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The stratosphere is where the ozone layer is located, and it contains 15% of the mass of the atmosphere.

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The troposphere is the layer of the atmosphere that contains about 70-80% of the mass in the atmosphere. This is also where most of the weather happens.

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The doldrums are an equatorial region of the Atlantic ocean with calms, sudden storms, and light unpredictable winds.

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The atmosphere's ozone layer protects us from the nuclear radiation emitted by the sun. Without the atmosphere, the Earth would be stony and barren, like Mars.

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Here is a map of the air currents, including the Jet Stream.

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Trade winds are winds that circle the planet. They take the air from the high-pressure tropical belts to the low-pressure zone at the equator.

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Continental Air Mass:  A dry air mass.
Maritime Air Mass:  A moist air mass.
Polar Air Mass:  A cold air mass.
Tropical Air Mass:  A warm air mass.
An example of an air mass is a maritime tropical air mass. This is probably what you are experiencing on a hot humid day.

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Rain and snow fall from the sky by a process known as precipitation. The falling water ends up entering the hydrosphere, which is all of the water on the Earth's surface.  The water will then evaporate from the ocean or lake and return to the sky to fall again. Another way that water gets to the ground is when it condenses when the temperature reaches the dew point. This makes water condense onto the grass, plant leaves, or whatever you left outside.