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The fourt and 5th states of matter

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The five phases of matter. There are four natural states of matter: Solids, liquids, gases and plasma. The fifth state is the man-made Bose-Einstein condensates. ... In a liquid, the particles are more loosely packed than in a solid and are able to flow around each other, giving the liquid an indefinite shape. 5 states of  Bose–Einstein condensate
In 1924, Albert Einstein and Satyendra Nath Bose predicted the "Bose–Einstein condensate" (BEC), sometimes referred to as the fifth state of matter. In a BEC, matter stops behaving as independent particles, and collapses into a single quantum state that can be described with a single, uniform wavefunction.

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Of the five states of matter , the Bose - Einstein condensate   is perhaps the most mysterious. Bose - Einstein Condensates were first predicted theoretically by Satyendra Nath Bose , an Indian Physicist .Building on his calculations Albert Einstein predicted a new state of matter - The Bose Einstein Condensate . Bose Einstein Condensate is formed by cooling a gas of extremely low density , about one - hundred- thousandth the density of normal air , to super low temperature when they reach that temperature . They are not found naturally on Earth. Bose - Einstein Condensate can be used for the detection of gravitational field.

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Plasma- 4th state of matter Plasma is often called the '4th state of matter', along with solid, liquid and gas. Just as a liquid will boil, changing into a gas when energy is added, heating a gas will form a plasma. Because so much of the universe is made of plasma, its behavior and properties are of intense interest to scientists in many disciplines. Importantly, at the temperatures required for the goal of practical fusion energy, all matter is in the form of plasma.
Researchers have used the properties of plasma as a charged gas to confine it with magnetic fields and to heat it to temperatures hotter than the core of the sun.
5th state of matter-  Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs)
In 1924, Albert Einstein and Satyendra Nath Bose predicted the "Bose–Einstein condensate" (BEC), sometimes referred to as the fifth state of matter. In a BEC, matter stops behaving as independent particles, and collapses into a single quantum state that can be described with a single, uniform wavefunction.

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 Bose-Einstein condensation In condensed matter physics, a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter (also called the fifth state of matter) which is typically formed when a gas of bosons at low densities is cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero.Bose-Einstein condensation is an exotic quantum phenomenon that was observed in dilute atomic gases for the first time in 1995, and is now the subject of intense theoretical and experimental study. In 1924 the Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose sent Einstein a paper in which he derived the Planck law for black-body radiation by treating the photons as a gas of identical particles. Einstein generalized Bose’s theory to an ideal gas of identical atoms or molecules for which the number of particles is conserved and, in the same year, predicted that at sufficiently low temperatures the particles would become locked together in the lowest quantum state of the system. A Bose-Einstein condensate is typically a very, very dilute gas. While it's big enough to see in principle, in practice it doesn't scatter light strongly enough to be visible.

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 Bose-Einstein condensation In condensed matter physics, a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter (also called the fifth state of matter) which is typically formed when a gas of bosons at low densities is cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero.Bose-Einstein condensation is an exotic quantum phenomenon that was observed in dilute atomic gases for the first time in 1995, and is now the subject of intense theoretical and experimental study. In 1924 the Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose sent Einstein a paper in which he derived the Planck law for black-body radiation by treating the photons as a gas of identical particles. Einstein generalized Bose’s theory to an ideal gas of identical atoms or molecules for which the number of particles is conserved and, in the same year, predicted that at sufficiently low temperatures the particles would become locked together in the lowest quantum state of the system. A Bose-Einstein condensate is typically a very, very dilute gas. While it's big enough to see in principle, in practice it doesn't scatter light strongly enough to be visible.

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Plasma: Its known as the fourth state of matter.  Plasma is superheated matter.The particles are in the form of ionsed gases.The sun and the stars glows due to the presence of plasma in the .The plasma is created in stars due to the high temperature.Plasmas are made up of positively charged ions and unbound electrons.
Example:plasmas exist in neon and fluorescent tubes, Auroras, lightning, and welding arcs etc.

