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Pandemics By Debra A. Miller

Many epidemics spread throughout history while wars were fought

Typhus was a common epidemics spread during wars

Bacterial illness that gives people a high fever, body rash, and it is spread through human lice and fleas

Durring the crusades more men were killed from typhus then war casualties

During world War II many prisioners died in concentration camps due to Typhus

During travel and trade in the 16th and the 17th century Frech soldiers sent by Napoleon died of yellow fever

outbreak of typhus killed 18,000 French troops fighting in Italy in 1528 losing the battle

in 1542 30,000 in Balkans diend fighting the ottomans

Reports say Typhus helped destroy Napolean's army in 1811 while fighting Russia

Cramped and unclean spaces like jails or barracks are reasons why wars are where some diseases thrive and then eventually spread to the rest of the world

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Source: http://www.worldbookonline.com/student/article?id=ar437100&st=polio#tab=homepage

Polio virus attacks nerve cells of brain or spinal cord

-only less than 2% of Polio has the well known deadly effects

-patients show mild symtoms such as fever, headache, sore throat, and vomiting, lasts mostly a day

More severe polio starts with same symptoms exept they dont dissapear

Stifness in necks and backs until the muscles become weak and you can barely move, pains in back and legs and it is hard to stand and walk

Polio patients could suffer Post-Polio syndrom 30 years after with symtoms such as weakened muscles, pains in  joints, and difficulty breathing

Polio virus enter through the mouth and nose and goes to the intestines

It enters the nerve cell and duplicates rapidly until it kills the cell

Paralysis happens when many of your cells are killed

people who get infected can be totally fine

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Source: The Battle Against Polio By Stephanie True Peters
http://sks.sirs.com/webapp/article?artno=0000397427&type=ART#cite

Polio spreads when people drink or come in contact with water containing the contaminated feces

Countries where there are wars are common areas where polio can spread

2nd, 3rd world countries little public health sytems with no anti-Polio vaccines

After industrial Revolution polio really started to hit

New inventions created new jobs for farmers who lost jobs

Caused people move from  country side to cities with factories

-Cities not able support overpopulations led to overcrowded, dirty

neigborhoods overwhelmed sewer systems, not enough clean water

Many diseases such as tuberculosis, typhoid, small pox, and Cholera

made connections health and water systems updated

But when people caught the polio virus as infants before updated health sytems they were immune after though older people got infected with the contaminated water without immunity they had Polio

Polio had a big rise after that, mostly in older people

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World book online: Influenza: by Daniel R. Perez http://www.worldbookonline.com/student/article?id=ar276340&st=influenza#tab=homepage

Respiratory disease that hits suddenly and without warning

Humans can spread the disease by breathing or sneezing on others

Humans with disease make contact with other and those others touch their nose or mouth

The flu mutates and changes from its previous virus to a slightly different one

Different types of the flu, Type A, Type B, and Type C

Type B and C only affect humans while Type A can effect certain animals

The different types of the flu occur in many varieties called sub types

People develop immunity or  to influenza when the body makes substances called antibodies

Your body makes T-cells that fight influenza

The virus tends to be an epidemic

In 1918 and 1919 a flu killed around 100 million people worldwide and was classified as a pandemic

In 1957 and 1958 the Asian flu became a pandemic also

The symptoms of influenza are  chills, fever, headache, body aches, and weakness.

The 1918 Influenza Pandemic: by Stephanie True Peters

The Spanish flu was on of the deadliest pandemics in world history, it killed around 20 to 40 million people

It often killed its victims in a few hours and spread so fast around the world

The best thing to help stop the spread is to stay home and isolate the disease to yourself

There is no cure for the flu but rest and water may help

The young and elderly with weaker immune systems are at greater risk for health problems involving the flu

Spanish flu may have originated in Asia

You should get a flu vaccination every year

If you have a existing health issues (like asthma) you are at a greater risk for serious flu complications

The article says, "The Spanish Flu took advantage of the conditions of war to infect all the soldiers of WW2 and WW1" (

Outbreak happens most commonly in winter and early spring

The flu and the cold are 2 very different things

The flu gets over with in 2-5 days

The flu will raise your temperatures to around 100F to 104F

The flu affects your airways so it will cause coughing

You can get ear infections from the flu

The flu will also cause sinus infections

You can take antiviral medicine to help speed the process

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Britannica http://school.eb.com/levels/middle/article/Ebola/311099
Treatment
-A antiviral drug called Zmapp has a high level of protection against the ebolavirus
- Zmapp is a mixture of three different antibodies that bind to proteins on ebolavirus

Transition
-Fruit bats are the natural host
-The fruit bats transmitted other animals including apes, monkeys and certain antelopes
-Humans can get infected form contact with an infected animal
-A human can get infected by an animal if they hunt or by handling the animals bodily fluids or droppings
-Humans can get infected by other humans form either direct contact or from the blood and body fluids of a sick person
Symptoms
- Some of the first signs  of ebola are severe headaches, high fever, muscle aches, and loss of apatite
-In ebola clots lodge throughout the body but mainly in the liver spleen and brain the clots fill capillaries and shut off the blood flow to the organs.
This causes the affected organs to decay
-Blood leaks though capillaries and into the tissues at this point the blood will not clot
- Nausea, vomiting, and bloody diarrhea soon follow as well as a severe rash on the body and head
-By now the body's internal cavities fill with blood and blood leaks from all orifices and though the skin
-Death usually occurs from excessive blood loss shock or kidney failure
-Ebola killed one quarter of the earths gorilla population
-In Ebola research scientists found out that rabbits do not get ill if injected with the Ebola virus and guinea pigs only become slightly ill
Outbreaks
- The first Ebola outbreak was in 1976 in Zaire now located Republic of Congo and Sudan The first Ebola outbreak resulted in 400 deaths
-200 more people died in out break in the Republic of Congo in 1995
-Several other smaller outbreaks occurred in central Africa between 2007 to 2009
-The 2014 Ebola outbreak was an especially harsh epidemic that effected several effected   countries in western Africa 2014-15
The outbreak was caused by a strain of Zaire Ebola virus it is thought that it started with a few cases in southern Guinea in
-December, by the spring of 2014 the disease spread across Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone
-As the outbreak Progressed, The possibility for the spread of Ebola to the counties outside western Africa rose
-A small number of Ebola cases in Nigeria and  Senegal were caused by infected individuals who had been infected and traveled Liberia and Guinea
-Ebola emerged in the United States in late 2014 in a man who had traveled by plane from Liberia to Dallas Texas where he developed symptoms of illness and died
-This was marked as the first case connected with the outbreak to be diagnosed outside of Africa
-About the same time the Spanish heath officials reported transmission of Ebola within Spain's borders
-Most people infected with Ebola carry very high concentrations of the virus in there blood
-Specialized blood test exist that can accurately detect if someone has been infected with the virus
-The test are extremely important when outbreaks occur because researchers want to know with out doubt what is causing the illness so they can better control its spread
-For small rural undeveloped areas that cant afford these tests it is harder to stop these outbreaks  How ever if f someone in the USA got infected these tests would certainly be done
-In undeveloped places they don't have proper equipment to treat patients who have Ebola so they are more likely to get Ebola than people who do have proper equipment

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How Have Humans Impacted The Spread Of Influenza, Ebola, and Polio and how do they affect us?