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The Ames article highlights a gender-biased issue which seems to be common in Latin American cultures. Female students are marginalized in the Peruvian education system and the overarching goal of the research is to shine a light on this issue of attrition rates of female students in rural villages of Peru. This is a qualitative study. Denzin and Lincoln (2011) define qualitative research as “a situated activity that locates the observer in the world. Qualitative research consists of a set of interpretive, material practices that make the world visible. These practices transform the world. They turn the world into a series of representations, including field notes, interviews, conversations, photographs, recordings and memos of itself” (p. 3). Ames' research was done through personal interviews with the affected communities. This study was driven by the two identified research questions:

Is there a correlation between the structure of the family, its resources and the nature of the children’s attendance at school?

What role does teacher quality play in the retention or success for female students?

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Ontology deals with the nature of reality. For the researcher, this is how the world is viewed from their perspective and the perspective of others. The philosophical perspective of Ames is that she is a constructivist. This is a common philosophy for researchers doing qualitative research. Constructivism “assumes that reality is socially constructed; that is, there is no single, observable reality” (Merriam & Tisdell, 2016, p. 8). Creswell and Poth (2018) explained that the ontology of a constructivist is “reality is multiple as seen through many views” (p. 20) Lincoln, Lynham, and Guba (2011) put in terms of co-constructed realities from local and specific views. This is also a view of relativism.

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Epistemology deals with the nature of knowledge. For the researcher, it is how knowledge is gained or understood. For Lincoln, Lynham, and Guba (2011), the epistemology for a constructivist is that it is subjective knowledge, created by the findings. “Subjective evidence is obtained from participants, the researcher attempts to lessen the distance between himself or herself and that being researched” (Creswell & Poth, 2018, p. 20). In the article, the research focuses on the viewpoints of the locals and shares their knowledge with the culture-sharing group. Ames is directly connected to her research as she spends a significant amount of time with the communities being studied.

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“Methodology is inevitably interwoven with and emerges from the nature of particular disciplines and particular perspectives” (Lincoln, Lynham, & Guba, 2011, p. 97). A common research method of constructivism is via a case study. This article is a critical ethnography in that it attempts to advocate for marginalized groups, in this case, female students in the Peruvian education system (Cresswell, 2015). Which makes sense when reflecting on the goal of the research study; “methodology provides a rationale for the ways in which researchers construct a study” (Morrison, 2017, p. 19). This study focuses on a culture-sharing group, which according to Creswell (2015) are individuals connected through their shared behavior, beliefs, language, or background. Ethnography aims to understand these groups.

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The following works are cited within this Padlet

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A case study was the chosen method. "A case study is an in-depth exploration of a bounded system" (Creswell, 2015, p. 469). For this study, several interviews were conducted, reflected upon and analyzed. This put the researcher, Ames, in the position of the primary instrument of data collection. This is an ethnographic case study. According to Creswell and Poth (2018), “the intent in ethnography is to determine how the culture works” which can be done through an ethnographic case study to highlight an issue (p. 96).