered now. For example, Legos and cabbage patch kids and board games (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_6MAkLJ79LE). The game operation was shown for all kids, and they were playing together and having friends, it was also a game teaching kids about being a surgeon (kind of).

1990’s observations

There are now guns and action figures with boy advertising, being shown as tough and cool. Nintendo and electronic games are brought into advertising, where Mario is cool and for little boys to be adventurous. While little girls are taking care of pink virtual pets, or playing with dolls. The Barbie commercials showgirls in cool new fashion trends playing with the barbie (which was first being used a female empowerment, notice how little boys aren’t in those commercial’s). Toys are now starting to be split into colors on top of gender generalizations and characteristics.

2000’s observations:

The way to appeal to younger girls is through fashion and popularity, while for little boys it is action and violence. The new electronic ads did not show one specific gender, for they were marketed for everyone. But the products made to accessorize the new electronic games were very gendered in pink and blue colors.

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What does 3rd wave feminism, which started a backlash, say about society?

1st wave ended in 20’s in the 19th amendment

2nd wave ended in late 60’s (specific said around 63)

3rd wave starts in 80’s when: activist “born”

3rd wave feminism is what starts the backlash

90’s to 2000’s technology has evolved. People are now having debates and forming ideas online: and they are spreading

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1.  Gendered toy marketing has not changed much since 1990's, even though gender identity has.
2. Toy marketing was not gendered in 1970's low 80's
3. Gendered Toys were never seen as a problem until late 1990's

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Do not be a psychologist, don’t decided an impact that gendered toys have a on kids. Look into how the protesters think gendered toys will affect their kids.

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When did backlash against gendered toys become popular discussion?

What are the main themes in these arguments?

What were the people revolting thinking about gendered toys?

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What does the change and lack of change in gendered toy advertisement, from the 1970's to 90's-2000's, reveal about developing cultural values regarding gender?