Bose - Einstein Condensate:Bose–Einstein condensate is a state of matter which is typically formed when a gas of bosons at low densities is cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero.Its extremely low density.It is known as the rarest star of matter.This state was first predicted, generally, in 1924–1925 by Albert Einstein[1] following and crediting a pioneering paper by Satyendra Nath Bose .
Example:Superconductors and superfluids are the two examples of BEC.

Done by,
Neha S A

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It is often called the fourth state of matter. The existence of “the fourth state of matter" was first identified by Sir William Crookes. Plasma is electrically charged, does not hold its shape, and has a huge amount of energy. Plasma is created when one or more electrons are torn free from an atom plasma is generally a mix of these positively charged ions and negatively charged electrons. Most Plasma is usually very hot, because it takes very high temperatures to break the bonds between electrons and the nuclei of the atoms. Plasma can be found in stars (including the sun), lightnings and the polar auroras. Blood plasma is the yellow liquid component of blood, in which the blood cells in whole blood are normally suspended. The color of the plasma varies considerably from one sample to another from barely yellow to dark yellow and sometimes with a brown, orange or green.

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Plasma is superheated matter – so hot that the electrons are ripped away from the atoms forming an ionized gas. It comprises over 99% of the visible universe. In the night sky, plasma glows in the form of stars, nebulas, and even the auroras that sometimes ripple above the north and south poles. That branch of lightning that cracks the sky is plasma, so are the neon signs along our city streets. And so is our sun, the star that makes life on earth possible.

Plasma is often called “the fourth state of matter,” along with solid, liquid and gas. Just as a liquid will boil, changing into a gas when energy is added, heating a gas will form a plasma – a soup of positively charged particles (ions) and negatively charged particles (electrons).

Because so much of the universe is made of plasma, its behavior and properties are of intense interest to scientists in many disciplines. Importantly, at the temperatures required for the goal of practical fusion energy, all matter is in the form of plasma. Researchers have used the properties of plasma as a charged gas to confine it with magnetic fields and to heat it to temperatures hotter than the core of the sun. Other researchers pursue plasma for making computer chips, rocket propulsion, cleaning the environment, destroying biological hazards, healing wounds and other exciting applications. SREERAM V

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When a gas of bosons that has low density is cooled down to nearly an absolute zero, it is known as the Bose Einstein Condensate state of matter. It was first predicted by Satyendra Nath Bose. Followed by Albert Einstein .Hence it got the name, Bose Einstein Condensate. It was discovered in 1920s. It is the fifth state of matter. They have definite volume but no definite shape.

Plasma
The state of matter in which, due to the extreme heat the electrons are ripped away from the atoms and ionized gas is formed, is called plasma. It is a superheated matter. It is called the fourth state of matter. It was discovered by Sir William Crookes . In the year 1879. It can also be obtained in laboratories. The colour of a pure Plasma is pink. It has no definite shape and volume.

BY VARUN NAIR

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More about Plasma

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 Plasma and Bose Einstein Condensate2. IntroductIon to Plasma The fourth state of matter is plasma. Plasma is an ionized gas, a gas into which sufficient energy is provided to free electrons from atoms or molecules and to allow both species, ions and electrons, to coexist. In effect a plasma is a cloud of protons, neutrons and electrons where all the electrons have come loose from their respective molecules and atoms, giving the plasma the ability to act as a whole rather than as a bunch of atoms.3. Examples for Plasma Sun Nebula Lightning Auroras4. More About Plasma Plasmas are the most common state of matter in the universe comprising more than 99% of our visible universe and most of that not visible. Plasma occurs naturally and makes up the stuff of our sun, the core of stars and occurs in quasars, x-ray beam emitting pulsars, and supernovas. On earth, plasma is naturally occurring in flames, lightning and the auroras. 

