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-wind- assists pollen transport for fruit and seed development

-moderate wind assists gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
-excessive wind causes excess transpiration and may lodge (blow over )crops

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-extra carbon dioxide can be added in greenhouses to increase photosynthetic rate
-thick crop may have limited carbon dioxide that reduces photosynthetic rate

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-provides plants with water, minerals/nutrients, oxygen, warmth and physical support (anchors plant)
-how acid/neutral or alkaline soil is can greatly affect plant growth, as at extremes nutrients can be locked up.

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-Plant diseases mostly take nutrients and moisture from the crop, or negatively affect the structure and function of the plants, causing less photosynthesis and inhibits plant growth/development
-heavier crops may increase susceptibility to disease due to less aeration, e.g fungal diseases, i.e rust

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-Pests either suck nutrients out of plants, or eat parts of the plant, reducing photosynthesis and growth rates of plants
-Root knot nematodes reduce absorption of nutrients so more fertiliser is necessary.
- To prevent damage plants have evolved anti-herbivory defenses such as chemical (toxic compounds, e.g. nicotine, morphine) and physical (spines)

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-Degree of hotness or coldness
-has a large impact on plant growth.
-All plants have a maximum temperature above which they will not grow and a minimum temperature below which they will not grow
- Influences plant growth processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, breaking of seed dormancy. etc
- High temperature--> faster  translocation of photosynthesis=> early maturing of plants; enzyme activity and the rate of most chemical reactions generally increase with rise in temperature, up to a certain point,
- most plants survive in the temperature range of 0-50 degrees Celsius
- excessive low soil temp inhibits soil moisture uptake by plants and freezing temp --> cells expanding and rupturing when frozen; may frost grains --> pinch/not fill grain
-excessive high temp denature proteins and enzymes and may make plant wilt/die

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-bite or suck plant parts to damage plants/ reduce nutrients available to the plant, or in severe cases eat the entire plant.

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- Weeds compete for moisture, nutrients and light, leaving less available for photosynthesis and growth of plants

- Allelopathy-harmful substances i.e chemicals are released by roots of one plant which inhibit the growth and development of another plant.

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- Rainfall is most common form of precipitation
- The amount and regularity of rainfall vary with location and climatic type and greatly affects crop growth and yield.
- Available to plants through subsurface water, soil water or ground water
- Small fraction absorbed by plant is used, most lost through transpiration
-Water is needed by plants from seed germination to plant development.
- Excess water within plant can produce unfavorable effects on growth and development (waterlogging, e.g. lucerne goes yellow and may die)

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- Essential in production of Chlorophyll and photosynthesis (manufacture of plant food)
-Sunlight in crops in paddocks is rarely limited
- is a form of kinetic energy that comes from the sun in tiny particles called quanta and photons, travelling in waves
- Three properties that effect plant growth include: light quality, light intensity and day length/photo-period
-Light quality refers to the specific wavelengths of light
-light intensity is the degree of brightness that a plant receives
-daylength is the duration of the day with respect to the night period.
-Number of sunlight hours in a day (photoperiod) affects when plants start to flower. Long Day plants flower when there are longer hours of daylight.
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- Birds, insects and bats spread pollen from anther to stigma, assisting fruit and seed development of plants