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1)The air humidity in Peninsular shifted toward Sarawak and Sabah
Results in the peninsular to have less cloudy thus the overall temperature will increase this might lead to drought situation . As there will not be raining for a while.The forest will not have enought water to stay alive

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Microorganisms causing decay in trees and wood

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Microorganisms causing decay in trees and wood

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-Wood decay fungi cause billions of dollars in losses each year by destroying wood in forest trees that could be used for timber, by attacking urban shade trees and by causing decay in buildings and other wood in service.

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Mycorrhiza fungi
populate around the area around the plant root and form thin filaments.Plant that have well established mycorrhizal fungi will survive better during extreme environment such as transplant shock and drought,As it absorb more nutrient and make use of water.They also boost the immune system of the plant by making them resistant to soil-borne pathogen.

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The advantage of these microorganism to the forestry field is it prevent the loss of tree during unfavourable condition.Helped plant to grow bigger also help for growing flowering plant such as sunflower.

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Many of us don't really think about trees getting sick or infected but pests and diseases are actually one of the biggest dangers to the future survival of some of our best-loved tree species, from the mighty oak to the ancient ash. The bad news is they're on the rise, but there are a few clever tools we can use to help protect our trees.
Microorganisms that can help to solve these problems is Bacillus thuringiensis.
Characteristics of these microbe:
-gram-positive, soil-dwelling, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria.
-produces a protein that kills Lepidoptera larvae
-grows at body temperature and produces a diamond-shaped crystal from its crystal proteins (Cry proteins)
-referred to as Bt-protected plants
Advantages of these microbe:
- provide a safe and highly effective method of insect control.

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Mycorrhizae: The Symbiotic Relationship between Fungi and Roots

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Mycorrhizae: The Symbiotic Relationship between Fungi and Roots

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Mycorrhiza are fungi that grow inside the plant’s roots, or on the surfaces of the roots. The plant and the fungus have a mutually beneficial relationship
# Plant Benefits from Mycorrhizae
-beneficial in areas where the soil does not contain sufficient nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as in areas where water is not easily accessible
-mycorrhizal mycelia are much finer and smaller in diameter than roots and root hairs, they vastly increase the surface area for absorption
# mycorrhizal fungi
- create a physical barrier between pathogens and plant roots
- connect individual plants within a mycorrhizal network.

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Wood-decay fungi can be classified according to the type of decay that they cause. The best-known types are brown rot, soft rot, and white rot. Each produce different enzymes, can degrade different plant materials, and can colonise different environmental niches. The residual products of decomposition from fungal action have variable pH, solubility and redox potentials. Over time this residue will become incorporated in the soil and sediment, so can have a noticeable effect on the environment of that area.

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Microbes that degrade wood produce extracellular enzymes that break down the woody cell wall. Growth characteristics of the microorganism in wood and the type of degradative system produced results in different decay patterns being produced. Depending on the type of decay, different physical, chemical and morphological changes occur in wood. These decay processes have been well characterized and provide useful insights to elucidate deterioration in living trees and wood in service.

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Challenges that the industry will face on its path to international relevancy include the adoption and acceptance of new and emerging growers, climate change, researching and growing crop supplies for future markets and the development and use of new technologies. The most obvious species that is involved is the woods in the forest. In this case microbes may give be used as a tool to help out this problem.
The microorganisms that can help to solve this problems are fungi and bacteria.
ADVANTAGES OF THE MICROORGANISMS
1)FIXES NITROGEN CYCLE
2)PREVENTS THE CLUMPING OF TREES OR PLANTS OF A PARTICULAR SPECIES.
3)STRUCTURING THE COMPOSITION OF TROPICAL FOREST.
4)DIGEST CELLULOSE IN THE FOOD SUPPLY
5)TO HELP DECOMPOSITION PROCESS
6)SOME PLANTS UTILIZE  FUNGI AS FOOD RESOURCE.

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Overall, the forest is healthy. Still, natural and human induced disturbances pose challenges. These include land development, the introduction of exotic plant species that threaten native tree populations, insects and disease, and atmospheric threats like acid precipitation and climate change. Each of these disturbances has the potential to create a decline in biological diversity, or the decline in the total number of plant and animal species including small mammals, grasses, flowers, fungi and soil bacteria.

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Overall, the Maine forest is healthy. Still, natural and human induced disturbances pose challenges. These include land development, the introduction of exotic plant species that threaten native tree populations, insects and disease, and atmospheric threats like acid precipitation and climate change. Each of these disturbances has the potential to create a decline in biological diversity, or the decline in the total number of plant and animal species including small mammals, grasses, flowers, fungi and soil bacteria.

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We could actually use microbes to curb these problems such as bacteria, fungi or even protozoa.
For example, Mychorrizal fungi

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(1)Allow Herbivores to Consume Poor Quality Food.
(2)Recycle nutrients stored in organic matter to an inorganic form.
(3)Give Plant Roots Access to Nutrients in the Soil.

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Almost every year for the past decade or so, public health investigators on the East Coast of Virginia have tracked down one or two Salmonella outbreaks and identified local tomatoes as the culprit. These outbreaks are typically small, affecting 10 to 100 people. Yet for the very old and very young, they can mean hospitalization and even death.
Salmonella poisoning is often linked to contaminated water or foods, especially meat, poultry, and eggs. Symptoms include abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and vomiting . Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped gram-negative bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family that lives in the gut of infected humans and animals.

