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Texs about scinence often examine the reasons (or causes)why something happens and what happens as a result (or effects).These causes and effects are usually clearly indicated by signal words such as because,because of,cause,due to, a reason,result in.For example:

His experiments resulted in a thick,cloudy liquid.
Cause                                    Effect

Sometimes the cause and effect are reversed:

You can´t  make it at home because the recipe is still a secret.
Effect                                      Cause

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In an academic situation,you will do a lot of your reading with a specofoc essay question in mind.When you are taking notes for a specific essay,it is a good idea to plam your research questions.This will help you to think about the questions you need to answer and make your reading and note taking more focused.

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Taking notes in your own words is important. It will help you avoid potential plagiarims. If you take notes from a text using the same words, then repeat them in an essay,you could be plagiarizing by accident. Also, writing notes in your own words helps you understand what you are writing about,rather than just copying what you read.

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The tone of a text y and can help you to identify and understand the writer´s opinion.This is important if you plan to use the reading in an essay because it will give you an idea whether the writer is for or against a certain position.The author´s opinion is often indicated by certain fixed phrases,and the author´s choice of adjectives and adverbs.

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Synonyms are words or phrases that have similar meanings.Writers often use synonyms to avoid averusing words in a text.Often, an important word is explained,defined,or repeated as a synonym.If you don´t know the meaning of a word,try fo find its synonym in the text.If you can´t find a synonym,try to guess its meaning from context.Sometimes,you will need to look up the word in a dictionary.

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To identify the main ideas of a text,firts look at the title,introduction,and any headings.These will give  you clues about the topic and the main ideas.The skim quickly over each section, paying particular attention to the firts sentences.Make a note of the main ideas and look back at these notes after you have read the text again.

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Pronouns are used instead of repeating the same word many times.They commonly refer backward to a name or idea,but they can also refer forward. It is important to understand which idea the pronoun refers to in order to fully  understand the text.The are some of the most commonly  used pronouns:
People
he, she, we, you, they, who, them, my, your, her, his, our, their, me, him, her, his, our.
Objects and ideas
it, this, these, those, that, there, its.

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Summarizing is giving a bried statement of the most important points of a text. As you need, highlight  or  underline  the  main points of the  text.Then use the information to write a summary.Even when you are just writing a summary for your notes, you should use your own words to avoid potentially plagiarizing the thext if you decide yo use it in an assingnment later.

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Creating a text plan as your read can make it much easier to navigate a text.When you skim read,you are loooking for the general meaning of the whole text and of  individual paragraphs. To create a text plan,note the general meaning of each paragraph the firts time you read,and then decide which paragraphs can be grouped together.

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When you read a factual article,look for definitions of topic-specific vocabulary you are not familiar with.A signal can be a word or phrase,such as or,in other words,or that is,or punctuationmsuch as a comma,parentheses, or dashes.

Kathryn had found a supernova, or an exploding star.
The star becomes brighter than the rest of its galaxy

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You can organize your notes with a map showing relationships between the main ideas.Skim the text and write  down a phrase that summarizes each main idea.Leave room between each idea.Draw a box around each one.Then as you read more closely,add supporting details to your map.Write them around each main idea and draw boxes around them,Then draw lines to connect details to the main idea.

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Skim reading is a useful skill to learn when you are preparing for academic study. You are likely to have a lot of texts to read,a lot of research to do,and not enough time to reas everuthing on a topic. It is therefore often important to decide wether is worth reading a text in greater detail. You can do this by skimming a text quickly to identify the main ideas using headings,sub-headings,and topic sentences to help give you a bigger picture.

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Identifyng the purpose of parts of a text 

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Identifyng the purpose of parts of a text 

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Usually different part of a text perform different functions.Identifying the purpose of different parts of a text can help you recognize the structure and understand overall purpose.Some common functions are listed below.

I ntroduce the topic This is the firts paraghaph in witch  new idea is mentioned

Report data Authors often group  the most important figures ans statisticjs togheter in one paragraph

Explain facts These paragraohs give real,true information rather than opinion,argument, or speculation.Authors often establish the facts of a situation before presenting opinion,argument, or speculation.

Give supporting information These paragraphs present examples and other information to suppor arguments or to give context to the topic.

Present an argument These paragraphs group together all the arguments on one side of an issue.

Present another side of an issue A well-balanced text presents more than onde side of an issue.Even if the author is biased they will often present opposing arguments to make the text appear neutral.

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Scaning is a technique used whan you are looking for specific information. It is important for you practice this skill as academic reading is usually for a specific purpose such as answering an essay question.This skill will help you find information more quickly.

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Previewing key parts of a text before you read makes it easier for you to understand its main ideas.Look at the pictures,read the title,introduction,and any headingsin the text,and skim over the passage.Then think about the topic  and what you already know about it.When you have a sense of what the text is about before you read,you should be able yo understand and remember it better.