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 Plasma and Bose Einstein Condensate2. IntroductIon to Plasma The fourth state of matter is plasma. Plasma is an ionized gas, a gas into which sufficient energy is provided to free electrons from atoms or molecules and to allow both species, ions and electrons, to coexist. In effect a plasma is a cloud of protons, neutrons and electrons where all the electrons have come loose from their respective molecules and atoms, giving the plasma the ability to act as a whole rather than as a bunch of atoms.3. Examples for Plasma Sun Nebula Lightning Auroras4. More About Plasma Plasmas are the most common state of matter in the universe comprising more than 99% of our visible universe and most of that not visible. Plasma occurs naturally and makes up the stuff of our sun, the core of stars and occurs in quasars, x-ray beam emitting pulsars, and supernovas. On earth, plasma is naturally occurring in flames, lightning and the auroras. 

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There are four states of matter common in everyday life — gases, liquids, solids, and plasmas. However, there is also a fifth state of matter — Bose-Einstein condensates which scientists first created in the lab 25 years ago
Bose-Einstein condensates straddle the boundary between the everyday world, governed by classical physics, and the microscopic world, which follows the rules of quantum mechanics. In the world of quantum mechanics, a particle can behave as if it were spinning in two opposite directions at the same time, or as if it existed in two or more locations simultaneously. Because they follow some of these quantum behaviors, Bose-Einstein condensates may offer scientists key clues into the workings of quantum mechanics, potentially helping to solve mysteries such as how to create a "theory of everything" that could explain the workings of the cosmos from the smallest to largest scales.

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Plasma is the fourth fundamental state of Matter in the sequence : Solid , Liquid , Gas and Plasma. Plasma was first identified in laboratory by Sir William Crookes. The term plasma comes from the Greek word that Plasma means jelly or mouldable material. The word was introduced in the 1920s by chemist Irving Langmuir. It consists of a gas of ions , atoms or molecules into which sufficient energy is provided to free electrons  from atoms or molecules. Like gases , plasmas have no fixed shape or volume and are less dense than solids or liquids. Plasma may be produced by either heating a gas until it is ionized or by subjecting it to a strong electromagnetic field. Nearly all the visible matter in the universe exists in the plasma state,  occurring predominantly in this form in the Sun and Stars. Plasma is also found in neon lights, plasma displays , arc welding torches etc. Plasma is not as free as a gas because its particles are electrically charged. Plasma is generally at a much lower pressure than gas . Plasma science holds promise of further progress in the future , including advanced methods of processing materials , better methods for cleaning up environmental hazards etc.

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There are mainly  three states of matter ; Solid, Liquid and Gas. In addition to this there are two more States of matter ; Plasma and Bose - Einstein Condensate.

Plasma - Plasma is the 4th state of matter. It was first systematically studied by Irving Langmuir in 1920s. It has a very high electrical conductivity. It is a super hot and super excited matter. It is made up of free electrons and ions.

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Bose - Einstein Condensate - Bose - Einstein Condensate (BEC) is the 5th state of matter. It is formed by cooling a gas of extremely low density to super low temperatures. It is super cold. It was first predicted by Albert Einstein and Satyendra Nath Bose but they didn't have any equipment or facilities at that time. Later two scientists, Eric A. Cornel and Carl E. Wieman created the condensate in 1995.

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Bose -Einstein Condensate ( BEC) was created using a combination of lasers and magnets. A sample of rubidium was cooled to within a few degrees of absolute zero . At this extremely low temperature , molecular motion comes very close to stopping , and ,  it all becomes just one " super atom" . BEC is used to study quantum mechanics on a macroscopic level. BEC has many properties of super fluid or , a fluid that flows without friction.

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Plasma , considered the 4th state of matter, is super-heated and consists of highly charged particles . Lightning , Auroras - are examples . They have no fixed shape or volume . Plasma makes up the sun and stars , and it is very common  state of matter in the universe .

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Bhavya Sarath

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Bose Einstein Condensatea state of matter in which separate atoms or subatomic particles, cooled to near absolute zero

PLASMA

Plasmas are made up of positively charged ions and unbound electrons. ... The term plasma comes from a Greek word that means jelly or moldable material. The word was introduced in the 1920s by chemist Irving Langmuir. Plasma is considered one of the four fundamental states of matter, along with solids, liquids, and gases.