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The above problem could be solved with the help of Paenibacillus sp that could inhibit and kill Salmonella. Paenibacillus is a genus of facultative anaerobic, endospore-forming bacteria that grow in the soil.
These bacteria produce various extracellular enzymes such as polysaccharide-degrading enzymes and proteases, which can catalyze a wide variety of synthetic reactions in fields.
Several Paenibacillus species serve as efficient plant grwoth-promoting rhizobacteria  (PGPR), which competitively colonize plant roots and can simultaneously act as biofertilisers and as antagonists (biopesticides) of recognized root pathogens, such as bacteria, fungi, and nematodes.

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One of the problems faced in the field of forestry is that the fertility of the forests soil can  slowly degrade due higher rate of pollution.

SOLUTION: RIZHOBIA AND  BRADYZHOBIA
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation is a significant source of nitrogen for Australian agriculture and may account for up to 80% of total nitrogen inputs (Unkovich 2003). In the symbiosis, rhizobia or bradyrhizobia fix nitrogen gas from the atmosphere and make it available to the legume. In exchange, they receive carbon from the legume. The symbiosis is highly specific and particular species of rhizobia and bradyrhizobia are required for each legume.

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Importance of the microflora and the microfauna in forest environment

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Importance of the microflora and the microfauna in forest environment

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From the biological point of view, it is thus the nutritional aspects which are the most important, because they are the mainspring of transformations taking place in this environment(middle).

The litter, from stratum épigée, can be totally decomposed under the effect of the microbial enzymes. She can also, beforehand, be split up by the microfauna(microcrowd), the result(profit) of the digestion of the ingested parts(parties) being restored to the ground in the form of faecal balls the mineral or organic constituents of which can be of use as food to another category of bodies. These successive reactions of catabolism and anabolism will end in a total mineralization of the organic matter, the new substances so trained(formed), together with the products of the photosynthesis, allowing the development plants essential to the preservation of life on earth.

Bacteria, Actinomycètes, Mushrooms and some animal groupings (Oligochètes, Isopodes, Collemboles, Nematodes, ...) are concerned by this decomposition. The consumers bacteriophages come then (Protozoons, Rotifères, Nématodes, ...), mycophages (Collemboles, Enchytréides, Nématodes, Oribates), phycophages (Nématodes), plant-eating (Nématodes, Beetles, Mollusks), then the predators (Enchytréides, Nématodes, Rotifères, Planaires, Mollusks, Arachnids). The ground, the real ecological jungle, is an alive energy system is where all the possible interactions between sorts(species) or populations and at every level trophiques are represented: symbiosis, parasitism, competition. Every type(chap) of ground offers different energy potentialities which are translated by modifications of the flora and the fauna(crowd). Etant was given this diversity, we shall content with studying one of these circles: a forest rendzine, and to look for the location(localization) and the distribution of the bodies of the ground according to trophiques sources(springs).

-Importance of Microarthropodes

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Fire Effects on Soil Nutrients The soil macronutrients are the elements considered essential for plant growth and nutrition needed in relatively large quantities. They are most likely to impact site productivity and vegetation dynamics.

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Bacterial nucleation in Psedomonas syringae

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Bacterial nucleation in Psedomonas syringae

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P. syringae express a particular type of surface protein, ice-nucleation protein (INP), which increases temperatures to which water is able to freeze.

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Bacterial nucleation in pseudomonas syringae - microbewiki

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This topic has many implications with the current society and its food crisis with starving countries. The weather is a massive determinant in crop harvests around the world. The fight against frost seems like a helpless battle. When plants are exposed to below-freezing temperatures ice crystals can form, causing many growth implications and tissue damage.

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- also known as 'ice-forming' bacteria
-“ice-plus” protein found on the outer bacterial cell wall acts as the nucleating centers for ice crystals.
- P. syringae is a Gram negative
- form ice at temperatures above freezing

TAXONOMY:
Domain:  Bacteria

Phylum:  Proteobacteria

Class:      Gamma Proteobacteria

Order:     Pseudomonadales

Family:    Pseudomonadacae

Genus:    Pseudomonas

Species:  Pseudomonas syringae

sources:
- https://www.gktoday.in/gk/ice-minus-bacteria/
- https://www.popsci.com/heres-how-bacteria-freeze-water-around-them
-http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2008/campbell_rach/classification.htm

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Bioprecipitation = process of formation of mineral phase, which in this case refers to ice by an organism.

-   P. syringae has the capability to grow in a wide range of environments and ecosystems gives this species of bacteria the potential to drastically impact biogeographical systems.

- It has been used in meteorology to refer to the nucleation of ice by bacteria in clouds resulting in snow or rainfall.

-          Pseudomonas syringae have a significant impact on weather systems and ecosystems worldwide.

-          P. syringae also has an extraordinary ice nucleation activity which allows this species to catalyze freezing water at warm temperatures which sparked interest in its role in the water cycle.
-  This bacterium causes water vapor to freeze to a large enough size for gravity to act on the droplets in clouds which causes precipitation such as snow or rain. This is important because organisms such as bacteria that can drive our precipitation patterns, due to cloud formation, of any given area can be vital in predicting weather patterns.

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-          Morris, C. E. et al. 2013. The life history of Pseudomonas syringae: linking agriculture to earth system processes. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. Vol. 51: 85–104 http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-phyto-082712-102402

-          Morris et al. 2008. The life history of the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae is linked to the water cycle. The ISME Journal Vol. 2: 321–334 http://www.nature.com/ismej/journal/v2/n3/full/ismej2007113a.html

-          Maki et al. 1974. Ice Nucleation induced by Pseudomonas syringae. American Society for Microbiology Vol. 28, No. 3: 456-459. http://aem.asm.org/content/28/3/456.full.pdf+html

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