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Bose Einstein Condensate is the fifth state of matter. It was first suggested by Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein in 1924.  Seventy years later, Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman made the first Bose–Einstein condensate in 1995. It is a state of matter in which extremely cold atoms clump together and act as if they were a single atom. The atoms that exist in perfect union. It is said to be the coolest substance in the universe. It's temperature is said to be in absolute zero.

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Bose Einstein Condensate is the fifth state of matter. It was first suggested by Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein in 1924.  Seventy years later, Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman made the first Bose–Einstein condensate in 1995. It is a state of matter in which extremely cold atoms clump together and act as if they were a single atom. The atoms that exist in perfect union. It is said to be the coolest substance in the universe. It's temperature is said to be in absolute zero.

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Matter is anything that occupies spaces and has mass. We usually recognize three states of matter- solid, liquid and gases. Apart from that there are two other states of matter. Plasma is the fourth state of matter. It was first observed by Irving Langmuir while investigating electric discharges. Plasma can also be defined as a charged gas. It is made up atoms and positively charged ions. Plasma is superheated – so hot that the electrons are ripped away from the atoms forming an ionized gas. They have no fixed shape or volume. They can also conduct electricity. An example of plasma in our nature is auroras that surround the poles. The solar wind contains charged particles, which hit Earth's magnetic field. Those particles follow magnetic field lines and move toward the poles, where they collide with and excite atoms in the air. The exited atoms give off light. Plasma’s can also be found in action in fluorescent bulbs. Nearly all the visible matter in the universe exists in the plasma state.

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Matter is anything that occupies spaces and has mass. We usually recognize three states of matter- solid, liquid and gases. Apart from that there are two other states of matter. Plasma is the fourth state of matter. It was first observed by Irving Langmuir while investigating electric discharges. Plasma can also be defined as a charged gas. It is made up atoms and positively charged ions. Plasma is superheated – so hot that the electrons are ripped away from the atoms forming an ionized gas. They have no fixed shape or volume. They can also conduct electricity. An example of plasma in our nature is auroras that surround the poles. The solar wind contains charged particles, which hit Earth's magnetic field. Those particles follow magnetic field lines and move toward the poles, where they collide with and excite atoms in the air. The exited atoms give off light. Plasma’s can also be found in action in fluorescent bulbs. Nearly all the visible matter in the universe exists in the plasma state.

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Assignment

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Plasma is superheated matter. So hot that the electrons are ripped away from the atoms forming an ionized gas. It comprises over 99% of the visible universe. In the night sky, plasma glows in the form of stars, nebulas, and even the auroras that sometimes ripple above the north and south poles. That branch of lightning that cracks the sky is plasma, so are the neon signs along our city streets. And so is our sun, the star that makes life on earth possible.

Plasma is often called “the fourth state of matter,” along with solid, liquid and gas. Just as a liquid will boil, changing into a gas when energy is added, heating a gas will form a plasma – a soup of positively charged particles (ions) and negatively charged particles (electrons).

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Bose-Einstein condensate , the fifth state of matter in which separate atoms or subatomic particles , cooled to near absolute zero (0 K, − 273.15 °C, or − 459.67 °F; K = kelvin), coalesce into a single quantum mechanical  entity—that is, one that can be described by a wave function —on a near-macroscopic scale. This form of matter was predicted in 1924 by Albert Einstein on the basis of the quantum  formulations of the Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose.

Plasma
The fourth state of matter is Plasma. Plasma is the most abundant state of matter in the universe. A majority of the stuff in space is Plasma. It is also plays an important part in safe, unlimited and renewable energy. Plasmas are very hot, and they vaporize anything they touch.

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Malavika Kiran

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Bose-Einstein condesate is a state of matter that is usually achieved by cooling a low density gas to absolute zero (-273℃). It is researched by scientists to better understand a branch of physics called "Quantum physics".

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Particles are too small which we can't see with our naked eyes.They have space between them. Particles will move continuously. The matter may exist in three form solid,liquid and gas.
Visakh .v.s